Genome Organization in RNA Viruses

  • Sergey Morozov
  • Andrey Solovyev

Abstract

Molecular taxonomy of plant viruses is now nearing completion (Mayo and Pringle, 1998; Pringle, 1998) primarily because of the evolutionary relationships that emerged from comparative studies on nucleotide and protein sequences and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of various plant viruses (Koonin, 1991; Koonin and Dolja 1993; Zanotto et al., 1996). Four distinct supergroups of plus-sense RNA plant viruses are now recognized. Based on similarity of the basic genome features between different groups of animal and plant viruses, two distinct supergroups of plus-RNA plant viruses initially delimited were plant “picorna-like” and plant “alpha-like” supergroups. The two more supergroups of plus-RNA plant viruses recognized recently are the `sobemo-like“ and ”carmo-like“ supergroups.

Keywords

Mosaic Virus Cucumber Mosaic Virus Plant Virus Citrus Tristeza Virus Rice Stripe Virus 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adkins, S., Quadt, R., Choi, T. J., Ahlquist, P., and German, T. (1995). An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with virions of tomato spotted wilt virus, a plant-and insect-infecting bunyavirus. Virology 207, 308–311.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Agranovsky, A. A. (1996). Principles of molecular organization, expression, and evolution of closteroviruses: Over the barriers. Adv. Virus Res. 47, 119–158.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Agranovsky, A. A., Karasev, A. V., Novikov, V. K., Lunina, N. A., Loginov, S., and Tyulkina, L. G. (1992). Poa semilatent virus, a hordeivirus having no internal polydisperse poly(A) in the 3’ non-coding region of the RNA genome. J. Gen. Virol. 73, 2085–2092.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Agranovsky, A. A., Koonin, E. V., Boyko, V. P., Maiss, E., Frotschl, R., Lunina, N. A., and Atabekov, J. G. (1994). Beet yellows closterovirus: Complete genome structure and identification of a leader papain-like thiol protease. Virology 198, 311–324.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Agranovsky, A. A., Lesemann, D. E., Maiss, E., Hull, R., and Atabekov, I. G. (1995). “Rattlesnake” structure of a filamentous plant RNA virus built of two capsid proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. S’ci. USA 92, 2470–2473.Google Scholar
  6. Agranovsky, A. A., Folimonova, S. Y., Folimonov, A. S., Denisenko, O. N., and Zinovkin, R. A. (1997). The beet yellows closterovirus p65 homologue of HSP70 chaperones has ATPase activity associated with its conserved N-terminal domain but does not interact with unfolded protein chains. J Gen. Virol. 78, 535–542.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Agranovsky, A. A., Folimonov, A. S., Folimonova, S., Morozov, S., Schiemann, J., Lesemann, D., and Atabekov, J. G. (1998). Beet yellows closterovirus HSP70-like protein mediates the cell-to-cell movement of a potexvirus transport-deficient mutant and a hordeivirus-based chimeric virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 889–895.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Ahlquist, P. (1992). Bromovirus RNA replication and transcription. Cur. Opin. Gen. Dev. 2, 71–76.Google Scholar
  9. Angell, S. M., Davies, C., and Baulcombe, D. C. (1996). Cell-to-cell movement of potato virus X is associated with a change in the size-exclusion limit of plasmodesmata in trichome cells of Nicotiana clevelandii. Virology 216, 197–201.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Angenent, G. C., Posthumus, E., and Bol, J. F. (1989). Biological activity of transcripts synthesized in vitro from full-length and mutated DNA copies of tobacco rattle virus RNA 2. Virology 173, 68–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Anzola, J. V., Dall, D. J., Xu, Z. K., and Nuss, D. L. (1989). Complete nucleotide sequence of wound tumor virus genomic segments encoding nonstructural polypeptides. Virology 171, 222–228.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Argos, P. (1988). A sequence motif in many polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 9909–9916.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Arshava, N. V., Konareva, T. N., Riabov, E. V., and Zavriev, S. K. (1995). 42K protein of shallot X virus is expressed in infected Allium species plants. Molekuliarnaia Biologiia 29, 192–198 [in russian].PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Ashoub, A., Rohde, W., and Prufer, D. (1998). In planta transcription of a second subgenomic RNA increases the complexity of the subgroup 2 luteovirus genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 420–426.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Atabekov, J. G., and Morozov, S. Yu. (1979). Translation of plant virus messenger RNAs. Adv. Virus Res. 25, 1–91.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Atreya, P. L., Lopez-Moya, J. J., Chu, M., Atreya, C. D., and Pirone, T. P. (1995). Mutational analysis of the coat protein N-terminal amino acids involved in potyvirus transmission by aphids. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 265–270.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Badge, J., Robinson, D. J., Brunt, A. A., and Foster, G. D. (1997). 3’-Terminal sequences of the RNA genomes of narcissus latent and Madura mosaic viruses suggest that they represent a new genus of the Potyviridae. J Gen. Virol. 78, 253–257.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Bancroft, J. B., Rouleau, M., Johnston, R., Prins, L., and Mackie, G. A. (1991). The entire nucleotide sequence of foxtail mosaic virus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 2173–2181.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Bandla, M. D., Campbell, L. R., Ullman, D. E., and Sherwood, J. L. (1998). Interaction of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) glycoproteins with a thrips midgut protein, a potential cellular receptor for TSWV. Phytopathology 88, 98–104.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Blanc, S., Lopez-Moya, J. J., Wang, R., Garcia-Lampasona, S., Thornbury, D. W., and Pirone, T. P. (1997). A specific interaction between coat protein and helper component correlates with aphid transmission of a potyvirus. Virology 231, 141–147.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Bleykasten, C., Gilmer, D., Guilley, H., Richards, K. E., and Jonard, G. (1996). Beet necrotic yellow vein virus 42 kDa triple gene block protein binds nucleic acid in vitro. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 889–897.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Boccard, F., and Baulcombe, D. (1993). Mutational analysis of cis-acting sequences and gene function in RNA3 of cucumber mosaic virus. Virology 193, 563–578.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Boccardo, G., Lisa, V., Luisoni, E., and Milne, R. G. (1987). Cryptic plant viruses. Adv. Virus Res. 32, 171–214.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Bonneau, C., Brugidou, C., Chen, L., Beachy, R. N., and Fauquet, C. (1998). Expression of the rice yellow mottle virus P1 protein in vitro and in vivo and its involvement in virus spread. Virology 244, 79–86.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Boonham, N., Henry, C. M., and Wood, K. R. (1995). The nucleotide sequence and proposed genome organization of oat chlorotic stunt virus, a new soil-borne virus of cereals. J. Gen. Viral. 76, 2025–2034.Google Scholar
  26. Boyko, V. P., Karasev, A. V., Agranovsky, A. A., Koonin, E. V., and Dolja, V. V. (1992). Coat protein gene duplication in a filamentous RNA virus of plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9156–9160.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Bozarth, C. S., Weiland, J. J., and Dreher, T. W. (1992). Expression of ORF-69 of tumip yellow mosaic virus is necessary for viral spread in plants. Virology 187, 124–130.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Bransom, K. L., and Dreher, T. W. (1994). Identification of the essential cysteine and histidine residues of the turnip yellow mosaic virus protease. Virology 198, 148–154.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Bransom, K. L., Weiland, J. J., Tsai, C. H., and Dreher, T. W. (1995). Coding density of the turnip yellow mosaic virus genome: roles of the overlapping coat protein and p206-readthrough coding regions. Virology 206, 403–412.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Bransom, K. L., Wallace, S. E., and Dreher, T. W. (1996). Identification of the cleavage site recognized by the turnip yellow mosaic virus protease. Virology 217, 404–406.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Brault, V., and Miller, W. A. (1992). Translational frameshifting mediated by a viral sequence in plant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 2262–2266.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Bruyere, A., Brault, V., Ziegler-Graff, V., Simonis, M. T., Van den Heuvel, J. F., Richards, K., Guilley, H., Jonard, G., and Herrbach, E. (1997). Effects of mutations in the beet western yellows virus readthrough protein on its expression and packaging and on virus accumulation, symptoms, and aphid transmission. Virology 230, 323–234.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Buck, K. W. (1996). Comparison of the replication of positive-stranded RNA viruses of plants and animals. Adv. Virus Res. 47, 159–251.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Burgyan, J., Rubino, L., and Russo, M. (1996). The 5’-terminal region of a tombusvirus genome determines the origin of multivesicular bodies. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1967–1974.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Campbell, R. N. (1996). Fungal transmission of plant viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34, 87–108.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Canto, T., Prior, D. A. M., Hellwald, K.-H., Oparka, K. J., and Palukaitis, P. (1997) Characterization of cucumber mosaic virus. IV. Movement protein and coat protein are both essential for cell-to-cell movement of cucumber mosaic virus. Virology 237, 237–248.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Carrington, J. C., Kasschau, K. D., Mahajan, S. K., and Schaad, M. C. (1996). Cell-to-cell and long-distance transport of viruses in plants. Plant Cell 8, 1669–1681.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Cavileer, T. D., Halpern, B. T., Lawrence, D. M., Podleckis, E. V., Martin, R. R., and Hillman, B. I. (1994). Nucleotide sequence of the carlavirus associated with blueberry scorch and similar diseases. J Gen. Virol. 75, 711–720.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Chang, Y. C., Borja, M., Scholthof, H. B., Jackson, A. O., and Morris, T. J. (1995). Host effects and sequences essential for accumulation of defective interfering RNAs of cucumber necrosis and tomato bushy stunt tombusviruses. Virology 210, 41–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Chay, C. A., Gunasinge, U. B., Dinesh-Kumar, S. P., Miller, W. A., and Gray, S. M. (1996). Aphid transmission and systemic plant infection determinants of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus-PAV are contained in the coat protein readthrough domain and 17-kDa protein, respectively. Virology 219, 57–65.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Chen, J., MacFarlane, S. A., and Wilson, T. M. (1995). An analysis of spontaneous deletion sites in soil-borne wheat mosaic virus RNA2. Virology 209, 213–217.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Cheng, S. L., Domier, L. L., and D’Arcy, C. J. (1994). Detection of the readthrough protein of barley yellow dwarf virus. Virology 202, 1003–1006.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Chin, L. S., Foster, J. L., and Falk, B. W. (1993). The beet western yellows virus ST9-associated RNA shares structural and nucleotide sequence homology with carmo-like viruses. Virology 192, 473–482.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Chng, C. G., Wong, S. M., Mahtani, P. H., Loh, C. S., Goh, C. J., Kao, M. C., Chung, M. C., and Watanabe, Y. (1996). The complete sequence of a Singapore isolate of odontoglossum ringspot virus and comparison with other tobamoviruses. Gene 171, 155–161.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Chu, F.-H., and Yeh, S.-D. (1998). Comparison of ambisense mRNA of watermelon silver mottle virus with other tospoviruses. Phytopathology 88, 351–358.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Ciuffreda, P., Rubino, L., and Russo, M. (1998). Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of galinsoga mosaic virus genomic RNA. Arch. Virol. 143, 173–180.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Colinet, D., Kummert, J., and Lepoivre, P. (1998). The nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the whitefly transmitted sweetpotato mild mottle virus: a close relationship with members of the family Potyviridae. Virus Res. 53, 187–196.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Cowan, G. H., Torrance, L., and Reavy, B. (1997). Detection of potato mop-top virus capsid readthrough protein in virus particles. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 1779–1783.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Dalmay, T., Rubino, L., Burgyan, J., Kollar, A., and Russo, M. (1993). Functional analysis of cymbidium ringspot virus genome. Virology 194, 697–704.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Davenport, G. F., and Baulcombe, D. C. (1997). Mutation of the GKS motif of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from potato virus X disables or eliminates virus replication. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 1247–1251.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Dawson, W. O., and Lehto, K. M. (1990). Regulation of tobamovirus gene expression. Adv. Virus Res. 38, 307–342.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Dawson, W. O. (1992). Tobamovirus-plant interactions. Virology 186, 359–367.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. De Graaff, M., Veld, M. R., and Jaspars, E. M. (1995). In vitro evidence that the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus plays a direct role in the regulation of plus and minus RNA synthesis: Implications for the life cycle of alfalfa mosaic virus. Virology 208, 583–589.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. De Jong, W., Chu, A., and Ahlquist, P. (1995). Coding changes in the 3a cell-to-cell movement gene can extend the host range of brome mosaic virus systemic infection. Virology 214, 464–474.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Deiman, B. A., Kortlever, R. M., and Pleij, C. W. (1997). The role of the pseudoknot at the 3’ end of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA in minus-strand synthesis by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Virol. 71, 5990–5996.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Deiman, B. A., Koenen, A. K., Verlaan, P. W., and Pleij, C. W. (1998). Minimal template requirements for initiation of minus-strand synthesis in vitro by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of turnip yellow mosaic virus. J. Virol. 72, 3965–3972.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Delarue, M., Poch, O., Tordo, N., Moras, D., and Argos, P. (1990). An attempt to unify the structure of polymerases. Protein Eng. 3, 461–467.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Demler, S. A., Rucker, D. G., and de Zoeten, G. A. (1993). The chimeric nature of the genome of peaenation mosaic virus: the independent replication of RNA 2. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 1–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Dernier, S. A., Borkhsenious, O. N., Rucker, D. G., and de Zoeten, G. A. (1994). Assessment of the autonomy of replicative and structural functions encoded by the luteo-phase of pea enation mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 997–1007.Google Scholar
  60. Demler, S. A., Rucker-Feeney, D. G., Skaf, J. S., and de Zoeten, G. A. (1997). Expression and suppression of circulative aphid transmission in pea enation mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 511–523.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Deom, C. M., Quan, S., and He, X. Z. (1997). Replicase proteins as determinants of phloem-dependent long-distance movement of tobamoviruses in tobacco. Protoplasma 199, 1–8.Google Scholar
  62. Derrick, P. M., Carter, S. A., and Nelson, R. S. (1997). Mutation of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus 126-and 183-kDa proteins: effects on phloem-dependent virus accumulation and synthesis of viral proteins. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10, 589–596.Google Scholar
  63. Dessens, J. T., Nguyen, M., and Meyer, M. (1995). Primary structure and sequence analysis of RNA2 of a mechanically transmitted barley mild mosaic virus isolate: an evolutionary relationship between bymo-and furoviruses. Arch. Virol. 140, 325–333.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Dinesh-Kumar, S. P., Brault, V., and Miller, W. A. (1992). Precise mapping and in vitro translation of a trifunctional subgenomic RNA of barley yellow dwarf virus. Virology 187, 711–722.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Ding, B., Li, Q., Nguyen, L., Palukaitis, P., and Lucas, W. J. (1995). Cucumber mosaic virus 3a protein potentiates cell-to-cell trafficking of CMV RNA in tobacco plants. Virology 207, 345–353.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Ding, S., Keese, P., and Gibbs, A. (1990). The nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of kennedya yellow mosaic tymovirus - Jervis Bay isolate: relationships with potex-and carlaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 71, 925–931.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Dolja, V. V., Karasev, A. V., and Koonin, E. V. (1994). Molecular biology and evolution of closteroviruses: sophisticated build-up of large RNA genomes. Annu. Rev. Pkytopathol 32, 261–285.Google Scholar
  68. Dolja, V. V., Haldeman-Cahill, R., Montgomery, A. E., Vandenbosch, K. A., and Carrington, J. C. (1995). Capsid protein determinants involved in cell-to-cell and long distance movement of tobacco etch potyvirus. Virology 206, 1007–1016.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Donald, R. G. K., Petty, I. T. D., Zhou, H., and Jackson, A. O. (1995). Properties of genes influencing barley stripe mosaic virus movement phenotypes. In “Fifth International Symposium on Biotechnology and Plant Protection: Viral Pathogenesis and Disease Resistance”, pp. 135–147. World Scientific, Singapore.Google Scholar
  70. Donald, R. G., and Jackson, A. O. (1994). The barley stripe mosaic virus yb gene encodes a multifunctional cysteine-rich protein that affects pathogenesis. Plant Cell 6, 1593–1606.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. Donald, R. G., and Jackson, A. O. (1996). RNA-binding activities of barley stripe mosaic virus yb fusion proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 879–888.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. Donald, R. G., Lawrence, D. M., and Jackson, A. O. (1997). The barley stripe mosaic virus 58-kilodalton ßb protein is a multifunctional RNA binding protein. J Virol. 71, 1538–1546.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. Dorokhov Yu. L., Ivanov, P. A., Novikov, V. K., Agranovsky, A. A., Morozov, S., Efimov, V. A., Casper, R., and Atabekov, J. G. (1994). Complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of a tobamovirus infecting cruciferae plants. FEBS Lett. 350, 5–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. Doronin, S. V., and Hemenway, C. (1996). Synthesis of potato virus X RNAs by membrane-containing extracts. J Virol. 70, 4795–4799.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Dougherty, W. G., and Semler, B. L. (1993). Expression of virus-encoded proteinases: functional and structural similarities with cellular enzymes. Microbiol. Rev. 57, 781–822.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. Dreher, T. W., and Weiland, J. J. (1994). Preferential replication of defective turnip yellow mosaic virus RNAs that express the 150-kDa protein in cis. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 9, 195–204.Google Scholar
  77. Duggal, R., Lahser, F.C., and Hall, T.C. (1994). cis-Acting sequences in the replication of plant viruses with plus-sense RNA genomes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32, 287–309.Google Scholar
  78. Edwards, M. C., Zhang, Z., and Weiland, J. J. (1997). Oat blue dwarf marafivirus resembles the tymoviruses in sequence, genome organization, and expression strategy. Virology 232, 217–229.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Eggen, R., and van Kammen, A. (1988). RNA replication in comoviruses. In “RNA Genetics” (P. Ahlquist, J. Holland, and E. Domingo, Eds.), Vol. I, pp.49–69. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
  80. Estabrook, E. M., Suyenaga, K., Tsai, J. H., and Falk, B. W. (1996). Maize stripe tenuivirus RNA2 transcripts in plant and insect hosts and analysis of pvc2, a protein similar to the Phlebovirus virion membrane glycoproteins. Virus Genes 12, 239–47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Fang, R. X., Wang, Q., Xu, B. Y., Pang, Z., Zhu, H. T., Mang, K. Q., Gao, D. M., Qin, W. S., and Chua, N. H. (1994). Structure of the nucleocapsid protein gene of rice yellow stunt rhabdovirus. Virology 204, 367–375.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. Fang, R., Luo, Z., and Zhao, H. (1998). Novel structure of the rice yellow stunt virus genome: a plant rhabdovirus encodes seven genes. DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases. Accession number [ABO11257].Google Scholar
  83. Fedorkin, O. N., Denisenko, O. N., Sitikov, A. S., Zelenina, D. A., Lukasheva, L. I., Morozov, S. I., and Atabekov, I. G. (1995). A protein product of the tobamovirus open translation frame forms a stable complex with translation elongation factor eEF- la. Doklady Akademii Nauk 343, 703–704 [in Russian].Google Scholar
  84. Fenczik, C. A., Padgett, H. S., Holt, C. A., Casper, S. J., and Beachy, R. N. (1995). Mutational analysis of the movement protein of odontoglossum ringspot virus to identify a host-range determinant. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 8, 666–673.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. Finnen, R. L., and Rochon, D. M. (1993). Sequence and structure of defective interfering RNA associated with cucumber necrosis virus infections. J Gen. Virol. 74, 1715–1720.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. Forster, R. L., Beck, D. L., Guilford, P. J., Voot, D. M., Van Dolleweerd, C. J., and Andersen, M. ‘I (1992). The coat protein of white clover mosaic potexvirus has a role in facilitating cell-to-cel transport in plants. Virology 191, 480–484.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Fowler, B. C., Sivakumaran, K., and Hacker, D. L. (1998). Subcellular localization of southern bea mosaic virus proteins involved in cell-to-cell movement. P.86, Abstracts of 17` h Annu. Meeting r, American Society of Virology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, July 1998.Google Scholar
  88. Fuentes, A. L., and Hamilton, R. I. (1993). Failure of long-distance movement of southern bean mosai virus in a resistant host is correlated with lack of normal virion formation. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 1903–1910.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. Futterer, J., and Hohn, T. (1996). Translation in plants--rules and exceptions. Plant Mol. Biol. 32, 159–189.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. Gallie, D. R., and Kobayashi, M. (1994). The role of the 3’-untranslated region of non-polyadenylated plant viral mRNAs in regulating translational efficiency. Gene 142, 159–165.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Gallie, D. R. (1996). Translational control of cellular and viral mRNAs. Plant Mol. Biol. 32, 145–158.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Gargouri, R., Joshi, R. L., Bol, J. F., Astier-Manifacier, S., and Haenni, A. L. (1989). Mechanism of synthesis of tumip yellow mosaic virus coat protein subgenomic RNA in vivo. Virology 171, 386–393.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Ge, X., Scott, S. W., and Zimmerman, M. T. (1997). The complete sequence of the genomic RNAs of spinach latent virus. Arch. Virol. 142, 1213–1226.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. German-Retana, S., Bergey, B., Delbos, R. P., Candresse, T., and Dunez, J. (1997). Complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of a severe cherry isolate of apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV). Arch. Virol. 142, 833–841.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. Gibbs, A. (1987). Molecular evolution of viruses; ‘trees’, ‘clocks’ and ‘modules’. J. Cell. Sci. Suppl. 7, 319–337.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. Gibbs, A. J. (1994). Tymoviruses. In Encyclopedia of Virology, vol.3, pp. 1500–1502. Edited by A. Granoff and R. G. Webster. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  97. Gibbs, M. J., Cooper, J. I., and Waterhouse, P. M. (1996). The genome organization and affinities of an Australian isolate of carrot mottle umbravirus. Virology 224, 310–313.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. Giege, R., Florentz, C., and Dreher, T. W. (1993). The TYMV tRNA-like structure. Biochimie 75, 569–582.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. Giesman-Cookmeyer, D., and Lommel, S. A. (1993). Alanine scanning mutagenesis of a plant virus movement protein identifies three functional domains. Plant Cell 5, 973–982.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Gilmer, D., Bouzoubaa, S., Hehn, A., Guilley, H., Richards, K., and Jonard, G. (1992a). Efficient cell-tocell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus requires 3’ proximal genes located on RNA 2. Virology 189, 40–47.Google Scholar
  101. Gilmer, D., Richards, K., Jonard, G., and Guilley, H. (1992b). cis-Active sequences near the 5’-termini of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNAs 3 and 4. Virology 190, 55–67.Google Scholar
  102. Gilmer, D., Allmang, C., Ehresmann, C., Guilley, H., Richards, K., Jonard, G., and Ehresmann, B. (1993). The secondary structure of the 5’-noncoding region of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA 3: evidence for a role in viral RNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 1389–1395.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. Goldbach, R. (1987). Genome similarities between plant and animal RNA viruses. Microbiol. Sci. 4, 197–202.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. Goodwin, J. B., Skuzeski, J. M., and Dreher, T. W. (1997). Characterization of chimeric turnip yellow mosaic virus genomes that are infectious in the absence of aminoacylation. Virology 230, 113–124.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. Goodwin, J. B., and Dreher, T. W. (1998). Transfer RNA mimicry in a new group of positive-strand RNA plant viruses, the furoviruses: differential aminoacylation between the RNA components of one genome. Virology 246, 170–178.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. Gorbalenya, A. E., Koonin, E. V., Blinov, V. M., and Donchenko, A. P. (1988). Sobemovirus genome appears to encode a serine protease related to cysteine proteases of picornaviruses. FEBS Lett. 236, 287–290.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. Gorbalenya, A. E., Blinov, V. M., Donchenko, A. P., and Koonin, E. V. (1989a). An NTP-binding motif is the most conserved sequence in a highly diverged monophyletic group of proteins involved in positive strand RNA viral replication. J. Mol. Evol. 28, 256–268.Google Scholar
  108. Gorbalenya, A. E., Koonin, E. V., Donchenko, A. P., and Blinov, V. M. (1989b). Two related superfamilies of putative helicases involved in replication, recombination, repair and expression of DNA and RNA genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 4713–4730.Google Scholar
  109. Gorbalenya, A. E., and Koonin, E.V. (1993). Helicases. Amino acid sequence comparisons and beyond. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 3, 419–429.Google Scholar
  110. Gotz, R., and Maiss, E. (1995). The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the mite-transmitted brome streak mosaic rymovirus in comparison with those of potyviruses. J Gen. Virol. 76, 2035–2042.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Grieco, F., Dell’Orco, M., and Martelli, G. P. (1996). The nucleotide sequence of RNA1 and RNA2 of olive latent virus 2 and its relationships in the family Bromoviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 2637–2644.Google Scholar
  112. Guan, H., Song, C., and Simon, A. E. (1997). RNA promoters located on (-)-strands of a subviral RNA associated with turnip crinkle virus. RNA 3, 1401–1412.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. Gustafson, G., Armour, S. L., Gamboa, G. C., Burgett, S. G., and Shepherd, J. W. (1989). Nucleotide sequence of barley stripe mosaic virus RNAa: RNAa encodes a single polypeptide with homology to corresponding proteins from other viruses. Virology 170, 370–377.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. Hacker, D. L., Petty, I. T., Wei, N., and Morris, T. J. (1992). Turnip crinkle virus genes required for RNA replication and virus movement. Virology 186, 1–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. Hacker, D. L., and Sivakumaran, K. (1997). Mapping and expression of southern bean mosaic virus genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Virology 234, 317–327.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. Haldemann-Cahill, R., Daros, A.-I., and Carrington, J. C. (1998). Secondary structures in the capsid protein coding sequence and 3’ nontranslated region involved in amplification of the tobacco etch virus genome. J. Virol. 72, 4072–4079.Google Scholar
  117. Hall, T. C., Miller, W. A., and Bujarski, J.J. (1982). Enzymes involved in the replication of plant viral RNAs. Adv. Plant Pathol. 1, 179–219.Google Scholar
  118. Hamilton, W. D., Boccara, M., Robinson, D. J., and Baulcombe, D. C. (1987). The complete nucleotide sequence of tobacco rattle virus RNA-1. J. Gen. Virol. 68, 2563–2575.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. Havelda, Z., and Burgyan, J. (1995). 3’ Terminal putative stem-loop structure required for the accumulation of cymbidium ringspot viral RNA. Virology 214, 269–272.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  120. Hayden, C. M., Mackenzie, A. M., Skotnicki, M. L., and Gibbs, A. (1998), Turnip yellow mosaic virus isolates with experimentally produced recombinant virion proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 395–403.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. Hefferon, K. L., Doyle, S., and AbouHaidar, M. G. (1997). Immunological detection of the 8K protein of potato virus X (PVX) in cell walls of PVX-infected tobacco and transgenic potato. Arch. Virol. 142, 425–433.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  122. Hehn, A., Bouzoubaa, S., Bate, N., Twell, D., Marbach, J., Richards, K., Guilley, H., and Jonard, G. (1995). The small cysteine-rich protein P14 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus regulates accumulation of RNA 2 in cis and coat protein in trans. Virology 210, 73–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. Hehn, A., Fritsch, C., Richards, K. E., Guilley, H., and Jonard, G. (1997). Evidence for in vitro and in vivo autocatalytic processing of the primary translation product of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA 1 by a papain-like proteinase. Arch. Virol. 142, 1051–1058.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. Heinlein, M., Padgett, H. S., Gens, J. S., Pickard, B. G., Casper, S. J., Epel, B. L., and Beachy, R. N. (1998). Changing patterns of localization of the tobacco mosaic virus movement protein and replicase to the endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules during Infection. Plant Cell 10, 1107–1120.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Hellendoorn, K., Verlaan, P. W., and Pleij, C. W. (1997). A functional role for the conserved protonatable hairpins in the 5’ untranslated region of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA. J. Virol. 71, 8774–8779.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. Hernandez, C., Visser, P. B., Brown, D. J., and Bol, J. F. (1997). Transmission of tobacco rattle virus isolate PpK20 by its nematode vector requires one of the two non-structural genes in the viral RNA 2. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 465–467.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. Herzog, E., Guilley, H., Manohar, S. K., Dollet, M., Richards, K., Fritsch, C., and Jonard, G. (1994). Complete nucleotide sequence of peanut clump virus RNA 1 and relationships with other fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 3147–3155.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  128. Hilt, M. E., and Dawson, W. O. (1993). The tobamovirus capsid protein functions as a host-specific determinant of long-distance movement. Virology 193, 106–114.Google Scholar
  129. Hong, Y., and Hunt, A. G. (1996). RNA polymerase activity catalyzed by a potyvirus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Virology 226, 146–151.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. Hull, R. (1996). Molecular biology of rice tungro viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34, 275–297.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. Ishikawa, M., Janda, M., Krol, M. A., and Ahlquist, P. (1997). In vivo DNA expression of functional brome mosaic virus RNA replicons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Virol. 71, 7781–7790.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. Isogai, M., Uyeda, I., and Lindsten, K. (1998). Taxonomic characteristics of fijiviruses based on nucleotide sequences of the oat sterile dwarf virus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 1479–1485.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Itaya, A., Hickman, H., Bao, Y., Nelson, R., and Ding, B. (1997). Cell-to-cell trafficking of cucumber mosaic virus movement protein: green fluorescent protein produced by biolistic gene bombardment in tobacco. Plant J. 12, 1223–1230.Google Scholar
  134. Ivanov, P. A., Karpova, O. V., Skulachev, M. V., Tomashevskaya, O. L., Rodionova, N. P., Dorokhov Yu, L., and Atabekov, J. G. (1997). A tobamovirus genome that contains an internal ribosome entry site functional in vitro. Virology 232, 32–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. Jackson, A.O., Petty, I.T.D., Jones, R.W., Edwards, M.C., and French, R. (1991). Analysis of barley stripe mosaic virus pathogenicity. Semin. Virol. 2: 107–119Google Scholar
  136. Jackson, A.O., Goodin, M., Moreno, I., Johnson, J., and Lawrence, D.M. (1998). Plant rhabdoviruses. In Encyclopedia of Virology, in press.Google Scholar
  137. Jelkmann, W. (1994). Nucleotide sequences of apple stem pitting virus and of the coat protein gene of a similar virus from pear associated with vein yellows disease and their relationship with potex-and carlaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 1535–1542.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  138. Jelkmann, W. (1995). Cherry virus A: cDNA cloning of dsRNA, nucleotide sequence analysis and serology reveal a new plant capillovirus in sweet cherry. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 2015–2024.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  139. Jelkmann, W., Fechtner, B., and Agranovsky, A.A. (1997). Complete genome structure and phylogenetic analysis of little cherry virus, a mealybug-transmissible closterovirus. J Gen. Virol. 78, 2067–2071.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  140. Johnston, J. C., and Rochon, D. M. (1995). Deletion analysis of the promoter for the cucumber necrosis virus 0.9-kb subgenomic RNA. Virology 214, 100–109.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  141. Johnston, J. C., and Rochon, D. M. (1996). Both codon context and leader length contribute to efficient expression of two overlapping open reading frames of a cucumber necrosis virus bifunctional subgenomic mRNA. Virology 221, 232–239.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  142. Jupin, I., Guilley, H., Richards, K. E., and Jonard, G. (1992). Two proteins encoded by beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA 3 influence symptom phenotype on leaves. EMBO J. 11, 479–488.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. Kadare, G., Rozanov, M., and Haenni, A. L. (1995). Expression of the turnip yellow mosaic virus proteinase in Escherichia coli and determination of the cleavage site within the 206 kDa protein. J Gen. Virol. 76, 2853–2857.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. Kadare, G., and Haenni, A. L. (1997). Virus-encoded RNA helicases. J. Virol. 71, 2583–2590.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. Kalinina, N. O., Fedorkin, O. N., Samuilova, O. V., Maiss, E., Korpela, T., Morozov, S., and Atabekov, J. G. (1996). Expression and biochemical analyses of the recombinant potato virus X 25K movement protein. FEBS Lett. 397, 75–78.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. Kamer, G., and Argos, P. (1984). Primary structural comparison of RNA-dependent polymerases from plant, animal and bacterial viruses. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 7269–7282.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  147. Kanyuka, K. V., Vishnichenko, V. K., Levay, K. E., Kondrikov, D. Y., Ryabov, E. V., and Zavriev, S. K. (1992). Nucleotide sequence of shallot virus X RNA reveals a 5’-proximal cistron closely related to those of potexviruses and a unique arrangement of the 3’-proximal cistrons. J. Gen. Virol. 73, 2553–2560.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  148. Kaplan, I. B., Gal-On, A., and Palukaitis, P. (1997). Characterization of cucumber mosaic virus. Ill. Localization of sequences in the movement protein controlling systemic infection in cucurbits. Virology 230, 343–349.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. Kaplan, I. B., Shintaku, M. H., Li, Q., Zhang, L., Marsh, L. E., and Palukaitis, P. (1995). Complementation of virus movement in transgenic tobacco expressing the cucumber mosaic virus 3a gene. Virology 209, 188–199.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. Karasev, A. V., Kashina, A. S., Gelfand, V. I., and Dolja, V. V. (1992). HSP70-related 65 kDa protein of beet yellows closterovirus is a microtubule-binding protein. FEBS Lett. 304, 12–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  151. Karasev, A. V., Boyko, V. P., Gowda, S., Nikolaeva, O. V., Hilf, M. E., Koonin, E. V., Niblett, C. L., Cline, K., Gumpf, D. J., Lee, R. F., and al, e. (1995). Complete sequence of the citrus tristeza virus RNA genome. Virology 208, 511–520.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. Karasev, A. V., Nikolaeva, O. V., Mushegian, A. R., Lee, R. F., and Dawson, W. O. (1996). Organization of the 3’-terminal half of beet yellow stunt virus genome and implications for the evolution of closteroviruses. Virology 221, 199–207.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  153. Karasev, A. V., Hilf, M. E., Garnsey, S. M., and Dawson, W. O. (1997). Transcriptional strategy of closteroviruses: mapping the 5’ termini of the citrus tristeza virus subgenomic RNAs. J. Virol. 71, 6233–6236.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  154. Karpova, O. V., Ivanov, K. I., Rodionova, N. P., Dorokhov Yu, L., and Atabekov, J. G. (1997). Nontranslatability and dissimilar behavior in plants and protoplasts of viral RNA and movement protein complexes formed in vitro. Virology 230, 11–21.Google Scholar
  155. Kashiwazaki, S., Minobe, Y., Omura, T., and Hibino, H. (1990). Nucleotide sequence of barley yellow mosaic virus RNA 1: a close evolutionary relationship with potyviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 71, 2781–2790.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  156. Kashiwazaki, S., Minobe, Y., and Hibino, H. (1991). Nucleotide sequence of barley yellow mosaic virus RNA 2. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 995–999.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  157. Kashiwazaki, S., Scott, K. P., Reavy, B., and Harrison, B. D. (1995). Sequence analysis and gene content of potato mop-top virus RNA 3: further evidence of heterogeneity in the génome organization of furoviruses. Virology 206, 701–706.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  158. Kasschau, K. D., Cronin, S., and Carrington, J. C. (1997). Genome amplification and long-distance movement functions associated with the central domain of tobacco etch potyvirus helper componentproteinase. Virology 228, 251–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  159. Kasteel, D. T., Perbal, M. C., Boyer, J. C., Wellink, J., Goldbach, R. W., Maule, A. J., and van Lent, J. W. (1996). The movement proteins of cowpea mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus induce tubular structures in plant and insect cells. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 2857–2864.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. Kasteel, D. T., van der Wel, N. N., Jansen, K. A., Goldbach, R. W., and van Lent, J. W. (1997). Tubule-forming capacity of the movement proteins of alfalfa mosaic virus and brome mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 2089–2093.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  161. Kim, K. H., and Lommel, S. A. (1994). Identification and analysis of the site of -1 ribosomal frameshifting in red clover necrotic mosaic virus. Virology 200, 574–582.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  162. Kim, K. H., and Hemenway, C. (1996). The 5’ nontranslated region of potato virus X RNA affects both genomic and subgenomic RNA synthesis. I Virol. 70, 5533–5540.Google Scholar
  163. Kim, K. H., and Hemenway, C. (1997). Mutations that alter a conserved element upstream of the potato virus X triple block and coat protein genes affect subgenomic RNA accumulation. Virology 232, 187–197.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  164. Klaassen, V. A., Boeshore, M. L., Koonin, E. V., Tian, T., and Falk, B.W. (1995). Genome structure and phylogenetic analysis of lettuce infectious yellows virus, a whitefly-transmitted, bipartite closterovirus. Virology 208, 99–110.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  165. Koenig, R., and Loss, S. (1997). Beet soil-borne virus RNA 1: genetic analysis enabled by a starting sequence generated with primers to highly conserved helicase-encoding domains. I Gen. Virol. 78, 3161–3165.Google Scholar
  166. Koenig, R., Pleij, C. W., Beier, C., and Commandeur, U. (1998). Genome properties of beet virus Q, a new furo-like virus from sugarbeet, determined from unpurified virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 2027–2036.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  167. Koev, G., Mohan, B. R., and Miller, W. A. (1998). Characterization of the subgenomic RNA1 promoter of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV. P.I32, Abstracts of 17 15 Annu.Meeting of American Society of Virology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, July 1998.Google Scholar
  168. Kolk, M. H., van der Graaf, M., Wijmenga, S. S., Pleij, C. W., Heus, H. A., and Hilbers, C. W. (1998). NMR structure of a classical pseudoknot: interplay of single-and double-stranded RNA. Science 280, 434–438.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  169. Kollar, A., and Burgyan, J. (1994). Evidence that ORF 1 and 2 are the only virus-encoded replicase genes of cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus. Virology 201, 169–172.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  170. Koonin, E. V., Gorbalenya, A. E., and Chumakov, K. M. (1989). Tentative identification of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of dsRNA viruses and their relationship to positive strand RNA viral polymerases. FEBS Lett. 252, 42–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  171. Koonin, E. V. (1991). The phylogeny of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of positive-strand RNA viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 2197–2206.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  172. Koonin, E.V. (1992). Evolution of double-stranded RNA viruses: a case for polyphyletic origin from different groups of positive-stranded RNA viruses. Semin. Virol. 3, 327–339.Google Scholar
  173. Koonin, E. V., and Dolja, V. V. (1993). Evolution and taxonomy of positive-strand RNA viruses: implications of comparative analysis of amino acid sequences. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 375–430.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. Lartey, R. T., Voss, T. C., and Melcher, U. (1996). Tobamovirus evolution: gene overlaps, recombination, and taxonomic implications. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 1327–1338.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  175. Lauber, E., Guilley, H., Richards, K., Jonard, G., and Gilmer, D. (1997). Conformation of the 3’-end of beet necrotic yellow vein benevirus RNA 3 analysed by chemical and enzymatic probing and mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 4723–4729.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  176. Lauber, E., Bleykasten-Grosshans, C., Erhardt, M., Bouzoubaa, S., Jonard, G., Richards, K.E., and Guilley, H. (1998). Cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus: I. Heterologous complementatiuon experiments provide evidence for specific interactions among the triple gene block proteins. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11, 618–625.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  177. Lawrence, D. M., Rozanov, M. N., and Hillman, B. I. (1995). Autocatalytic processing of the 223-kDa protein of blueberry scorch carlavirus by a papain-like proteinase. Virology 207, 127–135.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  178. Lehto, K., Grantham, G. L., and Dawson, W. O. (1990). Insertion of sequences containing the coat protein subgenomic RNA promoter and leader in front of the tobacco mosaic virus 30K ORF delays its expression and causes defective cell-to-cell movement. Virology 174, 145–157.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  179. Li, Q., and Palukaitis, P. (1996). Comparison of the nucleic acid-and NTP-binding properties of the movement protein of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus and tobacco mosaic tobamovirus. Virology 216, 71–79.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  180. Li, X. H., Valdez, P., Olvera, R. E., and Carrington, J. C. (1997). Functions of the tobacco etch virus RNA polymerase (NIb): subcellular transport and protein-protein interaction with VPg/proteinase (NIa). J Virol. 71, 1598–1607.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  181. Li, Z., Upadhyaya, N. M., Kositratana, W., Gibbs, A. J., and Waterhouse, P. M. (1996). Genome segment 5 of rice ragged stunt virus encodes a virion protein. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 3155–3160.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  182. Lot, H., Rubino, L., Delecolle, B., Jacquemond, M., Turturo, C., and Russo, M. (1996). Characterization, nucleotide sequence and genome organization of leek white stripe virus, a putative new species of the genus Necrovirus. Arch. Virol. 141, 2375–2386PubMedGoogle Scholar
  183. Lough, T. J., Shash, K., Xoconostle-Cazares, B., Hofstra, K. R., Beck, D. L., Balmori, E., Forster, R. L., and Lucas, W. J. (1998). Molecular dissection of the mechanism by which potexvirus triple gene block proteins mediate cell-to-cell transport of infectious RNA. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11, 801–814.Google Scholar
  184. Lu, X., Yamamoto, S., Tanaka, M., Hibi, T., and Namba, S. (1998). The genome organization of the broad bean necrosis virus (BBNV). Arch. Virol. 143, 1335–1348.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  185. MacFarlane, S. A., Taylor, S. C., King, D. I., Hughes, G., and Davies, J. W. (1989). Pea early browning virus RNA1 encodes four polypeptides including a putative zinc-finger protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 2245–2260.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  186. Maia, I. G., Haenni, A., and Bernardi, F. (1996). Potyviral HC-Pro: a multifunctional protein. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1335–1341.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  187. Makinen, K., Naess, V., Tamm, T., Truve, E., Aaspollu, A., and Saarma, M. (1995a). The putative replicase of the cocksfoot mottle sobemovirus is translated as a part of the polyprotein by -1 ribosomal frameshift. Virology 207, 566–571.Google Scholar
  188. Makinen, K., Tamm, T., Naess, V., Truve, E., Puurand, U., Munthe, T., and Saarma, M. (1995b). Characterization of cocksfoot mottle sobemovirus genomic RNA and sequence comparison with related viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 2817–2825.Google Scholar
  189. Manohar, S. K., Guilley, H., Dollet, M., Richards, K., and Jonard, G. (1993). Nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of peanut clump virus RNA 2 and partial characterization of deleted forms. Virology 195, 33–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  190. Martelli, G. P., Minafra, A., and Saldarelli, P. (1997). Vitivirus, a new genus of plant viruses. Arch. Virol. 142, 1929–1932.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  191. Martelli, G. P., and Jelkmann, W. (1998). Foveavirus, a new plant virus genus. Arch. Virol. 143, 1245–1249.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  192. Maruyama, W., Ichimi, K., Fukui, Y., Yan, J., Zhu, Y., Kamiunten, H., and Omura, T. (1997). The minor outer capsid protein P2 of rice gall dwarf virus has a primary structure conserved with, yet is chemically dissimilar to, rice dwarf virus P2, a protein associated with virus infectivity. Arch. Virol. 142,2011–2019.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  193. Mayo, M. A., and Ziegler-Graff, V. (1996). Molecular biology of luteoviruses. Adv. Virus. Res. 46, 413–460.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  194. Mayo, M. A., and Pringle, C. R. (1998). Virus taxonomy - 1997. J Gen. Virol. 79, 649–657.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  195. Meng, B., Pang, S., Forsline, P. L., McFerson, J. R., and Gonsalves, D. (1998). Nucleotide sequence and genome structure of grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus-1 reveal similarities to apple stem pitting virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 2059–2069.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  196. Miller, J. S., Wesley, S. V., Naidu, R. A., Reddy, D. V., and Mayo, M. A. (1996). The nucleotide sequence of RNA-1 of Indian peanut clump furovius. Arch. Virol. 141, 2301–2312.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  197. Miller, J. S., Damude, H., Robbins, M. A., Reade, R. D., and Rochon, D. M. (1997). Genome structure of cucumber leaf spot virus: sequence analysis suggests it belongs to a distinct species within the Tombusviridae. Virus Res. 52, 51–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  198. Miller, W. A., and Rasochova, L. (1997). Barley yellow dwarf viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 35, 167–190.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  199. Minafra, A., Saldarelli, P., Grieco, F., and Martelli, G. P. (1994). Nucleotide sequence of the 3’ terminal region of the RNA of two filamentous grapevine viruses. Arch. Virol. 137, 249–261.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  200. Minafra, A., Saldarelli, P., and Martelli, G. P. (1997). Grapevine virus A: Nucleotide sequence, genome organization, and relationship in the Trichovirus genus. Arch. Viral. 142, 417–423.Google Scholar
  201. Mise, K., and Ahlquist, P. (1995). Host-specificity restriction by bromovirus cell-to-cell movement protein occurs after initial cell-to-cell spread of infection in nonhost plants. Virology 206, 276–286.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  202. Mohan, B. R., Dinesh-Kumar, S. P., and Miller, W. A. (1995). Genes and cis-acting sequences involved in replication of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV RNA. Virology 212, 186–195.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  203. Molinari, P., Marusic, C., Lucioli, A., Tavazza, R., and Tavazza, M. (1998). Identification of artichoke mottled crinkle virus (AMCV) proteins required for virus replication: complementation of AMCV p33 and p92 replication-defective mutants. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 639–647.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  204. Molnar, A., Havelda, Z., Dalmay, T., Szutorisz, H., and Burgyan, J. (1997). Complete nucleotide sequence of tobacco necrosis virus strain DH and genes required for RNA replication and virus movement. I Gen. Virol. 78, 1235–1239.Google Scholar
  205. Morozov, S. Yu., and Rupasov, V. V. (1985). Possible commonality of origin of the RNA polymerase genes of plus-RNA-containing viruses of bacteria, plants and animals. Biologicheskie Nauki, 19–23 [in Russian].Google Scholar
  206. Morozov, S. Y. (1989). A possible relationship of reovirus putative RNA polymerase to polymerases of positive-strand RNA viruses. Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 53–94.Google Scholar
  207. Morozov, S. Yu., Dolja, V. V., and Atabekov, J. G. (1989). Probable reassortment of genomic elements among elongated RNA-containing plant viruses. J. Mol. Evol. 29, 52–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  208. Morozov, S. Y., Kanyuka, K. V., Levay, K. E., and Zavriev, S. K. (1990). The putative RNA replicase of potato virus M: obvious sequence similarity with potex-and tymoviruses. Virology 179, 911–914.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  209. Morozov, S. Y., Miroshnichenko, N. A., Solovyev, A. G., Fedorkin, O. N., Zelenina, D. A., Lukasheva, L. I., Karasev, A. V., Dolja, V. V., and Atabekov, J. G. (1991). Expression strategy of the potato virus X triple gene block. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 2039–2042.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  210. Morozov, S. Y., Denisenko, O. N., Zelenina, D. A., Fedorkin, O. N., Solovyev, A. G., Maiss, E., Casper, R., and Atabekov, J. G. (1993). A novel open reading frame in tobacco mosaic virus genome coding for a putative small, positively charged protein. Biochimie 75, 659–665.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  211. Morozov, S., Fedorkin, O. N., Juttner, G., Schiemann, J., Baulcombe, D. C., and Atabekov, J. G. (1997). Complementation of a potato virus X mutant mediated by bombardment of plant tissues with cloned viral movement protein genes. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 2077–2083.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  212. Murphy, J. F., Klein, P. G., Hunt, A. G., and Shaw, J. G. (1996). Replacement of the tyrosine residue that links a potyviral VPg to the viral RNA is lethal. Virology 220, 535–538.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  213. Mushegian, A.R., and Koonin, E.V. (1993). Cell-to-cell movement of plant viruses. Insights from amino acid sequence comparisons of movement proteins and from analogies with cellular transport systems. Arch. Virol. 133, 239–257.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  214. Namba, S., Kashiwazaki, S., Lu, X., Tamura, M., and Tsuchizaki, T. (1998). Complete nucleotide sequence of wheat yellow mosaic bymovirus genomic RNAs. Arch. Virol. 143, 631–643.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  215. Ngon A Yassi, M., Ritzenthaler, C., Brugidou, C., Fauquet, C., and Beachy, R.N. (1994). Nucleotide sequence and genome characterization of rice yellow mottle virus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 249–257.Google Scholar
  216. Offei, S. K., Coffin, R. S., and Coutts, R. H. (1995). The tobacco necrosis virus p7a protein is a nucleic acid-binding protein. J. Gen. Viral. 76, 1493–1496.Google Scholar
  217. Ogawa, T., Watanabe, Y., and Okada, Y. (1992). cis-Acting elements for in trans complementation of replication-defective mutant of tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 191, 454–458.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  218. Ohira, K., Namba, S., Rozanov, M., Kusumi, T., and Tsuchizaki, T. (1995). Complete sequence of an infectious full-length cDNA clone of citrus tatter leaf capillovirus: comparative sequence analysis of capillovirus genomes. J Gen. Virol. 76, 2305–2309.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  219. Okada, Y. (1986). Molecular assembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro. Adv.Biophys. 22, 95–149.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  220. Oparka, K. J., Prior, D. A., Santa Cruz, S., Padgett, H. S., and Beachy, R. N. (1997). Gating of epidermal plasmodesmata is restricted to the leading edge of expanding infection sites of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Plant J. 12, 781–789.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  221. O’Reilly, E. K., Tang, N., Ahlquist, P., and Kao, C. C. (1995). Biochemical and genetic analyses of the interaction between the helicase-like and polymerase-like proteins of the brome mosaic virus. Virology 214, 59–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  222. Oster, S. K., Wu, B., and White, K.A. (1998). Uncoupled expression of p33 and p92 permits amplification of tomato bushy stunt virus RNAs. J. Viral. 72, 5845–5851.Google Scholar
  223. Pacha, R. F., Allison, R. F., and Ahlquist, P. (1990). cis-acting sequences required for in vivo amplification of genomic RNA3 are organized differently in related bromoviruses. Virology 174, 436–443.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  224. Padgett, H.S., Epel, B.L., Kahn, T.W., Heinlein, M., Watanabe, Y., and Beachy, R.N. (1996). Distribution of tobamovirus movement protein in infected cells and implications for cell-to-cell spread of infection. Plant J. 10, 1079–1088.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  225. Palukaitis, P., Roossinck, M. J., Dietzgen, R. G., and Francki, R. I. (1992). Cucumber mosaic virus. Adv. Virus Res. 41, 281–348.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  226. Peremyslov, V. V., Hagiwara, Y., and Dolja, V. V. (1998). Genes required for replication of the 15.5-kilobase RNA genome of a plant closterovirus. J. Virol. 72, 5870–5876.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  227. Petty, I.T., and Jackson, A.O. (1990). Mutational analysis of barley stripe mosaic virus RNA3. Virology 179, 712–718.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  228. Petty, I. T., French, R., Jones, R. W., and Jackson, A. O. (1990). Identification of barley stripe mosaic virus genes involved in viral RNA replication and systemic movement. EMBO J. 9, 3453–3457.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  229. Poch, O., Sauvaget, I., Delarue, M., and Tordo, N. (1989). Identification of four conserved motifs among the RNA-dependent polymerase encoding elements. EMBO J 8, 3867–3874.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  230. Pogue, G. P., and Hall, T. C. (1992). The requirement for a 5’ stein-loop structure in brome mosaic virus replication supports a new model for viral positive-strand RNA initiation. I Virol. 66, 674–684.Google Scholar
  231. Pogue, G. P., Marsh, L. E., Connell, J. P., and Hall, T. C. (1992). Requirement for ICR-like sequences in the replication of brome mosaic virus genomic RNA. Virology 188, 742–753.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  232. Pringle, C. R. (1998). The universal system of virus taxonomy of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV), including new proposals ratified since publication of the Sixth ICTV Report in 1995. Arch. Virol. 143, 203–210.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  233. Prufer, D., Tacke, E., Schmitz, J., Kull, B., Kaufmann, A., and Rohde, W. (1992). Ribosomal frameshifting in plants: a novel signal directs the -1 frameshift in the synthesis of the putative viral replicase of potato leafroll luteovirus. EMBO J. 11, 1111–1117.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  234. Qu, F., and Morris, T. J. (1997). Encapsidation of turnip crinkle virus is defined by a specific packaging signal and RNA size. J. Virol. 71, 1428–1435.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  235. Qui, W. P., Geske, S. M., Hickey, C. M., and Moyer, J. W. (1998). Tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus genome reassortment and genome segment-specific adaptation. Virology 244, 186–194.Google Scholar
  236. Ramirez, B. C., and Haenni, A. L. (1994). Molecular biology of tenuiviruses, a remarkable group of plant viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 467–475.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  237. Ranjith-Kumar, C. T., Haenni, A. L., and Savithri, H. S. (1998). Interference with Physalis mottle tymovirus replication and coat protein synthesis by transcripts corresponding to the 3’-terminal region of the genomic RNA - role of the pseudoknot structure. J Gen. Virol. 79, 185–189.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  238. Rao, A. L. (1997). Molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. III. Analysis of cell-to-cell movement competence of coat protein defective variants of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. Virology 232, 385–395.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  239. Rathjen, J. P., Karageorgos, L. E., Habili, N., Waterhouse, P. M., and Symons, R. H. (1994). Soybean dwarf luteovirus contains the third variant genome type in the luteovirus group. Virology 198, 671–679.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  240. Reavy, B., Arif, M., Cowan G. H., and Torrance L. (1998). Association of sequences in the coat protein/readthrough domain of potato mop-top virus with transmission by Spongospora subterranea. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 2343–2347.Google Scholar
  241. Reddick, B. B., Habera, L. F., and Law, M. D. (1997). Nucleotide sequence and taxonomy of maize chlorotic dwarf virus within the family Sequiviridae. J Gen. Virol. 78, 1165–1174.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  242. Reutenauer, A., Ziegler-Graff, V., Lot, H., Scheidecker, D., Guilley, H., Richards, K., and Jonard, G. (1993). Identification of beet western yellows luteovirus genes implicated in viral replication and particle morphogenesis. Virology 195, 692–699.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  243. Richards, K.E., and Tamada, T. (1992). Mapping functions on the multipartite genome of beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 30, 291–313.Google Scholar
  244. Riechmann, J. L., Lain, S., and Garcia, J. A. (1992). Highlights and prospects of potyvirus molecular biology. J Gen. Virol. 73, 1–16.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  245. Ritzenthaler, C., Pinck, M., and Pinck, L. (1995). Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus P38 putative movement protein is not transiently expressed and is a stable final maturation product in vivo. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 907–915.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  246. Robbins, M. A., Reade, R. D., and Rochon, D. M. (1997). A cucumber necrosis virus variant deficient in fungal transmissibility contains an altered coat protein shell domain. Virology 234, 138–146.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  247. Roberts, I. M., Wang, D., Findlay, K., and Maule, A. J. (1998). Ultrastructural and temporal observations of the potyvirus cylindrical inclusions (Cls) show that the CI protein acts transiently in aiding virus movement. Virology 245, 173–181.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  248. Rodriguez-Cerezo, E., Findlay, K., Shaw, J. G., Lomonossoff, G. P., Qiu, S. G., Linstead, P., Shanks, M., and Risco, C. (1997). The coat and cylindrical inclusion proteins of a potyvirus are associated with connections between plant cells. Virology 236, 296–306.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  249. Rohde, W., Gramstat, A., Schmitz, J., Tacke, E., and Prufer, D. (1994). Plant viruses as model systems for the study of non-canonical translation mechanisms in higher plants. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 2141–2149.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  250. Rojas, M. R., Zerbini, F. M., Allison, R. F., Gilbertson, R. L., and Lucas, W. J. (1997). Capsid protein and helper component-proteinase function as potyvirus cell-to-cell movement proteins. Virology 237, 283–295.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  251. Roossinck, M. J. (1997). Mechanisms of plant virus evolution. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 35, 191–209.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  252. Rott, M. E., Gilchrist, A., Lee, L., and Rochon, D. (1995). Nucleotide sequence of tomato ringspot virus RNA1. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 465–473.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  253. Rozanov, M. N., Morozov, S. Yu., and Skryabin, K. G. (1990). Unexpected close relationship between the large nonvirion proteins of filamentous potexviruses and spherical tymoviruses. Virus Genes 3, 373–379.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  254. Rozanov, M. N., Koonin, E. V., and Gorbalenya, A. E. (1992). Conservation of the putative methyltransferase domain: a hallmark of the ‘Sindbis-like supergroup of positive-strand RNA viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 73, 2129–2134.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  255. Rozanov, M. N., Drugeon, G., and Haenni, A. L. (1995). Papain-like proteinase of turnip yellow mosaic virus: a prototype of a new viral proteinase group. Arch. Virol. 140, 273–288.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  256. Rubino, L., and Russo, M. (1997). Molecular analysis of the pothos latent virus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 1219–1226.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  257. Rupasov, V. V., Morozov, S. Y., Kanyuka, K. V., and Zavriev, S. K. (1989). Partial nucleotide sequence of potato virus M RNA shows similarities to protexviruses in gene arrangement and the encoded amino acid sequences. J. Gen. Virol. 70, 1861–1869.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  258. Russo, M., Burgyan, J., and Martelli, G. P. (1994). Molecular biology of tombusviridae. Adv. Virus Res. 44, 381–428.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  259. Ryabov, E.V., Krutov, A.A., Novikov, V. K., Zheleznikova, O.V., Morozov, S.Yu., and Zavriev, S.K. (1996). Nucleotide sequence of RNA from the sobemovirus found in infected cocksfoot shows a luteovirus-like arrangement of the putative replicase and protease genes. Phytopathology 86, 391–397.Google Scholar
  260. Ryabov, E. V., Oparka, K. J., Santa Cruz, S., Robinson, D. J., and Taliansky, M.E. (1998). Intracellular location of two groundnut rosette umbravirus proteins delivered by PVX and TMV vectors. Virology 242, 303–313.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  261. Ryan, M. D., and Flint, M. (1997). Virus-encoded proteinases of the picornavirus super-group. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 699–723.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  262. Salm, S. N., Rey, M. E., and Rybicki, E. P. (1996). Phylogenetic justification for splitting the Rymovirus genus of the taxonomic family Potyviridae. Arch. Virol. 141, 2237–2242.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  263. Samuilova, O.V., Kalinina, N.O., Solovyev, A. G., Savenkov, E. I., and Morozov, S.Yu. (1998). Mapping of NTPase domain in TGBp1 protein of hordei-and potexviruses. P.167, Abstracts of 17 1“ Annu.Meeting of American Socie ty of Virology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, July 1998.Google Scholar
  264. Sanger, M., Passmore, B., Falk, B. W., Bruening, G., Ding, B., and Lucas, W. J. (1994). Symptom severity of beet western yellows virus strain ST9 is conferred by the ST9-associated RNA and is not associated with virus release from the phloem. Virology 200, 48–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  265. Santa Cruz, S., Roberts, A. G., Prior, D. A. M., Chapman, S., and Oparka, K. J. (1998). Cell-to-cell and phloem-mediated transport of potato virus X: The role of virions. Plant Cell 10, 495–510.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  266. Sato, K., Yoshikawa, N., Takahashi, T., and Taira, H. (1995). Expression, subcellular location and modification of the 50 kDa protein encoded by ORF2 of the apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 1503–1507.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  267. Satyanarayana, T., Gowda, S., Reddy, K. L., Mitchell, S. E., Dawson, W.O., and Reddy, D. V. R. (1988). Peanut yellow spot virus is a member of a new serogroup of Tospovirus genus based on small (S) RNA sequence and organization. Arch. Virol. 143, 353–364.Google Scholar
  268. Savenkov, E. I., Solovyev, A. G., and Morozov, S. Y. (1998). Genome sequences of poa semilatent and lychnis ringspot hordeiviruses. Arch. Virol. 143, 1379–1393.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  269. Schaad, M. C., Haldeman-Cahill, R., Cronin, S., and Carrington, J. C. (1996). Analysis of the VPgproteinase (NIa) encoded by tobacco etch potyvirus: effects of mutations on subcellular transport, proteolytic processing, and genome amplification. J. Viral. 70,7039–7048.Google Scholar
  270. Schaad, M.C., Jensen, P. E., and Carrington, J. C. (1997). Formation of plant RNA virus replication complexes on membranes: role of an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted viral protein. EMBO J. 16, 4049–4059.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  271. Schmitt, C., Balmori, E., Jonard, G., Richards, K. E., and Guilley, H. (1992). In vitro mutagenesis of biologically active transcripts of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA 2: evidence that a domain of the 75-kDa readthrough protein is important for efficient virus assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5715–5719.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  272. Schmitt, C., Mueller, A. M., Mooney, A., Brown, D., and MacFarlane, S. (1998). Immunological detection and mutational analysis of the RNA2-encoded nematode transmission proteins of pea early browning virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 1281–1288.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  273. Schmitz, I., and Rao, A. L. (1996). Molecular studies on bromovirus capsid protein. 1. Characterization of cell-to-cell movement-defective RNA3 variants of brome mosaic virus. Virology 226, 281–293.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  274. Schmitz, J., Stussi-Garaud, C., Tacke, E., Prufer, D., Rohde, W., and Rohfritsch, O. (1997). In situ localization of the putativ’ movement protein (pr17) from potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) in infected and transgenic potato plants. Virology 235, 311–322.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  275. Schneider, W. L., Greene, A. E., and Allison, R. F. (1997). The carboxy-terminal two-thirds of the cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus capsid protein is incapable of virion formation yet supports systemic movement. J. Virol. 71, 4862–4865.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  276. Scholthof, H. B., Morris, T. J., and Jackson, A. O. (1993). The capsid protein gene of tomato bushy stunt virus is dispensable for systemic movement and can be replaced for localized expression of foreign genes. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6, 309–322.Google Scholar
  277. Scholthof, H. B., Scholthof, K. B., Kikkert, M., and Jackson, A. O. (1995a). Tomato bushy stunt virus spread is regulated by two nested genes that function in cell-to-cell movement and host-dependent systemic invasion. Virology 213, 425–438.Google Scholar
  278. Scholthof, H. B., Scholthof, K. B., Kikkert, M., and Jackson, A.O. (1995). Tomato bushy stunt virus spread is regulated by two nested genes that function in cell-to-cell movement and host-dependent systemic invasion. Virology 213, 425–438.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  279. Scholthof, H. B., and Jackson, A. O. (1997). The enigma of pX: A host-dependent cis-acting element with variable effects on tombusvirus RNA accumulation. Virology 237, 56–65.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  280. Schubert, J., Merits, A., Jaervekuelg, L., Paulin, L., and Rubenstein, F. (1996) The complete nucleotide sequence of the Ryegrass mosaic virus genomic RNA. DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases. Accession number [Y09854].Google Scholar
  281. Scott, K. P., Kashiwazaki, S., Reavy, B., and Harrison, B. D. (1994). The nucleotide sequence of potato mop-top virus RNA 2: a novel type of genome organization for a furovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 3561–3568.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  282. Shams-bakhsh, M., and Symons, R. H. (1997). Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV RNA does not have a VPg. Arch. Virol. 142, 2529–2535.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  283. Shanks, M., Dessens, J. T., and Lomonossoff, G. P. (1996). The 24 kDa proteinases of comoviruses are virus-specific in cis as well as in trans. J Gen. Virol. 77, 2365–2369.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  284. Shen, P., Kaniewska, M., Smith, C., and Beachy, R. N. (1993). Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of rice tungro spherical virus. Virology 193, 621–630.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  285. Shi, B. J., Ding, S. W., and Symons, R. H. (1997). In vivo expression of an overlapping gene encoded by the cucumoviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 237–241.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  286. Shirako, Y., and Wilson, T. M. (1993). Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the bipartite RNA genome of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus. Virology 195, 16–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  287. Shirako, Y. (1998). Non-AUG translation initiation in a plant RNA virus: a forty-amino-acid extension is added to the N terminus of the soil-borne wheat mosaic virus capsid protein. J Virol. 72, 1677–1682.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  288. Shikata, E. (1989). Plant reoviruses. In “Plant Viruses. Vol. II. Structure and Replication” (C. L. Mandahar, Ed.) pp.207–234. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
  289. Siegel, R. W., Adkins, S., and Kao, C. C. (1997). Sequence-specific recognition of a subgenomic RNA promoter by a viral RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 11238–11243.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  290. Simon, A. E., and Bujarski, J. J. (1994). RNA-RNA recombination and evolution in virus-infected plants. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32, 337–362.Google Scholar
  291. Singh, R. N., and Dreher, T. W. (1997). Turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: initiation of minus strand synthesis in vitro. Virology 233, 430–439.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  292. Sit, T. L., Leclerc, D., and Abouhaidar, M. G. (1994). The minimal 5’ sequence for in vitro initiation of papaya mosaic potexvirus assembly. Virology 199, 238–242.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  293. Sit, T. L., Vaewhongs, A. A., and Lommel, S. A. (1998). RNA-mediated trans-activation of transcription from a viral RNA. Science 281, 829–832.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  294. Sivakumaran, K., and Hacker, D. L. (1998). The 105-kDa polyprotein of southern bean mosaic virus is translated by scanning ribosomes. Virology 246, 34–44.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  295. Skaf, J. S., Rucker, D. G., Demler, S. A., Wobus, C. E., and de Zoeten, G. A. (1997). The coat protein is dispensable for the establishment of systemic infections by pea enation mosaic virus. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10, 929–932.Google Scholar
  296. Smirnyagina, E., Hsu, Y. H., Chua, N., and Ahlquist, P. (1994). Second-site mutations in the brome mosaic virus RNA3 intercistronic region partially suppress a defect in coat protein mRNA transcription. Virology 198, 427–436.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  297. Sokolova, M., Prufer, D., Tacke, E., and Rohde, W. (1997). The potato leafroll virus 17K movement protein is phosphorylated by a membrane-associated protein kinase from potato with biochemical features of protein kinase C. FEES Lett. 400, 201–205.Google Scholar
  298. Solovyev, A. G., Novikov, V. K., Merits, A., Savenkov, E. I., Zelenina, D. A., Tyulkina, L. G., and Morozov, S. Yu. (1994). Genome characterization and taxonomy of Plantago asiatica mosaic potexvirus. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 259–267.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  299. Solovyev, A. G., Savenkov, E. I., Agranovsky, A. A., and Morozov, S. Y. (1996). Comparisons of the genomic cis-elements and coding regions in RNA3 components of the hordeiviruses barley stripe mosaic virus, lychnis ringspot virus, and poa semilatent virus. Virology 219, 9–18.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  300. Solovyev, A. G., Savenkov, E. I., Grdzelishvili, V. Z., Kalinina, N. O., Morozov, S. Yu., Schiemann, J., and Atabekov, J. G. (1998). Movement of hordeivirus hybrids with exchanges in the triple gene block. Virology in press.Google Scholar
  301. Song, C., and Simon, A. E. (1995). Requirement of a 3’-terminal stem-loop in in vitro transcription by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 254, 6–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  302. Song, S. I., Song, J. T., Kim, C. H., Lee, J. S., and Choi, Y. D. (1998). Molecular characterization of the garlic virus X genome. J. Gen. Viral. 79, 155–159.Google Scholar
  303. Sriskanda, V. S., Pruss, G., Ge, X., and Vance, V. B. (1996). An eight-nucleotide sequence in the potato virus X 3’ untranslated region is required for both host protein binding and viral multiplication. J. Virol. 70, 5266–5271.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  304. Stenger, D. C., Hall, J. S., Choi, I.-R., and French, R. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships within the family Potyviridae wheat streak mosaic virus and brome mosaic virus are not members of the genus Rymovirus. Phytopathology in press.Google Scholar
  305. Storms, M. M., Kormelink, R., Peters, D., van Lent, J. W., and Goldbach, R. W. (1995). The nonstructural NSm protein of tomato spotted wilt virus induces tubular structures in plant and insect cells. Virology 214, 485–493.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  306. Sudarshana, M. R., and Berger, P. H. (1998). Nucleotide sequence of both genomic RNAs of a North American tobacco rattle virus isolate. Arch. Virol. 143, 1535–1544.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  307. Suzuki, N., Tanimura, M., Watanabe, Y., Kusano, T., Kitagawa, Y., Suda, N., Kudo, H., Uyeda, I., and Shikata, E. (1992). Molecular analysis of rice dwarf phytoreovirus segment SI: interviral homology of the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase between plant-and animal-infecting reoviruses. Virology 190, 240–247.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  308. Suzuki, N., Kusano, T., Matsuura, Y., and Omura, T. (1996). Novel NTP binding property of rice dwarf phytoreovirus minor core protein P5. Virology 219, 471–474.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  309. Takamatsu, N., Watanabe, Y., Meshi, T., and Okada, Y. (1990). Mutational analysis of the pseudoknot region in the 3’ noncoding region of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. J. Virol. 64, 3686–3693.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  310. Takamatsu, N., Watanabe, Y., Iwasaki, T., Shiba, T., Meshi, T., and Okada, Y. (1991). Deletion analysis of the 5’ untranslated leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. J. Virol. 65, 1619–1622.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  311. Taliansky, M. E., and Garcia-Arenal, F. (1995). Role of cucumovirus capsid protein in long-distance movement within the infected plant. J. Virol. 69, 916–922.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  312. Taliansky, M. E., Robinson, D. J., and Murant, A. F. (1996). Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the RNA genome of groundnut rosette umbravirus. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 2335–2345.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  313. Tamada, T., Schmitt, C., Saito, M., Guilley, H., Richards, K., and Jonard, G. (1996). High resolution analysis of the readthrough domain of beet necrotic yellow vein virus readthrough protein: a KTER motif is important for efficient transmission of the virus by Polymyxa betae. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1359–1367.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  314. Tavazza, M., Lucioli, A., Calogero, A., Pay, A., and Tavazza, R. (1994). Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization and synthesis of infectious transcripts from a full-length clone of artichoke mottle crinkle virus. J Gen. Virol. 75, 1515–1524.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  315. Tomashevskaya, O. L., Solovyev, A. G., Karpova, O. V., Fedorkin, O. N., Rodionova, N. P., Morozov, S. Y., and Atabekov, J. G. (1993). Effects of sequence elements in the potato virus X RNA 5’ non-translated aß-leader on its translation enhancing activity. J Gen. Virol. 74, 2717–2724.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  316. Tordo, N., de Haan, P., Goldbach, R., and Poch, O. (1992). Evolution of negative-stranded RNA viruses. Semin. Virol. 3, 341–357.Google Scholar
  317. Toriyama, S., Takahashi, M., Sano, Y., Shimizu, T., and Ishihama, A. (1994). Nucleotide sequence of RNA 1, the largest genomic segment of rice stripe virus, the prototype of the tenuiviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 3569–3579.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  318. Toriyama, S., Kimishima, T., and Takahashi, M. (1997). The proteins encoded by rice grassy stunt virus RNA5 and RNA6 are only distantly related to the corresponding proteins of other members of the genus Tenuivirus. J Gen. Virol. 78, 2355–2363.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  319. Toriyama, S., Kimishima, T., Takahashi, M., Shimizu, T., Minaka, N., and Akutsu, K. (1998). The complete nucleotide sequence of the rice grassy stunt virus genome and genomic comparisons with viruses of the genus Tenuivirus. J Gen. Virol. 79, 2051–2058.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  320. Torrance, L., and Mayo, M. A. (1997). Proposed re-classification of furoviruses. Arch. Virol. 142, 435–439.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  321. Turina, M., Maruoka, M., Monis, J., Jackson, A. O., and Scholthof, K. B. (1998). Nucleotide sequence and infectivity of a full-length cDNA clone of panicum mosaic virus. Virology 241, 141–155.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  322. Turnbull-Ross, A. D., Mayo, M. A., Reavy, B., and Murant, A. F. (1993). Sequence analysis of the parsnip yellow fleck virus polyprotein: evidence of affinities with picomaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 555–561.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  323. Turnbull-Ross, A. D., Reavy, B., Mayo, M. A., and Murant, A. F. (1992). The nucleotide sequence of parsnip yellow fleck virus: a plant picorna-like virus. J. Gen. Virol. 73, 3203–3211.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  324. Uhde, K., Koenig, R., and Lesemann, D. E. (1998). An onion isolate of tobacco rattle virus: reactivity with an antiserum to Hypochoeris mosaic virus, a putative furovirus, and molecular analysis of its RNA 2. Arch. Virol. 143, 1041–1053.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  325. Urban, C., and Beier, H. (1995). Cysteine tRNAs of plant origin as novel UGA suppressors. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 4591–4597.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  326. Uyeda, I., Kimura, I., and Shikata, E. (1995). Characterization of genome structure and establishment of vector cell lines for plant reoviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 45, 249–279.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  327. van den Heuvel, J. F., Bruyere, A., Hogenhout, S. A., Ziegler-Graff, V., Brault, V., Verbeek, M., van der Wilk, F., and Richards, K. (1997). The N-terminal region of the luteovirus readthrough domain determines virus binding to Buchnera GroEL and is essential for virus persistence in the aphid. J. Virol. 71, 7258–7265.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  328. van der Vossen, E. A., Neeleman, L., and Bol, J. F. (1994). Early and late functions of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein can be mutated separately. Virology 202, 891–903.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  329. van der Wel, N. N., Goldbach, R. W., and van Lent, J. W. (1998). The movement protein and coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus accumulate in structurally modified plasmodesmata. Virology 244, 322–329.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  330. van der Wilk, F., Houterman, P., Molthoff, J., Hans, F., Dekker, B., van den Heuvel, J., Huttinga, H., and Goldbach, R. (1997a). Expression of the potato leafroll virus ORFO induces viral-disease-like symptoms in transgenic potato plants. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10, 153–159.Google Scholar
  331. van der Wilk, F., Verbeek, M., Dullemans, A. M., and van den Heuvel, J. F. (1997b). The genome-linked protein of potato leafroll virus is located downstream of the putative protease domain of the ORF1 product. Virology 234, 300–303.Google Scholar
  332. van Poelwijk, F., Prins, M., and Goldbach, R. (1997). Completion of the impatiens necrotic spot virus genome sequence and genetic comparison of the L proteins within the family Bunyaviridae. J Gen. Virol. 78, 543–546.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  333. van Rossum, C. M., Brederode, F. T., Neeleman, L., and Bol, J. F. (1997a). Functional equivalence of common and unique sequences in the 3’ untranslated regions of alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs I, 2, and 3. J. Virol. 71, 3811–3816.Google Scholar
  334. van Rossum, C. M., Neeleman, L., and Bol, J. F. (1997b). Comparison of the role of 5’ terminal sequences of alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs 1, 2, and 3 in viral RNA replication. Virology 235, 333–341.Google Scholar
  335. Vaquero, C., Turner, A. P., Demangeat, G., Sanz, A., Serra, M. T., Roberts, K., and Garcia-Luque, I. (1994). The 3a protein from cucumber mosaic virus increases the gating capacity of plasmodesmata in transgenic tobacco plants. I Gen. Virol. 75, 3193–3197.Google Scholar
  336. Vaquero, C., Liao, Y. C., Nahring, J., and Fischer, R. (1997). Mapping of the RNA-binding domain of the cucumber mosaic virus movement protein. J Gen. Virol. 78, 2095–2099.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  337. Verchot, J., and Carrington, J. C. (1995). Evidence that the potyvirus P1 proteinase functions in trans as an accessory factor for genome amplification. J. Virol. 69, 3668–3674.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  338. Verver, J., Le Gall, O., van Kammen, A., and Wellink, J. (1991). The sequence between nucleotides 161 and 512 of cowpea mosaic virus M RNA is able to support internal initiation of translation in vitro. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 2339–2345.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  339. Verver, J., Wellink, J., Van Lent, J., Gopinath, K., and Van Kammen, A. (1998). Studies on the movement of cowpea mosaic virus using the jellyfish green fluorescent protein. Virology 242, 22–27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  340. Wagner, J. D., and Jackson, A. O. (1997). Characterization of the components and activity of sonchus yellow net rhabdovirus polymerase. I Virol. 71, 2371–2382.Google Scholar
  341. Wang, H., Culver, J. N., and Stubbs, G. (1997). Structure of ribgrass mosaic virus at 2.9 A resolution: Evolution and taxonomy of tobamoviruses. J. Mol. Biol. 269, 769–79.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  342. Wang, H. L., Wang, Y., Giesman-Cookmeyer, D., Lommel, S. A., and Lucas, W. J. (1998). Mutations in viral movement protein alter systemic infection and identify an intercellular barrier to entry into the phloem long-distance transport system. Virology 245, 75–89.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  343. Wang, J., and Simon, A. E. (1997). Analysis of the two subgenomic RNA promoters for turnip crinkle virus in vivo and in vitro. Virology 232, 174–86.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  344. Watson, M. T., Tian, T., Estabrook, E., and Falk, B. W. (1997). A small RNA identified as a component of California carrot motley dwarf resembles the beet western yellows ST9-associated RNA. DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases. Accession number [AF020616]Google Scholar
  345. Weiland, J. J., and Edwards, M. C. (1994). Evidence that the as gene of barley stripe mosaic virus encodes determinants of pathogenicity to oat (Avena sativa). Virology 201, 116–126.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  346. Weng, Z., and Xiong, Z. (1997). Genome organization and gene expression of saguaro cactus carmovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 525–534.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  347. Wetzel, T., Dietzgen, R. G., and Dale, J. L. (1994). Genomic organization of lettuce necrotic yellows rhabdovirus. Virology 200, 401–412.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  348. Wieczorek, A., and Sanfacon, H. (1993). Characterization and subcellular localization of tomato ringspot nepovirus putative movement protein. Virology 194, 734–742.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  349. Wintermantel, W. M., Banerjee, N., Oliver, J. C., Paolillo, D. J., and Zaitlin, M. (1997). Cucumber mosaic virus is restricted from entering minor veins in transgenic tobacco exhibiting replicase-mediated resistance. Virology 231, 248–257.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  350. Wobbe, K. K., Akgoz, M., Dempsey, D. A., and Klessig, D. F. (1998). A single amino acid change in turnip crinkle virus movement protein p8 affects RNA binding and virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana. I Virol. 72, 6247–6250.Google Scholar
  351. Wobus, C. E., Skaf, J. S., Schultz, M. H., and de Zoetenl G. A. (1998). Sequencing, genomic localization and initial characterization of the VPg of pea enation mosaic enamovirus. J Gen. Virol. 79, 2023–2025.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  352. Wong, S. M., Mahtani, P. H., Lee, K. C., Yu, H. H., Tan, Y., Neo, K. K., Chan, Y., Wu, M., and Chng, C. G. (1997). Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus RNA: complete nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Arch. Virol. 142, 383–391.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  353. Wu, X., and Shaw, J. G. (1998). Evidence that assembly of a potyvirus begins near the 5’ terminus of the viral RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 1525–1529PubMedGoogle Scholar
  354. Xie, W. S., Antoniw, J. F., and White, R. F. (1993). Nucleotide sequence of beet cryptic virus 3 dsRNA2 which encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Gen. Virol. 74, 2303.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  355. Xin, H. W., Ji, L. H., Scott, S. W., Symons, R. H., and Ding, S.W. (1998). Ilarviruses encode a cucumovirus-like 2b gene that is absent in other genera within the Bromoviridae. I Virol. 72, 6956–6959.Google Scholar
  356. Xiong, Z., and Lommel, S. A. (1989). The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA-1. Virology 171, 543–554.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  357. Xiong, Z., Kim, K. H., Giesman-Cookmeyer, D., and Lommel, S. A. (1993). The roles of the red clover necrotic mosaic virus capsid and cell-to-cell movement proteins in systemic infection. Virology 192, 27–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  358. Xu, H., Li, Y., Mao, Z., Li, Y., Wu, Z., Qu, L., An, C., Ming, X., Schiemann, J., Casper, R., and Chen, Z. (1998). Rice dwarf phytoreovirus segment S1l encodes a nucleic acid binding protein. Virology 240, 267–272.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  359. Yoshikawa, N., Imaizumi, M., Takahashi, T., and Inouye, N. (1993). Striking similarities between the nucleotide sequence and genome organization of citrus tatter leaf and apple stem grooving capilloviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 2743–2747.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  360. Yoshikawa, N., Iida, H., Goto, S., Magome, H., Takahashi, T., and Terai, Y. (1997). Grapevine berry inner necrosis, a new trichovirus: comparative studies with several known trichoviruses. Arch. Virol. 142,1351–1363.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  361. Zaccomer, B., Haenni, A. L., and Macaya, G. (1995). The remarkable variety of plant RNA virus genomes. J Gen. Virol. 76, 231–47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  362. Zaitlin, M. (1998). Elucidation of the genome organization of tobacco mosaic virus. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences (London), in press.Google Scholar
  363. Zalloua, P. A., Buzayan, J. M., and Bruening, G. (1996). Chemical cleavage of 5’-linked protein from tobacco ringspot virus genomic RNAs and characterization of the protein-RNA linkage. Virology 219, 1–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  364. Zanotto, P. M., Gibbs, M. J., Gould, E. A., and Holmes, E. C. (1996). A reevaluation of the higher taxonomy of viruses based on RNA polymerases. J. Virol. 70, 6083–6096.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  365. Zavriev, S. K., Hickey, C. M., and Lommel, S.A. (1996). Mapping of the red clover necrotic mosaic virus subgenomic RNA. Virology 216, 407–410.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  366. Zhang, Y.-P., Kirkpatrick, B. C., Smart, C. D., and Uyemoto, J. K. (1998). eDNA cloning and molecular characterization of cherry green ring mottle virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 2275–2281.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  367. Zhou, H., and Jackson, A. O. (1996a). Expression of the barley stripe mosaic virus RNAJ3 “triple gene block”. Virology 216, 367–379.Google Scholar
  368. Zhou, H., and Jackson, A.O. (1996b). Analysis of cis-acting elements required for replication of barley stripe mosaic virus RNAs. Virology 219, 150–160Google Scholar
  369. Zhu, H. Y., Ling, K. S., Goszczynski, D. E., McFerson, J. R., and Gonsalves, D. (1998). Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 are similar to beet yellows virus, the closterovirus type member. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 1289–1298.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  370. Ziegler, A., Mayo, M. A., and Murant, A. F. (1993). Proposed classification of the bipartite-genomed raspberry bushy dwarf idaeovirus, with tripartite-genomed viruses in the family Bromoviridae. Arch. Virol. 131, 483–488.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  371. Ziegler-Graff, V., Guilford, P. J., and Baulcombe, D. C. (1991). Tobacco rattle virus RNA-I 29K gene product potentiates viral movement and also affects symptom induction in tobacco. Virology 182, 145–155.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1999

Authors and Affiliations

  • Sergey Morozov
  • Andrey Solovyev

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations