Dose Intensification in Solid Tumor Chemotherapy

  • Henrik van Deventer
  • Thomas Shea
Chapter
Part of the Developments in Oncology book series (DION, volume 80)

Abstract

Since their introduction in the 1980’s, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have been widely used to prevent episodes of febrile neutropenia in patients who have either had febrile neutropenia following chemotherapy (secondary prophylaxis) or who are at high risk for this complication (primary prophylaxis). Data from randomized controlled trials has confirmed that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can reduce the incidence and duration of febrile neutropenia in both settings1,2,3. This reduction has been associated with a decrease in hospital duration and antibiotic use. However, none of these trials in solid tumor patients have demonstrated a reduction in mortality. This fact reflects the low pre-existing mortality associated with most chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in the modern antibiotic era.

Keywords

Metastatic Breast Cancer Febrile Neutropenia Dose Intensity Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation Relative Dose Intensity 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Crawford J, Ozer H, Stollr R, et al. Reduction by granulocyte colony stimulating factor of fever and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung. N Eng J Med 325:164, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Trilet-Lenoir V, Green J, Manegold C, et al. Recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor reduces the infectious complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 29A:319, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Pettengill R, Gurney H, Radford JA, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to prevent dose-limiting neutropenia in non-Hodgkin’s lyphoma: A randomized controlled trial. Blood 80:1430, 1992.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 14:1957, 1996.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Murray N. Importance of dose and dose intensity in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:S58, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Skipper HE, Schabel FM Jr, Wilcox WS. On the criteria and kinetics associated with “curability” of experimental leukemia. Cancer Chemother Rep 35:3–9, 1964.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Peters WP, Dansey R. New concepts in the treatment of breast cancer using high-dose chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:S88, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Bezwoda WR. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue in breast cancer: From theory to practice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:S79, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Murray N, The importance of dose and dose intensity in lung cancer chemotherapy. Semin Oncol 14:S4, 1987.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Saijo N, Nishio K, Kubota N, et al. 7-Ethyl-10–4(l-piperdino)-l- piperdinocarbonyloxy camp-thothecin: Mechanism of resistance and clinical trials. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 342:S112, 1995.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Philip T, Guglielmi C, Hagenbeek A, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation as compared with salvage chemotherapy in relapses of chemotherapy-sensitive non-hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Eng J Med 333:1540, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin’s disease: Results of a BNLI randomized trial. Lancet 341:1051, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Bhatia S, Cornetta K, Broun R, et al. High dose chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell or autologous bone marrow transplant as initial salvage chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Proc ASCO 17:1239, 1998.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Antoine EC, Khayat D. European School of Oncology European consensus on the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: The example of breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 38:S103, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Rhodenhuis S, Richel DJ, van der Wall E, et al. A randomized trial of high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic progenitor cell support in operable breast cancer with extensive axillary lymph node involvement. Proc ASCO 17:470, 1998.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Hortobagyi GN, Buzdar AU, Champlin R, et al. Lack of efficacy of adjuvant high-dose tandem combination chemotherapy for high risk primary breast cancer - a randomized trial. Proc ASCO 17:471, 1998.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Elias A. Dose-intensive therapy in lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:64, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Fisher B, Anderson S, Wickerham DL, et al. Increased intensification and total dose of cyclophosphamide in a doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide regimen of the treatment of primary breast cancer: Findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-22. J Clin Oncol 15:1858, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Wood WC, Budman DR, Korzun AH, et al. Dose and dose intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II, node-positive breast carcinoma. N Eng J Med 331:139, 1994.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Ganser A, Karthaus M. Clinical use of hematopietic growth fctors. Curr Opinion Oncol 8:254, 1996.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Elias AD, Dose-intensive therapy for small cell lung cancer. Chest 107:261S, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Thatcher N, Sambrook RJ, Stephens J, et al. Dose intensification with G-CSF improves survival in small cell lung cancer patients: Results of a randomized trial. Proc ASCO 17:1754, 1998.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Woll PJ, Hodgetts J, Lomax L, et al. Can cytotoxic dose-intensity be increased by using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor? A randomized controlled trial of lenograstim in small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 13:652, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Planting AS, de Wit R, van der Burg ME, et al. Phase II study of a closely spaced ifosfamide-cisplatin schedule with the addition of G-CSF in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and malignant melanoma. Ann Oncol 7:1080, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Scinto AF, Ferraresi V, Campioni N, et al. Accelerated chemotherapy with high-dose epirubicin and cyclophosphamide plus r-met-HuG-CSF in locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 6:665, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Ferguson JE, Dodwell DJ, Seymour AM, et al. High dose, dose-intensive chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Br J Cancer 67:825, 1993.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Piccart MJ, Bruning P, Wildiers J, et al. An EORTC pilot study of filgrastim (recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) as support to a high dose-intensive epirubicin-cyclophosphamide regimen in chemotherapy-naive patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 6:673, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Thatcher N, Anderson H, Bleehen NM, et al. The feasibility of using glycosylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to increase the planned dose intensity of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide (ACE) in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Eur J Cancer 31A: 152, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Smith GM, Child JA, Cullen MH, et al. A phase I trial to assess the value of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (R-MeTHuG, filgrastim) in accelerating the dose rate of chemotherapy for intermediate and high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The Central Lymphoma Group. Hematol Oncol 14:193, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Sawada KI, Sata N, Kohno M, et al. Efficacy of delayed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after full dose CHOP therapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A pilot study for a leukocyte count oriented regimen. Leuk Lymphoma 20:103, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Dimitrov N, Anderson S, Fisher B, et al. Dose intensification and increased total dose of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Findings fromnNSAP B-22. Proc ASCO 13:58, 1994.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Henderson IC, Berry D, Demetri G, et al. Improved disease-free and overall survival from the addition of sequential paclitaxel but not from escalation of doxorubicin dose level in the adjuvant chemotherapy of patients with node positive primary breast cancer. Proc ASCO 17:390A, 1998.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Winder E, Berry D, Duggin D, et al. Failure of higher dose paclitaxel to improve outcome in patients with metastatic breast cancer - results from CALGB 9342. Proc ASCO 17:388, 1998.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Shipp MA, Neuberg D. High-dose CHOP as initial therapy for patients with poor prognosis aggressive non-hodgkin’s lymphoma: A dose-finding pilot study. J Clin Oncol 13:2916, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Arriagada R, Le Chevalier T, Pignon JP, et al. Initial chemotherapeutic doses and survival in patients with limited small-cell lung cancer. N Eng J Med 329:1848, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Ihde DC, Mulshine JI, Kramer BS, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of high-dose and standard-dose etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 12:2022, 1994.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Negoro S, MasudaN, Furuse K, et al. Dose-intensive chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:70, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Fossa SD, Kaye SB, Meed GM, et al. Filgrastim during combination chemotherapy of patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell malignancy. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Genito-Urinary Group, and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party, Cambridge, United Kingdom. J Clin Oncol 16:716, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Fossa S, Kaye SB, Meed GM, et al. An MRC/EORTC randomized trial in poor prognosis metastatic teratoma, comparing treatment with/without filgrastim (G-CSF). Proc ASCO 14:656, 1995.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Boekmeyer C, Kuczyk MA, Kohne H, et al. Hematopoietic growth factors and treatment of testicular cancer: Biological interactions, routine use and dose-intensive chemotherapy. Ann Hematol 72:1, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    De Graaf H, Willemse PH, Bong SB, et al. Dose intensity of standard adjuvant CMF with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for premenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Ribas A, Albanell J, Bellmunt J, et al. Frequent dose delays and growth factor requirements with the sequential doxorubicin-CMF schedule. Acta Oncol 36:701, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Silvestri F, Velisig M, Fanim R, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) allows the delivery of effective doses of CHOP and CVP regimens in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 16:465, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Bonadonna G, Valagussa P. Dose-response effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. N Eng J Med 304:10, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Miyanaga N, Akaza H, Hattori K, et al. The importance of dose intensity in chemotherapy of advanced testicular cancer. Urol Int 54:220, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Cohen MH, Creaven PJ, Fossieck BE Jr, et al. Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep 61:349, 1977.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Muhonen T, Jantunen I, Pertovaara H, et al. Prophylactic filgrastim (G-CSF) during mitomycin-C, mitoxantrone, and methotrexate (MMM) treatment for metastatic breast cancer: A randomized study. Am J Clin Oncol 19:232, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Saka H, Shimokata K. Chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer: More is not better. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:S107, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Fanning J, Hilgers RD. Prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor allows escalation of chemotherapeutic dose intensity in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 63:323, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Thatcher N, Sambrook RJ, Stephens RJ, et al. Dose intensification (DI) with G-CSF improves survival in small cell lung cancer (SCLC): Results of a randomized trial. Proc ASCO 17:456a, abstract #1754, 1998.Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Colucci G, Giotta F, Gebbia V, et al. Dose intensification of mitoxantrone in combination with levofolinic acid, fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony stimulating factor support in advanced untreated breast cancer patients. A multicentric phase II study of the Souther Italy Oncology Group. Anticancer Drugs 8:257, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Bissett D, Jodrell D, Harnett AN, et al. Phase I study of accelerated FEC with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Lenograstim) support. Br J Cancer 71:1279, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Freedman A, Neuberg D, Mauch P, et al. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone dose intensification with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor markedly depletes stem cell reserve for autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 90:4996, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    de Wit R, Verweij J, Bontenbal M, et al. Adverse effect on bone marrow protection of prechemotherapy granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:1393, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Hansen PB, Johnsen HE, Ralfkiaer E, et al. Short-term rhG-CSF priming before chemotherapy does mobilize blood progenitors but does not prevent chemotherapy induced myelotoxicity: A randomized study of patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 19:453, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Lieschke GJ, Burgess AW. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (2). N Eng J Med 327:99, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Kennedy MJ, Zahurak ML, Donehower RC, et al. Phase I and pharmacologic study of sequences of paclitaxel and cyclophosphamide supported by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in women with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 14:783, 1996.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    BR73 Fisherman JS, Cowan KH, Noone M, et al. Phase I/II study of 72-hour infusional paclitaxel and doxorubicin with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 14:774, 1996.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Hamm JT, Schiller J, Oken MM, et al. Dose ranging study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in small cell lung cancer. Proc ASCO 12:1118, 1993.Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Bunn PA, Crowley J, Hazuka M, et al. The role of GM-CSF in limited stage small cell lung cancer. A randomized Phase III study of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG). Proc ASCO 11:974, 1992.Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Nichol C, Bajorin D, Schmoll HJ, et al. VIP chemotherapy with/without GM-CSF for poor risk, relapsed, or refractory germ cell tumors. Proc ASCO 10:532, 1991.Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Vadhan-Raj S, Broxmeyer HE, Hittelmannn WN, et al. Abrogating chemotherapy induced myelosuppression by GM-CSF: Optimizing the schedule. Proc ASCO 10:1241, 1991.Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Beveridge RA, Miller JA, Kales AN, et al. A comparison of efficacy of Sargramostim and Filgrastim in the therapeutic setting of chemotherpay induced myelosuppression. Ca Invest 16:366, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Rowe JM, Anderson J, Mazza JJ, et al. Phase III randomized placebo-controlled study of yeast derived GM-CSF in adult patients (55–70 years) with AML. Blood 82:329a, 1993.Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Osterborg A, Boogarts MA, Cimino R, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in transfusion-dependent anemic patients with multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma — a multicenter study. Blood 87:2675, 1996.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Isaacs C, Robert NJ, Bailey FA, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-11 to prevent chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with breast cancer receiving dose-intensive cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. J Clin Oncol 15:3368, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Moskowitz C, Nimer J, Gabrilove A, et al. A randomized double blinded, placebo controlled, dose finding, efficacy and safety study of PEG-rHuMGDF in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients treated with ICE. Proc ASCO 17:295, 1998.Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    du Bois A, Luck HJ, Bauknecht T, et al. Phase I/II study of the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxed as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 8:355, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Fanning J, Hilgers RD. Prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor allows escalation of chemotherapeutic dose intensity in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 63:323, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    O’Reilly S, Fleming GF, Barker SD, et al. Phase I trial and pharmacologic trial of sequences of paclitaxel and topotecan in previously treated ovarian epithelial malignancies: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 15:177, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Belani CP, Aisner J, Hiponia D, et al. Paclitaxel and Carboplatin with and without Filgrastim support in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 22:7, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Georgiadia MS, Schuller BS, Brown JE, et al. Paclitaxel by 96-hour continuous infusion in combination with cisplatin: A phase I trial in patients with advanced lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:735, 1997.Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Lilenbaum RC, Ratain MJ, Miller AA, et al. Phase I study of paclitaxel and topotecan in patients with advanced tumors: A cancer and leukemia group B study. J Clin Oncol 13:2230, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Murren JR, Anderson S, Fedele J, et al. Dose-escalation and pharmacodynamic study of topotecan in combination with cyclophosphamide in patients with refractory cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:148, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Huber MH, Lee JS, Newman RA, et al. A phase I investigation of the sequential use of methotrexate and paclitaxel with and without G-CSF for the treatment of solid tumors. Ann Oncol 7:59, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Schiller JH, Storer B, Tutsch K, et al. A phase I trial of 3-hour infusions of paclitaxel with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Semin Inc 21:9, 1994.Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Zinzani PL, Pavone E, Storti S, et al. Randomized trial with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as adjunct to induction VNCOPB treatment of elderly high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 89:3974, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Pettengell R, Gurney H, Radford JA, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to prevent dose-limiting neutropenia in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A randomized controlled trial. Blood 80:1430, 1992.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Gisselbrecht C, Haioun C, Lepage E, et al. Placebo-controlled phase III study of lenograstim (glycosylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Factors influencing chemotherapy administration. Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’adulte leuk lymphoma 25:289, 1997.Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Miles DW, Forarty O, Ash CM, et al. Received dose intensity: A randomized trial of weekly chemotherapy with and without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 12:77, 1994.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Woll PJ, Hodgetts J, Lomax L, et al. Can cytotoxic dose-intensity be increased by using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor? A randomized controlled trial of lenograstim in small-cell lung cancer.Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Negoro S, Masuda N, Furuse K, et al. Dose-intensive chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40:S70, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Henderson IC, Berry D, Demetri G, et al. Improved disease free survival from the addition of sequential paclitaxel but not from the escalation of doxorubicin dose level in the adjuvant chemotherapy of patients with node positive breast cancer. Proc ASCO 17:101a, 1998.Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Bonomi P, Kim K, Kusler J, et al. Cisplatin/Etoposide vs paclitaxel/cisplatin/G-CSF vs paclitaxel/cisplatin in non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncol 11:9, 1997.Google Scholar
  85. 85.
    Fossa SD, Kaye SB, Meed GM, et al. Filgrastim during combination chemotherapy of patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell malignancy. European Organization for Research and Treatment of cancer, Genito-Urinary Group, and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party, Cambridge, United Kingdon. J Clin Oncol 16:716, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Omura GA, Brady MF, Delmore JE, et al. A randomized trial of paclitaxel at 2 dose levels and filgrastim at 2 dose levels. Proc ASCO 15:280, 1996.Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Cohen MH, Creaven PJ, Fossieck BE, et al. Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Canc Treat Rep 61:349, 1977.Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Tannock IF, Boyd NF, DeBoer G, et al. A randomized trial of two dose levels of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer [see comments]. J Clin Oncol 6:1377, 1988.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Logothetis CJ, Finn LD, Smith T, et al. Escalated MVAC with and without reacombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the initial treatment of advanced malignant urothelial tumors: Results of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 13:2272, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Bajorin DF, Nichols CR, Schmoll HJ, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an adjunct to conventional-dose ifosfamide-based chemotherapy for patients with advanced or relapsed germ cell tumors: A randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 13:79, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Yau J, Neidhart J, Triozzi P, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor support for dose-intensive cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin. Am J Hematol 51:289, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Kaplan L, Straus D, testa M, et al. Low-dose compared with standard-dose m-BACOD chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Eng J Med 336:1641, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Gerhartz H, Engelhard M, Meusers P, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjunct to induction treatmetn of high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 82:2329, 1993.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Hamm J, Schiller J, Oen M, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in small cell carcinoma of the lung: Preliminary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Proc ASCO 10:255, 1991.Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Bunn P, Crowley J, Kelly K, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer: A prospective phase II randomized study of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 13:1632, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Steward W, von Pawel J, Gatzemeier U, et al. Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and dose intensification of V-ICE chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: A prospective randomized study of 300 patients. J Clin Oncol 16:642, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Bajetta E, DiBartolomeo M, Carnaghi C, et al. FEP regimen in advanced gastric cancer, with and without low-dose GM-CSF: An Italian trial in Medical Oncology study. Br J Cancer 77:1149, 1998/PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1999

Authors and Affiliations

  • Henrik van Deventer
  • Thomas Shea

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations