Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine pp 139-144 | Cite as
EMF Stimulates Cartilage Differentiation in Endochondral Ossification Coincident with an Increase in TGFβ Expression
Abstract
Stimulation of bone and cartilage with appropriately configured low-frequency EMF have generally resulted in an increase in repair in fracture non-unions, osteotomies, spinal fusions, and osteonecrosis. The mechanism by which these fields produce their effects is not known. This can be approached at the cell membrane level - examining signal transduction, or at physiological level - examining cell behavior, notably protein synthesis. This review addresses the second issue. Current information suggests that regardless of signal transduction mechanisms, EMFs have their ultimate effect on cells by altering transcription of extracellular matrix proteins, notably collagen and proteoglycan. Recent information from several laboratories indicate that transcription of growth factors important to bone formation, including IGF-II and BMP 2, 4, and 7, can be increased as well, providing a physiological amplification mechanism by which EMFs act1.2.3.4.
Keywords
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Chondrogenic Differentiation Endochondral Ossification Endochondral Bone Formation Sulfate IncorporationPreview
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