Genetic Engineering pp 137-151 | Cite as
Regulation of Gene Expression by Epidermal Growth Factor
Abstract
Many constituents of serum and of the extracellular environment are essential for stimulation of cell growth and maintenance of differentiated function. Peptide growth factors form one subset of such components and epidermal growth factor (EGF) is one of the best-defined members of this class of growth regulatory substances. Many advances have been made in understanding mechanisms which underlie biological activities of EGF since it was first described by Stanley Cohen as a peptide present in nerve growth factor preparations that promoted early eyelid opening and tooth eruption in mice (1). Because physiological and cellular responses to EGF have been widely reviewed (2–6), this article emphasizes the role of EGF in regulating gene expression.
Keywords
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Serum Response Factor GTPase Activate ProteinPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Cohen, S. (1962) J. Biol. Chem. 237, 1555–1562.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 2.Carpenter, G. (1987) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56, 881–914.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Gill, G.N., Bertics, P.J. and Santon, J.B. (1987) Mol. Cell. Endo. 51, 169–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Burgess, A.W. (1989) Brit. Med. Bull. 45, 401–424.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Carpenter, G. and Cohen, S. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7709–7712.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Gill, G. (1989) in Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer (Weinberg, R.A, ed.), pp. 67–96, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.Google Scholar
- 7.Gray, A., Dull, T.J. and Ullrich, A. (1983) Nature 303, 722–725.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Scott, J., Ureda, M., Quiroga, M., Sanchez-Pescador, R., Fong, N., Selby, M., Rutter, W.J. and Bell, G.I. (1983) Science 221, 236–240.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Mroczkowski, B., Reich, M., Chen, K., Bell, G.I. and Cohen, S. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 2771–2778.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Brown, J.P., Twardzik, D.R., Marquardt, H. and Todaro, G.J. (1985) Nature 313, 491–492.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Upton, C., Macen, J.L. and McFadden, G. (1987) J. Virol. 61, 1271–1275.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Chang, W., Upton, C., Hu, S.-L., Purchio, A.F. and McFadden, G. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 535–540.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.De Larco, J.E. and Todaro, G.J. (1978) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4001–4005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Derynck, R., Roberts, A.B., Winkler, M.E., Chen, E.Y. and Goeddel, D.V. (1984) Cell 38, 287–297.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Lee, D.C., Rose, T.M., Webb, N.R. and Todaro, G.J. (1985) Nature 313, 489–491.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Bringman, T.S., Lindquist, P.B. and Derynck, R. (1987) Cell 48, 429–440.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Rappolee, D.A., Brenner, C.A., Schultz, D.M. and Werb, Z. (1988) Science 241 1823–1825PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Wilcox, J.N. and Derynck, R. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 3415–3422.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 19.Coffey, R.J., Derynck, R., Wilcox, J.N., Bringman, T.S., Goustin, A.S., Moses, H.L. and Pittelkow, M.R. (1987) Nature 328, 817–820.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Kobrin, M.S., Samsoondar, J. and Kudlow J.E. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14414–14419.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Madtes, D.K., Raines, E.W., Sakariassen, K.S., Assoian, R.K., Sporn, M.B., Bell, G.I. and Ross, R. (1988) Cell 53, 285–293.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Rappolee, D.A., Mark, D., Banda, M.J. and Werb, Z. (1988) Science 241, 708–712.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Shoyab, M., McDonald, V.L., Bradley, J.G. and Todaro, G.J. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 6528–6532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Shoyab, M., Plowman, G.D., McDonald, F.L., Bradley, J.G. and Todaro, G.J. (1989) Science 243, 1074–1076.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Plowman, G.D., Green, J.M., McDonald, F.L., Neubauer, M.G., Disteche, C.M., Todaro, G.J. and Shoyab, M. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 1969–1981.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 26.Todaro, G.J., De Larco, J.E., Marquardt, H., Bryant, M.L., Sherwin, S.A. and Sliski, A.H. (1979) Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Proliferation 6, 113–127.Google Scholar
- 27.Ray, P., Moy, F.J., Monelione, G.T., Liu, J.-F., Narang, S.A., Scheraga, H.A. and Wu, R. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 7289–7295.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Defeo-Jones, K., Tai, J.Y., Vuocolo, G.A., Wegrzyn, R.J., Schofield, T.L., Riemen, M.W. and Oliff, A. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 4083–4086.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 29.Heath, W.F. and Merrifield, R.B. (1986) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 6367–6371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Engler, D.A., Matsumani, R.K., Campion, S.R., Stringer, C.D., Stevens, A. and Niyogi, S.K. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 11384–11390.Google Scholar
- 31.Ullrich, A., Coussens, L., Hayflick, J.S., Dull, T.J., Gray, A., Tam, A.W., Lee, J., Yarden, Y., Libermann, T.A., Schlessinger, J., Downard, J., Mayes, E.L.V., Whittle, N., Waterfîeld, M.D. and Seeburg, P.H. (1984) Nature 309, 418–425.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Privalsky, M.L., Ralston, R. and Bishop, J.M. (1984) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 704–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Wedegaertner, P. and Gill, G.N. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11346–11353.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 34.Walton, G.M., Chen, W.S., Rosenfeld, M.G. and Gill, G.N. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1750–1754.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Carpenter, G. and Cohen, C. (1979) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48, 193–216.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Stoscheck, C.M. and Carpenter, G. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 98, 1048–1053.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Chen, G.S., Lazar, C.S., Lund, K.A., Welsh, J.B., Chang, C.-P., Walton, G.M., Der, C.J., Wiley, H.S., Gill, G.N. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (1989) Cell 59, 33–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.Chen, W.S., Lazar, C.S., Poenie, M., Tsien, R.Y., Gill, G.N. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (1987) Nature 328, 820–823.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Honegger, A.M., Dull, T.J., Felder, S., Van Obberghen, E., Bellot, F., Szapary, D., Schmidt, A., Ullrich, A. and Schlessinger, J. (1987) Cell 51, 199–209.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Wells, A., Welsh, J.B., Lazar, C.S., Wiley, S., Gill, G.N. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (1990) Science 247, 962–964.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Brachmann, R., Lindquist, P.B., Nagshima, M., Kohr, W., Lipari, T., Napier, M. and Derynck, R. (1989) Cell 56, 691–700.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.Wong, S.T., Winchell, L.F., McCune, B.K., Earp, H.S., Teixido, J., Massague, J., Herman, B. and Lee, D.C. (1989) Cell 56, 495–506.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.Barbacid, M. (1987) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56, 779–827.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Ellis, C., Moran, M., McCormick, F. and Pawson, T. (1990) Nature 343, 377–381PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Hart, M.J., Polakis, P.G., Evans, T. and Cerione, T.A. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 5990–6001.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 46.Wahl, M.I., Nishibe, S., Suh, P.G., Rhee, S.G. and Carpenter, G. (1989) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 36, 1568–1572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.Meisenhelder, J., Suh, P.-G., Rhee, S.G. and Hunter, T. (1989) Cell 57, 1109–1122.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 48.Margolis, B., Rhee, S.G., Felder, S., Mervic, M., Lyall, R., Levitzki, A., Ullrich, A., Zilberstein, A. and Schlesinger, J. (1989) Cell 57, 1101–1107.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Nishibe, S., Wahl, M.I., Rhee, S.G. and Carpenter, G. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 10335–10338.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 50.Cochet, C., Filhol, O., Payrastre, B., Hunter, T. and Gill, G.N. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. (in press).Google Scholar
- 51.Bjroge, J.D., Chan, T.-O., Antczak, M., Kung, H.-J. and Fujita, D.J. (1990) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 3816–3820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.Matsuda, M., Mayer, B.J., Fukui, Y. and Hanafusa, H. (1990) Science 248, 1537–1539PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Coughlin, S.R., Escobedo, J.A. and Williams, L.T. (1989) Science 243, 1191–1194.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 54.Hill, T.D., Dean, N.M., Mordan, L.J., Lau, A.F., Kanemitsu, M.Y. and Boynton, A.L. (1990) Science 248, 1660–1663.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 55.Rossomando, A.J., Payne, D.M., Weber, M.J. and Sturgill, T.W. (1989) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 6940–6943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 56.Susa, M., Olivier, A.R., Fabbro, D. and Thomas, G. (1989) Cell 57, 817–824.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 57.Giugni, T.D., Chen, K. and Cohen, S. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18988–18995.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 58.Morrison, D.K., Kaplan, D.R., Rapp, U. and Roberts, T.M. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 8855–8859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 59.Sommercorn, J., Mulligan, J.A., Lozeman, F.J. and Krebs, E.G. (1987) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 8834–8838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 60.Ackerman, P. and Osheroff, N. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11958–11965.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 61.Ackerman, P., Glover, C.V.C., and Osheroff, N. (1990) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 821–825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 62.Almendral, J.M., Commer, D., MacDonald-Bravo, H., Burckhardt, J., Perera, J. and Bravo, B. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 2140–2148.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 63.Denhardt, D.T., Edwards, D.R. and Parfett, C.L.J. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 865, 83–125.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 64.Woodgett, J.R. (1989) British Med. Bull. 45, 529–540.Google Scholar
- 65.Libermann, T.A., Razon, N., Bartal, A.D., Yarden, Y., Schlessinger, J. and Soreq, H. (1984) Cancer Res. 44, 753–760.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 66.Hendler, F., Shum, A., Richards, C., Cassels, D., Gusterson, B. and Ozanne, B. (1984) Cancer Cells 1, 41–50.Google Scholar
- 67.Yamamoto, T., Kamata, N., Kawano, H., Shimizu, S., Kuroki, T., Toyoshima, K., Rikimaru, K., Nomura, N., Ishizaki, R., Pasan, I., Gamou, S. and Shimizu, N. (1986) Cancer Res. 46, 414–416.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 68.DiFiore, P.P., Pierce, J.H., Fleming, T.P., Hazan, R., Ullrich, A., King, C.R., Schlessinger, J. and Aaronson, S.A. (1987) Cell 51, 1063–1070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 69.Rosenthal, A., Lindquist, P.B., Bringman, T.S., Goeddel, D.V. and Derynck, R. (1986) Cell 46, 301–309.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 70.Stern, D.F., Hare, D.L., Cecchini, M.A. and Weinberg, R.A. (1987) Science 235, 321–324.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 71.Sandgren, E.P., Leetteke, N.C., Palmiter, R.D., Brinster, R.L. and Lee, D.C. (1990) Cell 61, 1121–1135.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 72.Jhappan, C., Stahle, C., Harkins, R.N., Fausto, N., Smith, G.H. and Merlino, G.T.I. (1990) Cell 61, 1137–1146.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 73.Matsui, Y., Halter, S.A., Holt, J.A., Hogan, B.L.M. and Coffey, R.J. (1990) Cell 61, 1147–1155.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 74.Price, J.V., Clifford, R.J. and Schupbach, T. (1989) Cell 56, 1085–1092.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 75.Fehon, R.G., Kooh, P.J., Rebay, I., Regan, C.L., Xu, T., Muskavitch, M.A. and Artavanis-Tsakonas, S. (1990) Cell 61, 523–534.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 76.Greenberg, M.E. and Ziff, E.B. (1984) Nature 311, 433–438.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 77.Liboi, E., Pelosi, E., Testa, U., Peschle, C. and Rossi, G.B. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2275–2278.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 78.Lau, L.F. and Nathans, D. (1987) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 1182–1186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 79.McCaffrey, P., Ran, W., Campisi, J. and Rosner, M.R. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1442–1445.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 80.Quantin, B. and Breathnach, R. (1988) Nature 334, 538–539.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 81.Ryder, D., Lau, L.F. and Nathans, D. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1487–1491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 82.Cole, M.D. (1986) Annu. Rev. Genet. 20, 361–384.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 83.Struhl, K. (1987) Cell 50, 841–846.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 84.Nakabeppu, Y., Ryder, K. and Nathans, D. (1988) Cell 55, 907–915.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 85.Turner, R. and Tjian, R. (1989) Science 243, 1689–1694.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 86.Elder, P.K., Schmidt, L.J., Ono, T. and Getz, M.J. (1984) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 7476–7480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 87.Blatti, S.P., Foster, D.N., Ranganathan, G., Moses, H.L. and Getz, M.J. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1119–1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 88.Kaczmarek, L., Calbretta, B., Ferrari, S. and de Riel, J.K. (1987) J. Cell. Physiol. 132, 545–551.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 89.Gawel-Thompson, K.J. and Greene, R.M. (1989) J. Cell. Physiol. 140, 359–370.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 90.Hiraki, Y., Rosen, O.M. and Birnbaum, M.J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 13655–13662.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 91.Cao, X., Koski, R.A., Gashler, A., McKiernan, M., Morris, C.F., Gaffney, R., Hay, R.V. and Sukhatme, V.P. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 1931–1939.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 92.Joseph, L.J., LeBeau, M.M., Jamieson, G.A., Jr., Acharya, S., Shows, T.B., Rowley, J.D. and Sukhatme, V.P. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 7164–7168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 93.Chavrier, P., Janssen-Timmen, U., Mattei, M.-G., Zerial, M., Bravo, R. and Charnay, P. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 787–797.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 94.Lemaire, P., Revelant, O., Bravo, R. and Charnay, P. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 4691–4695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 95.Christy, B.A., Lau, L.F. and Nathans, D. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 7857–7861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 96.Call, K.M., Glaser, T., Ito, C.Y., Buckler, A.J., Pelletier, J., Haber, D.A., Rose, E.A., Kral, A., Yeger, H., Lewis, W.H., Jones, C. and Housman, D.E. (1990) Cell 60, 509–520.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 97.Ryseck, R.-P., Macdonald-Bravo, H., Mattei, M.-G., Ruppert, S. and Bravo, R. (1989) EMBO J. 8, 3327–3335.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 98.Bartel, D.P., Sheng, M., Lau, L.F. and Greenberg, M.E. (1989) Genes and Devel. 3, 304–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 99.Matrisian, L.M., Rautmann, G., Magun, B.E. and Breathnach, R. (1985) Nucl. Acids Res. 13, 711–726.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 100.Jaskulski, D., Gatti, C., Travali, S., Calabretta, B. and Baserga, R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10175–10179.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 101.Ghezzo, F., Lauret, E., Ferrari, S. and Baserga, R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4758–4763.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 102.Chiang, C.-P. and Nilsen-Hamilton, M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 10478–10481.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 103.Kerr, L.D., Holt, J.T. and Matrisian, L.M. (1988) Science 242, 1424–1427.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 104.Edwards, D.R., Murphy, G., Reynolds, J.J., Whitham, S.E., Docherty, A.J.P., Angel, P. and Heath, J.K. (1987) EMBO J. 6, 1899–1904.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 105.Galway, A.B., Oikawa, M., Ny, T. and Hsueh, A.J.W. (1989) Endocrinology 125, 126–135.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 106.Lucore, C.L., Fujii, S., Wun, T.-C., Sobel, B.E. and Billadello, J.J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15845–15848.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 107.Lu, K., Levine, R.A. and Campisi, J. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 3411–3417.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 108.Kudlow, J.E., Cheung, C.-Y.M. and Bjorge, J.D. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4134–4138.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 109.Earp, H.S., Austin, K.S., Blaisdell, J., Rubin, R.A., Nelson, K.G., Lee, L.W. and Grisham, J.W. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4777–4780.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 110.Thomspon, K.L. and Rosner, M.R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 3230–3234.Google Scholar
- 111.Kesavan, P., Das, P., Kern, J. and Das, M. (1990) Oncogene 5, 483–488.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 112.Hudson, L.G., Santon, J.B. and Gill, G.N. (1989) Mol. Endocrinology 3, 400–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 113.Hudson, L.G., Thompson, K.L., Xu, J. and Gill, G.N. (1990) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in press).Google Scholar
- 114.Bates, S.E., Valverius, E.M., Ennis, B.W., Bronzert, D.A., Sheridan, J.P., Stampfer, M.R., Mendelsohn, J., Lippman, M.E. and Dickson, R.B. (1990) Endocrinology 126, 596–607.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 115.Raymond, V.W., Lee, D.C., Grisham, J.W. and Earp, H.S. (1989) Cancer Res. 49, 3608–3612.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 116.Mueller, S.G., Kobrin, M.S., Paterson, A.J. and Kudlow, J.E. (1989) Mol. Endocrinology 3, 976–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 117.Sheng, M., Dougan, S.T., McFadden, G. and Greenberg, M.E. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 2787–2796.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 118.Treisman, R. (1986) Cell 46, 567–574.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 119.Treisman, R. (1987) EMBO J. 6, 2711–2717.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 120.Prywes, R. and Roeder, R.G. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 3482–3489.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 121.Norman, C., Runswick, M., Pollock, R. and Treisman, R. (1988) Cell 55, 989–1003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 122.Prywes, R. and Roeder, R.G. (1986) Cell 47, 777–784.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 123.Prywes, R., Dutta, A., Cromlish, J.A. and Roeder, R.G. (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad, Sci. U.S.A. 85, 7206–7210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 124.Schroter, H., Mueller, C.G.F., Meese, K. and Nordheim, A. (1990) EMBO J. 9, 1123–1130.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 125.Ryan, W.A., Jr., Franza, B.R., Jr. and Gilman, M.Z. (1989) EMBO J. 8, 1785–1792.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 126.Shaw, P.W., Schroter, H. and Nordheim, A. (1989) Cell 56, 563–572.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 127.Herrera, R.E., Shaw, P.E. and Nordheim, A. (1989) Nature 340, 68–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 128.Mohun, T., Garret, N. and Treisman, R. (1987) EMBO J. 6, 667–673.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 129.Christy, B. and Nathans, D. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 4889–4895.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 130.Janssen-Timmen, U., Lemaire, P., Mattei, M.-G., Relevant, O. and Charnay, P. (1989) Gene 80, 325–336.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 131.Elsholtz, H.P., Mangalam, H.J., Potter, E., Albert, V.R., Supowit, S., Evans, R.M. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (1986) Science 234, 1552–1557.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 132.Hayes, T.E., Sengupta, P. and Cochran, B.H. (1988) Genes and Devel. 2, 1713–1722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 133.Fisch, T.M., Prywes, R. and Roeder, R.G. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 1327–1331.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 134.Lee, W., Mitchell, P. and Tjian, R. (1987) Cell 49, 741–752.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 135.Bohmann, D., Bos, T.J., Admon, A., Nishimura, T., Vogt, P.K. and Tjian, R. (1987) Science 238, 1386–1392.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 136.Chiu, R., Boyle, W.J., Meek, J., Smeal, T., Hunter, T. and Karin, M. (1988) Cell 54, 541–552.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 137.Curran, T. and Franza, B.R., Jr. (1988) Cell 55, 395–397.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 138.Schuermann, M., Neuberg, M., Hunter, J.B., Jenuwein, T., Ryseck, R.P., Bravo, R. and Muller, R. (1989) Cell 56, 507–516.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 139.Gentz, R., Rauscher, F.J., III, Abate, C. and Curran, T. (1989) Science 243, 1695–1699.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 140.Chen, D.R., Ferreira, P.C.P., Gentz, R., Franza, B.R., Jr. and Curran, T. (1989) Genes and Devel. 3, 173–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 141.Nunez, A.-M., Berry, M., Imler, J.-L. and Chambon, P. (1989) EMBO J. 8 823–8239PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 142.Schonthal, A., Herrich, P., Rahmsdorf, H.J. and Ponta, H. (1988) Cell 54, 325–334.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 143.Bernstein, L.R. and Colburn, N.H. (1989) Science 244, 566–569.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 144.Hudson, L.G., Ertl, A.P. and Gill, G.N. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4389–4393.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 145.Yamamoto, K.K., Gonzalez, G.A., Biggs, W.H. and Montminy, M.R. (1988) Nature 334, 494–499.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 146.Cherry, J.R., Johnson, T.R., Dollard, C., Shuster, J.R. and Denis, C.L. (1989) Cell 56, 409–419.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 147.Lamph, W.W., Dwarki, V.J., Ofir, R., Montminy, M. and Verma, I.M. (1990) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 4320–4324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 148.Anderson, N.G., Maller, J.L., Tonks, N.K. and Sturgill, T.W. (1990) Nature 343, 651–653.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 149.Gould, K.L. and Nurse, P. (1989) Nature 342, 39–45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 150.Laiho, M., DeCaprio, J.A., Ludlow, J.W., Livingston, D.M. and Massague, J. (1990) Cell 62, 175–185.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar