Abstract
Healthy animals and humans have a natural microflora consisting of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms on their external and internal body surfaces: skin, upper respiratory tract, lower urogenital tract, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. The composition of the natural microflora in these natural microbial habitats is very complex and strictly determined by the local environmental conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Attafuah, A. & Bradbury, J.P. (1989). Pseudomonas antimicrobiota, a new species strongly antagonistic to plant pathogens. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 67, 567–73.
Berg, R.D. (1983). Translocation of indigenous bacteria from the intestinal tract. In Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, ed. D.J. Hentges. Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 335–52.
Bibel, D.J. (1988). Elie Metchnikoff’s Bacillus of long life. American Society for Microbiology News, 54, 661–5.
Bohnhoff, M., Drake, B.L. & Miller, C.P. (1954). Effect of streptomycin on susceptibility of the intestinal tract to experimental Salmonella infection. Proceedings, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 86, 132–7.
Bol, J., Sinkeldam, E.J., Overeem, E.J. van & Riebeek, W.M. (1984). Effect of Lactobacillus preparations in feed on the activity and composition of the intestinal tract in relation to the prevention of colon cancer in rats. Report A84.131 CIVO-TNO Institutes, Zeist, The Netherlands (in Dutch).
Boot, R., Koopman, J.P., Kruijt, B.C., Lammers, R.M., Kennis, H., Lankhorst, A., Mullink, J.W.M.A., Stadhouders, A.M., Boer, H. de, Welling, G.W. & Hectors, M.P.C. (1985). The ‘normalization’ of germ-free rabbits with host-specific caecal microflora. Laboratory Animals, 19, 344–52.
Bruce, A.W. & Reid, G. (1988). Intravaginal installation of lactobacilli for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 339–43.
Caulk, J.R. (1915). Incrusted cystitis. American Journal of Urology and Veneric and Sex Disease, 11, 1–10.
Clarke, R.T.J. & Bauchop, T. (1977). Microbial Ecology of the Gut. Academic Press, London, UK.
Faergemann, J. & Frederiksson, T. (1980). Age incidence of Pityrosporum orbiculare on human skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica,60, 531–3.
Fox, S.M. (1988). Probiotics: intestinal inoculants for production animals. Veterinary Medicine, 8,806–10, 823–30.
Freter, R. (1955). The fatal enteric cholera infection in the guinea pig achieved by inhibition of normal enteric flora. Journal of Infectious Diseases,97, 57–67.
Freter, R. (1956). Experimental enteric Shigella and Vibrio infection in mice and guinea pigs. Journal of Experimental Medicine,104, 411–18.
Freter, R. (1983). Mechanisms that control the microflora in the large intestine. In Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, ed. D.J. Hentges. Academic Press, New York, USA, p. 33.
Fuller, R. (1986). Probiotics. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 63, (suppl.), 1S–7S.
Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66, 365–78.
Gilliland, S.E. (1989). Hypocholesterolic action of lactobacilli. In Proceedings Fermented Milks and Health, NIZO Institute, Ede, The Netherlands, pp. 67–75.
Gilliland, S.E., Nelson, C.R. & Maxwell, C. (1985). Assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 377–81.
Goldin, B.R. & Gorbach, S.L. (1980). Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus dietary supplement on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-induced intestinal cancer in rats. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 64, 263–5.
Gorbach, S.L. & Goldin, B.R. (1990). The intestinal microflora and the colon cancer connection. Reviews of Infectious Diseases,12 (suppl. 2), S252–61.
Gorbach, S.L., Chang, T.-W. & Goldin, B.R. (1987). Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with lactobacillus GG. Lancet, 8574 Vol. II, 1519.
Gordon, H.A. & Pesti, L. (1971). The gnotobiotic animal as a tool in the study of host microbial relationships. Bacteriological Reviews, 35, 390–429.
Havenaar, R., Brink, B. ten & Huis In’t Veld, J.H.J. (1992). Selection of strains for probiotic use. In Scientific Basis of the Probiotic Use, ed. R. Fuller. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
Herthelius, M., Gorbach, S.L., Mollby, R., Nord, C.E., Pettersson, L. & Winberg, J. (1989). Elimination of vaginal colonization with Escherichia coli by administration of indigenous flora. Infection and Immunity, 57, 2447–51.
Hobson, P.N. & Wallace, R.J. (1982). Microbial ecology and activities in the rumen: Part I and Part II. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 9, 165–225 (part I), 253–320 (part II).
Impey, C.S., Mead, G.C. & George, S.M. (1982). Competitive exclusion of salmonellas from the chick caecum using a defined mixture of bacterial isolates from the coecal microflora of an adult bird. Journal of Hygiene, 89, 479–90.
Jonsson, E. (1985). Lactobacilli as Probiotics to Pigs and Calves; a Microbiological Approach. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Kato, I., Yokokura T. & Mutal, M. (1983). Macrophage activation by Lactobacillus casei in mice. Microbiology and Immunology, 27,611–18.
Koopman, J.P., Kennis, H.M., Hectors, M.P.C., Lankhorst, A., Stadhouders, A.J. & Boer, H., de (1984a). Reciprocal ‘normalization’ of intestinal parameters by indigenous intestinal microflora of the rat and the mouse. Zeitschrii t für Versuchstierkunde, 26, 289–95.
Koopman, J.P., Kennis, H.M., Mullink, J.W.M.A., Prins, R.A., Stadhouders, A.J., Boer, H. de & Hectors, M.P.C., (1984b). ‘Normalization’ of germfree mice with anaerobically cultured caecal flora of ‘normal’ mice. Laboratory Animals, 18, 188–94.
Koopman, J.P., Stadhouders, A.M., Kennis, H.M. & Boer, H., de (1987). The attachment of filamentous segmented microorganisms to the distal ileum wall of the mouse: a scanning and transmission electron microscopy study. Laboratory Animals, 21, 48–52.
Lee, A. (1985). Neglected niches, the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Advanced Microbiology and Ecology, 8, 115.
Lencner, A.A., Lencner, Ch.P. & Mikelsaar, M.E. (1984). The quantitative composition of the gut lactoflora before and after cosmic flights of different duration. Die Nahrung, 28, 607–13.
Lilly, D.M. & Stillwell, R.H. (1965). Probiotics: Growth promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science, 147, 747–8.
Lizko, N.N., Silov, V.M. & Syrych, G.D. (1984). Particularities in the formation of an intestinal dysbacteriosis in man under extreme conditions. Die Nahrung, 28, 599–605.
Lloyd, A.B., Cumming, R.B. & Kent, R.D. (1977). Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pretreatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts. Australian Veterinary Journal, 53,82–7.
Ma, L., Deitch, E., Specian, E., Steffen, E. & Berg, R. (1990). Translocation of Lactobacillus murinus from the gastrointestinal tract. Current Microbiology, 20,177–84.
McCarthy, D.M., Lin, J.H.-C., Rinckel, L.R. & Savage, D.C. (1988). Genetic transformation in lactobacillus sp. strain 100–33 of the capacity to colonize the non-secreting gastric epithelium in mice. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 416–22.
Miller, B.G., Phillips, A., Newby, T.J., Stokes, C.R. & Bourne, F.J. (1985). A transient hypersensitivity to dietary antigens in the early weaned pig: a factor in the aetiology of post weaning diarrhoea. In Proceeding 3rd International Seminar on Digestive Physiology of the Pig, National Institute of Animal Science, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 65–68.
Mitsuoka, T. (1969a) Vergleichende untersuchungen über die Laktobazillen aus den Faeces von Mensch, Schweines and Hühner. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie and Hygiene [A], 210,32–51.
Mitsuoka, T. (1969b). Vergleichende untersuchungen über die Bifidobakterien aus dem Verdauungstrakt von Mensch and Tier. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie and Hygiene [A], 210, 52–64.
Naukkarinen, A. & Syrjänen, K.J. (1986). Immunoresponse in the gastrointestinal tract. In Gastrointestinal Toxicology, ed. K. Rozman & O. Hänninen. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 213–45.
Newman, D. (1915). The treatment of cystitis by intravesicular injections of lactic bacillus cultures. Lancet, II, 330–2.
Nurmi, I.E. & Rantala, M. (1973). New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature, 241, 210–11.
Paau, A.S (1988). Formulations useful in applying beneficial microorganisms to seeds. Trends in Biotechnology, 6, 276–9.
Parker, R.B. (1974). Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Animal Nutrition and Health, 29, 4–8.
Perdigon, G., De Macias, M.E.N., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G. & Ruiz Holgado, A.A.P. de (1986). Effect of perorally administered lactobacilli on macrophage activation in mice. Infection and Immunity, 53, 404–10.
Perdigon, G., Macias, M.E.N. de, Alvarez, S., Oliver, G. & Ruiz Holgado, A.A.P. de (1990). Prevention of gastrointestinal infection using immunobiological methods with milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Dairy Research, 57,255–64.
Phillips, M.W. & Lee, A. (1983). Isolation and characterization of a spiral bacterium from the crypts of rodent gastrointestinal tracts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45, 675.
Reid, G. & Sobel, J.D. (1987). Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections; a review. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 9,470–87.
Reid, G., McGroarty, A., Angotti, R. & Cook, R.L. (1988).Lactobacillus inhibitor production against Escherichia coli and coaggregation ability with uropathogens. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,34, 344–51.
Reid, G., McGroarty, A., Dominique, P.A.G., Chow, A.W., Bruce, A.W., Eisen, A. & Costerton, J.W. (1990). Coaggregation of urogenital bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Current Microbiology, 20, 47–52.
Roach, S. & Tannock, G.W. (1980). Indigenous bacteria that influence the number of Salmonella typhimurium in the spleen of intravenously challenged mice. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 26, 408–11.
Roth, R.R. & James, W.D. (1988). Microbial ecology of the skin. Annual Review of Microbiology, 42, 441–64.
Rusch, V.C. (1989). The concept of symbiosis: a survey of terminology used in description of associations of dissimilarly named organisms. Microecology and Therapy, 19, 33–59.
Savage, D.C. (1977). Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual Review of Microbiology, 31, 107–33.
Savage, D.C. (1983a). Mechanisms by which indigenous microorganisms colonize gastrointestinal epithelial surfaces. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science, 7, 65.
Savage, D.C. (1983b). Associations of indigenous microorganisms with gastrointestinal epithelial surfaces. In Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, ed. D.J. Hentges. Academic Press, New York, USA, p. 55.
Savage, D.C. (1986). Gastrointestinal epithelial surfaces as microbial habitats. In Proceedings of the IV International Symposium Microbial Ecology, ed. F. Megusar & M. Gantar. Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, pp. 537–43.
Simone, C. de, Salvadori, B.B., Fabio, S. di, Tzantzoglou, S., Bitonti, F. & Trinchieri, V. (1989). Yoghurt and lactobacilli in the regulation of immunity. I. Proceedings Fermented Milks and Health, NIZO Institute, Ede, The Netherlands, pp. 125–30.
Sissons, J.W. (1989). Potential of probiotic organisms to prevent diarrhoea and promote digestion in farm animals-a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 49, 1–13.
Snoeyenbos, G.H., Weinack, O.M. & Smyser, C.f. (1978). Protecting chicks and poults from salmonellae by oral administration of normal gut microflora. Avian Diseases, 22, 273–8.
Snoeyenbos, G.H., Weinack, O.M. & Soerjadi, A. (1983). Competitive exclusion of some pathogens other than salmonella by native intestinal microflora of chickens. In Proceedings of the 22nd World Veterinary Congress, Perth, Australia, p. 191.
Soerjadi, A.S., Snoeyenbos, G.H. & Weinack, O.M. (1982). Intestinal colonization and competitive exclusion of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in young chicks. Avian Diseases, 26, 520–4.
Soerjadi-Liem, A.S., Snoeyenbos, G.H. & Weinack, O.M. (1984a). Comparative studies on competitive exclusion of three isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in chickens by native gut microflora. Avian Diseases, 28, 139–46.
Soerjadi-Liem, A.S., Snoeyenbos, G.H. & Weinack, O.M. (1984b). Establishment and competitive exclusion of Yersinia enterocolitica in the gut of monoxenic and holoxenic chicks. Avian Diseases, 28, 256–60.
Somerville, D.A. (1969). The normal flora of the skin in different age groups. British Journal of Dermatology, 81, 248–58.
Sprunt, K. & Leidy, G. (1988). The use of bacterial interference to prevent infection. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 332–8.
Stavric, S., Gleeson, T.M., Blanchfield, B. & Pivnick, H. (1987). Role of adhering microflora in competitive exclusion of salmonella from young chicks. Journal of Food Protection, 50, 928–32.
Tannock, G.W. (1988a). The normal microflora: new concepts in health promotion. Microbiological Science, 5, 4–8.
Tannock, G.W. (1988b). Molecular genetics: a new tool for investigating the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Microbiological Ecology, 15,239–56.
Tannock, G.W. & Savage, D.C. (1974). Influences of dietary and environmental stress on microbial populations in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Infection and Immunity, 9, 591–8.
Tannock, G.W., Szylit, O. & Raibaud, P. (1982). Colonization of tissue surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic animals by lactobacillus strains. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 28, 1196–8.
Veer, P., van’t Dekker, J.M., Lamers, J.W.J., Kok, F.J., Schouten, E.G., Brants, H.A.M., Sturmans, F. & Hermus, R.J.J. (1989). Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: a case-control study in The Netherlands. Cancer Reseach, 49,4020–3.
Waaij, D., van der (1984). The immunoregulation of the intestinal flora: experimental investigations on the development and the composition of the microflora in normal and thymusless mice. Microecology and Therapy, 14,63–74.
Waaij, D. van der, Berghuis-De Vries, J.M. & Lekkerkerk-Wees, J.E.C. van der. (1971). Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice. Journal of Hygiene, 69, 405–11.
Weinack, O.M., Snoeyenbos, G.H., Smyser, C.F. & Soerjadi, A.S. (1981). competitive exclusion of intestinal colonization of Escherichia coli in chicks. Avian Diseases, 25, 696–705.
Yasui, H., Mike, A. & Ohwaki, M. (1989). Immunogenicity of Bifidobacterium breve and change in antibody production in Peyer’s patches after oral administration. Journal of Dairy Science, 72, 30–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Havenaar, R., Huis In’t Veld, J.H.J. (1992). Probiotics: A General View. In: Wood, B.J.B. (eds) The Lactic Acid Bacteria Volume 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3522-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3522-5_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-85166-720-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3522-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive