Magnetic Resonance Scanning and Epilepsy pp 231-233 | Cite as
Techniques for Localisation and Signal Improvement in In Vivo Proton and Phosphorus MR Spectroscopy
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a unique tool providing non-invasive insight into human metabolism. At presence, the major limitations preventing a widespread clinical application of MRS are (i) the intrinsic low sensitivity of MR techniques, and (ii) the poor degree of integration and automation of techniques for localised MRS on commercially available MR scanners. On the other hand, the question for appropriate localisation techniques, exhaustively discussed in the early days of “whole body” MRS, can be considered solved: today, chemical shift resolved spectroscopic imaging (CSI, Brown et al., 1982; Maudsley et al, 1983) techniques have been established for 31P MRS, whereas single-voxel techniques based on the stimulated echo (STEAM; Frahm et al, 1989) or the spin echo (SE; Bottomley, 1982) as well as hybrid techniques, combining CSI and single-voxel techniques are routinely used for 1H MRS at many clinical MR scanners.
Keywords
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Spectroscopic Imaging Total Acquisition Time Poor Degree Double Resonance TechniquePreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Bachert-Baumann, P., Ermark, F., Zabel, H-.J., Sauter, R., Semmler, W., and Lorenz, W. J., 1990, In vivo Nuclear Overhauser effect in 31P-1H double-resonance experiments in a 1.5 T whole-body MR system, Magn Reson Med 15: 165.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bottomley, P. A., US Patent 434688, 1982.Google Scholar
- Brown, T. R., Kincaid, B. M., and Ugurbil, K., 1982, NMR chemical shift imaging in three dimensions, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 79: 3523.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Frahm, J., Bruhn, H., Gyngell, M. L., Merboldt K. D., Hänicke, W., and Sauter, R., 1989, Localised high-resolution proton NMR spectroscopy using stimulated echoes: initial applications to human brain in vivo, Magn Reson Med 9: 79.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Frahm, J., Michaelis, T., Merboldt, K. D., Bruhn, H., Gyngell, M. L., and Hänicke, W., 1990, Improvements in localised proton NMR spectroscopy of the human brain. Water suppression, short echo times and 1 ml resolution, J. Magn Reson. 90: 464.Google Scholar
- Kolem, H., Schneider, M., Miyazaki, T., Wicklow, K. and Sauter, R., 1992, Meßzeitverkürzung bei in vivo Phosphor Chemical Shift Imaging durch Ausnutzung des Kern-Overhauser Effekts, 4. Internationales Kernspintomographie Symposium, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1991, Referate, Schnetztor Verlag, Konstanz, 440.Google Scholar
- Maudsley, A. A., Hilal, A. K., Perman, W. H., and Simon, H. E, 1983, Spatially resolved high resolution spectroscopy by “four-dimensional” NMR, J Magn Reson 51: 147.Google Scholar
- Sauter, R., Schneider, M., Wicklow, K., and Kolem, H., 1990, Proton Spectroscopy of the human brain in vivo: improved specificity using single-voxel techniques with short echo times, “SMRM Book of Abstracts,” p. 1083, Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar