Tshitolian

  • Sheryl F. Miller
Chapter

Abstract

ABSOLUTE TIME PERIOD: Difficult to define; datable organic materials are rare because of the acidic environment of decaying vegetal matter in most Tshitolian areas. The Tshitolian succeeded the Lupemban, which has been said to extend up to c. 30,000 years ago. Radiocarbon dates from sites in Northeastern Angola inferred to be associated with the Tshitolian are not older than 13,000 years ago (11,189 ± 490, 6840 ± 130, 4700 ± 100). The Tshitolian had ended by about 2000 years ago, based on an Early Iron Age date of 1880 ± 80 B.P. from a region in Northeastern Angola occupied earlier by Tshitolian hunter gatherers.

Keywords

Stone Tool Congo Basin Surface Collection Edge Wear Core Tool 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Suggested Readings

  1. Bequaert, M., and G. Mortelmans (1955). “Le Tshitolien dans le Bassin du Congo.” Academie royale des Sciences coloniales, Mémoires, N.S., 2, fasc. 5: 1–39.Google Scholar
  2. Clark, J. Desmond (1959). The Prehistory of Southern Africa. Harmondsworth and London: Penguin.Google Scholar
  3. Clark, J. Desmond (1963). “Prehistoric Cultures of Northeast Angola and Their Significance in Tropical Africa.” In Diamang, Publicacoes Culturais No. 62. Lisbon: Museu do Dundo.Google Scholar
  4. Clark, J. Desmond (1965). “The Distribution of Prehistoric Culture in Northeast Angola.” Actes du Ve Congres Panafricain de Prehistoire et de l’Etude du Quaternaire, Tenerife, 1963, ed. 225–309.Google Scholar
  5. Clark, J. Desmond (1968). “Further Palaeo-Anthropological Studies in Northern Lunda.” Diamang, Publicacoes Culturais No. 78. Lisbon: Museu do Dundo.Google Scholar
  6. Clark, J. Desmond (1969). Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  7. Clark, J. Desmond (1974). Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  8. Janmart, J. (1947). “Stations préhistoriques de l’Angola du Nord-Est.” Diamang, Publicacoes Culturais No. 1. Lisbon: Museu do Dundo.Google Scholar
  9. Leakey, L. S. B. (1949). “Tentative Study of the Pleistocene Climatic Changes and Stone Age Culture Sequence in Northeastern Angola.” Diamang, Publicacoes Culturais No. 4. Lisbon: Museu do Dundo.Google Scholar
  10. Miller, S. F. (1969). ”The Nachikufan Industries of the Later Stone Age in Zambia.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
  11. Miller, S. F. (1972). “A New Look at the Tshitolian.” Africa-Tervuren 13 (3/4): 86–89.Google Scholar
  12. Mortelmans, G. (1947). “Prehistoire et Quaternaire du sud du bassin du Congo.” In Session extraordinare de Societés Beiges de Geologie, ed. 215–251.Google Scholar
  13. Mortelmans, G. (1957). “Le Préhistoire du Congo beige.” Revue de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles 2–3: 1–53.Google Scholar
  14. Mortelmans, G. (1962). “Le Quaternaire du Congo occidentale et sa chronologic” In Actes du IVe Congres Panafricain de Prehistoire et de l’Etude du Quaternaire, Leopoldville, 1959, ed. 97–132.Google Scholar
  15. Van Noten, F. (1982). The Archaeology of Central Africa. Graz: Akademische Druck.Google Scholar
  16. van Zinderen Bakker, E. M., and J. Desmond Clark (1962). “Pleistocene Climates and Cultures in Northeastern Angola.” Nature 196: 639–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reference

  1. Clark, J. Desmond (1963). “Prehistoric Cultures of Northeast Angola and Their Significance in Tropical Africa.” Diamang, Publicacoes Culturais No. 62. Lisbon: Museu do Dundo.Google Scholar
  2. Bequaert, M. (1952). “Fouilles a Dinga (Congo Beige).” Actes du Congrès Panafricain de Préhistoire, Alger, 1952, ed. 347–353.Google Scholar
  3. Bequaert, M. (1956a). “Recherches archaeologiques au Kwango en 1952.” Cronica del IV Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas, Madrid, 1954, ed. Zaragoza: 29–49.Google Scholar
  4. Bequaert, M. (1956b). “Pieces a tranchant transversal du Tshitolien du Kwango occidental de Ndinga-St. Pierre: Typologie et technique.”Bulletin de la Societé Royale Beige d’Anthropologie et de Prehistoire 37–48.Google Scholar
  5. Miller, S. F. (1972). “A New Look at the Tshitolian.” Africa-Tervuren 13 (3/4): 86–89.Google Scholar
  6. Breuil, H., (1944). “Le Paleolithique au Congo Beige d’après les recherches du Docteur Cabu.” Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 30, part 2: 143–160.Google Scholar
  7. Breuil, H. and J. Janmart (1950). “Les Limons et Graviers de l’Angola du nord-est et leur Contenu archaeologique.” In Diamang, Publicacoes Culturais No. 5. Lisbon: Museu do Dundo.Google Scholar
  8. Miller, S. F. (1972). “A New Look at the Tshitolian.” Africa-Tervuren 13 (3/4): 86–89.Google Scholar
  9. Clark, J. Desmond (1963). “Prehistoric Cultures of Northeast Angola and Their Significance in Tropical Africa.” In Diamang, Publicacoes Culturais No. 62. Lisbon: Museu do Dundo.Google Scholar
  10. Bequaert, M. (1952). “Fouilles a Dinga (Congo Beige).” In Actes du Congres Panafricain de Prehistoire, Alger, 1952, ed. 347–353.Google Scholar
  11. Bequaert, M. (1956a). “Recherches archaeologiques au Kwango en 1952.” Cronica del IV Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas, Madrid, 1954, ed. Zaragoza: 29–49.Google Scholar
  12. Bequaert, M. (1956b). “Pieces a tranchant transversal du Tshitolien du Kwango occidental de Ndinga-St. Pierre: Typologie et technique.”Bulletin de la Societé Royale Beige d’Anthropologie et de Prehistoire 37–48.Google Scholar
  13. Miller, S. F. (1972). “A New Look at the Tshitolian.” Africa-Tervuren 13 (3/4): 86–89.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2001

Authors and Affiliations

  • Sheryl F. Miller
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of AnthropologyPitzer CollegeClaremontUSA

Personalised recommendations