Adult Liver Stem Cells

  • Francesco Paolo Russo
  • Patrizia Burra
  • Maurizio Parola
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine book series (STEMCELL)

Abstract

The liver possesses a remarkable ability to restore, through compensatory hyperplasia or regeneration, its original mass following partial or massive parenchymal cell loss. However, this ability is compromised in most relevant pathological conditions of clinical interest, with liver transplantation being at present the only resolutive treatment for severe acute liver failure (ALF), chronic inborn, or acquired end-stage liver diseases.

Replacing diseased hepatocytes and stimulating endogenous and exogenous regeneration by stem cells represent the main aims of liver-oriented cell therapy. Recent developments in stem cell technology have raised the hopes of identifying new expandable sources of liver cells for use in regenerative medicine and prompted studies on the best support for their growth.

In this chapter we will offer an overview of concept and data from available current literature by focusing the attention first on liver regeneration and the role of liver progenitor cells or adult liver stem cells and to then analyze current status of the therapeutic use of extrahepatic stem cells for liver diseases in either preclinical or clinical studies.

Keywords

Hepatic adult stem cells Bipotent hepatic progenitor cells Acute liver failure Chronic liver diseases Hepatic regenerative medicine 

Abbreviations

AAT

α1-antitrypsin deficiency

ALF

Acute liver failure

α-FP

Alpha-fetoprotein

BDEC

Bile duct epithelial cells

BM

Bone marrow

BM-SCs

Bone marrow stem cells

CK-18

Cytokeratin 18

CLD

Chronic end-stage liver diseases

COX2

Cyclooxygenase type 2

EGF

Epidermal growth factor

ESCs

Embryonic stem cells

FGF-1

Fibroblast growth factor 1

FH

Familial hypercholesterolemia

GSD1

Glycogen storage disease type 1a

HAL

Hybrid-type artificial liver

HASC

Hepatic adult stem cells

HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCM

Hepatocyte culture medium

HCV

Hepatitis C virus

HF

Hollow fiber

HGF

Hepatocyte growth factor

HPCs

Hepatic progenitor cells

IFNγ

Interferon γ

IL-6

Interleukin 6

iPSCs

Induced pluripotent stem cells

LIF

Leukemia inhibitory factor

LPCs

Liver progenitor cells

MELD

Model for end-stage liver disease

MFs

Myofibroblast-like cells

MSCs

Mesenchymal stem cells

NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NOD-SCID mice

Non-obese diabetic-severe combined immune deficiency mice

NPCs

Non-parenchymal cells

OLT

Orthotopic liver transplantation

OSM

Oncostatin M

SCF

Stem cell factor

SDF-1

Stromal cell-derived factor 1

STAT3

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TGFα

Transforming growth factor α

TGFβ

Transforming growth factor β

TNFα

Tumor necrosis factor α

UCMSCs

MSCs from human umbilical cord

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Francesco Paolo Russo
    • 1
  • Patrizia Burra
    • 1
  • Maurizio Parola
    • 2
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology UnitUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
  2. 2.Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical PathologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
  3. 3.Interuniversity Centre for Liver PathophysiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly

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