Further Developments in Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

  • Lawrence D. Longo
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Perspectives in Physiology book series (PHYSIOL, volume 1)

Abstract

An example of the manner in which discoveries in fundamental physiology and biochemistry have combined with clinical investigation to impact care of the newborn infant, perhaps no more striking instance is that of an understanding of the lung and the changes that occur at birth. Survival at birth depends on the optimal development and maturation of the lung in utero. Disorders of lung growth, maturation, and the regulation of respiration continue to be among the most important problems with which the neonatologist has to deal. As noted above, in the USA, as well as throughout the world, premature birth occurs in 7–12 % of pregnancies, a major complication of which is pulmonary immaturity with resultant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Affecting more than 10 % of infants born prematurely, this potentially devastating condition is characterized by tachypnea, cyanosis, grunting, and intercostal and subcostal chest wall retractions. It is associated with both short- and long-term complications such as alveolar rupture with development of pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, and other conditions. In the USA alone during the 1950s, this condition claimed the lives of more than 10,000 infants a year. A monumental discovery was that inadequate pulmonary surfactant was associated with altered pulmonary function and respiratory disease of the newborn. In this instance, the genesis of a clinical problem was elucidated in the laboratory by collaboration of basic scientists and clinicians, driven by curiosity and working to saving the lives of prematurely born infants (Figs. 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, and 14.5).

Keywords

Surface Tension Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Respiratory Distress Syndrome Amniotic Fluid Newborn Infant 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Copyright information

© American Physiological Society 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  • Lawrence D. Longo
    • 1
  1. 1.Center for Perinatal BiologyLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaUSA

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