Terahertz Imaging Analysis

  • Xiaoxia Yin
  • Brian W.-H. Ng
  • Derek Abbott
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Advances in THz technology have propelled terahertz (THz) radiation to be an important part of the electromagnetic spectroscopic region. The THz frequency range excites large amplitude vibrational modes of molecules and allows researchers to probe weak interactions (Wallace et al. Faraday Discussions 126:255–263, 2004a; Faraday Discussions, 126:255–263, 2004b). Terahertz image analysis and processing techniques make it possible to further analyze the interaction between T-rays and biological molecules, cells, or tissues, to visualize small particles and opaque objects, and to achieve the recognition of biomedical patterns. These are topics of great importance to biomedical science, biology, and medicines. In this chapter, three techniques will be reviewed for image analysis that utilize THz radiation: terahertz pulsed spectroscopy, image recovery using THz-TDS techniques, and terahertz identification systems, all of which have a variety of possible applications in the biomedical field.

Keywords

Basal Cell Carcinoma Terahertz Radiation Terahertz Spectroscopy Terahertz Image Ranitidine Hydrochloride 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Arnone-D., Ciesla-C., and Pepper-M. (2000). Terahertz imaging comes into view, Physics World, 13(4), pp. 35–40.Google Scholar
  2. Previtali-C. M. (2000). Solvent effects on intermolecular electron transfer processes, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 67(1), pp. 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Beard-M. C., Turner-G. M., and Schmuttenmaer-C. A. (2002). Terahertz Spectroscopy, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106(29), pp. 7146–7159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Berry-E., Boyle-R., Fitzgerald-A., and Handley-J. (2005). Time frequency analysis in terahertz pulsed imaging, Computer Vision Beyond the Visible Spectrum (Advances in Pattern Recognition), Springer Verlag, London, UK, pp. 290–329.Google Scholar
  5. Berry-E., Handley-J., Fitzgerald-A., Merchant-W., Boyle-R., Zinov’ev-N., Miles-R., Chamberlain-J., and Smith-M. (2004). Nonlinear phase matching in THz semiconductor waveguides, Medical Engineering & Physics, 26(5), pp. 423–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Berryman-M. J., and Rainsford-T. (2004). Classification of terahertz data as a tool for the detection of cancer, Medical Engineering & Physics, 6416(12006), pp. 423–430.Google Scholar
  7. Bow-S. (2002). Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing (Signal Processing and Communications Series), second edition edn, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, USA.Google Scholar
  8. Brucherseifer-M., Nagel-M., Bolivar-H. P., Kurz-H., Bosserhoff-A., and Buttner-R. (2000). Label-free probing of the binding state of DNA by time-domain terahertz sensing, Applied Physics Letters, 77(24), pp. 4049–4051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Choi-M. K., Taylor-K., Bettermann-A., and van derWeide-D. (2002). Broadband 10-300 GHz stimulus-response sensing for chemical and biological entities, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(21), pp. 3777–3789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Cogdill-R. P., Forcht-R. N., Shen-Y. C., Taday-P. F., Creekmore-J. R., Anderson-C. A., and III-J. K. D. (2007). Comparison of terahertz pulse imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy for rapid, non-destructive analysis of tablet coating thickness and uniformity, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, 2(1-2), pp. 29–36.Google Scholar
  11. Cubanski-D., and Cyganski-D. (1995). Multivariate classification through adaptive Delaunay-based C spline approximation, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17(4), pp. 403–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Darmo-J., Tamosiunas-V., Fasching-G., Kröll-J., Unterrainer-K., Beck-M., Giovannini-M., Faist-J., Kremser-C., and Debbage-P. (2004). Imaging with a terahertz quantum cascade laser, Optics Express, 12(9), pp. 1879–1884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Defence Research & Development Organization (2008). Web. http://www.drdo.org/pub/techfocus/dec01/multispectral.htm Last Checked: January 14 2008.
  14. Domingos-P. (1999). The role of Occam’s Razor in knowledge discovery, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 3, pp. 409–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Duda-R., and Hart-P. (1973). Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis, 4th edn, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, USA.MATHGoogle Scholar
  16. Ferguson-B., and Abbott-D. (2001a). De-noising techniques for terahertz responses of biological samples, Microelectronics Journal (Elsevier), 32(12), pp. 943–953.Google Scholar
  17. Ferguson-B., and Zhang-X. C. (2002). Materials for terahertz science and technology, Nature Materials, 1(1), pp. 26–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Ferguson-B., Wang-S., Gray-D., Abbott-D., and Zhang-X. C. (2002a). T-ray computed tomography, Optics Letters, 27(15), pp. 1312–1314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Fischer-B., Hoffmann-M., H. Helm-G. M., and Jepsen-P. U. (2005a). Chemical recognition in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 20(7), pp. S246–S253.Google Scholar
  20. Fischer-B., Hoffmann-M., H. Helm-R. W., Rutz-F., Kleine-Ostmann-T., Koch-M., and Jepsen-P. U. (2005b). Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging of artificial RNA, Optics Express, 13(14), pp. 5205–5215.Google Scholar
  21. Fitzgerald-A. J., Berry-E., Zinovev-N. N., Walker-G. C., Smith-M. A., and Chamberlain-J. M. (2002). An introduction to medical imaging with coherent terahertz frequency radiation, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(7), pp. R67–R84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Fitzgerald-A. J., Wallace-V. P., Jimenez-Linan-M., Bobrow-L., Pye-R. J., Purushotham-A. D., and Arnone-D. D. (2006). Terahertz pulsed imaging of human breast tumors, Radiology, 239(2), pp. 533–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Fleming-J. (2001). An adaptive version of the boost by majority algorithm, Machine Learning, 43(3), pp. 293–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Giraud-G., and Wynne-K. (2003). A comparison of the low-frequency vibrational spectra of liquids obtained through infrared and Raman spectroscopies, Journal of Chemical Physics, 119(22), pp. 11753–11764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Globus-T., Woolard-D., and Samuels-A. (2002). Submillimeter-wave fourier transform spectroscopy of biological macromolecules, Journal of Applied Physics, 91(9), pp. 6105–6113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Guest-M., Bush-I., van Dam-H., Sherwood-P., Thomas-J., van Lenthe-J., Havenith-R., and Kendrick-J. (2005). The GAMESS-UK electronic structure package: algorithms, developments and applications, Molecular Physics, 103(6-8), pp. 719–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Hadjiloucas-S., and Bowen-J. (1999). Precision of quasioptical null-balanced bridge techniques for transmission and reflection coefficient measurements, Review of Scientific Instruments, 70(1), pp. 213–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Hadjiloucas-S., Galvão-R., and Bowen-J. (2002). Analysis of spectroscopic measurements of leaf water content at THz frequencies using linear transforms, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 19(12), pp. 2495–2509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Hadjiloucas-S., Karatzas-L. S., and Bowen-J. (1999). Measurements of leaf water content using terahertz radiation, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 47(2), pp. 142–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Han-P., Cho-G., and Zhang-X. C. (2000). Time-domain transillumination of biological tissues with terahertz pulses, Optics Letters, 25(4), pp. 242–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Haran-G., Sun-W. D., Wynne-K., and Hochstrasser-R. M. (1997). Femtosecond far-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy: a new tool for studying low-frequency vibrational dynamics in molecular condensed phases, Chemical Physics Letters, 274(4), pp. 365–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Herrmann-M., Tabata-H., and Kawai-T. (2005). Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging of DNA, International Quantum Electronics Conference, pp. 1240–1241.Google Scholar
  33. Jolliffe-I. (2002). Principal Component Analysis, 2nd edn, Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg.MATHGoogle Scholar
  34. Jones-I., Rainsford-T., Fischer-B., and Abbott-D. (2006). Far-infrared vibrational spectra of all-trans, 9-cis and 13-cis retinal measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 41(2), pp. 144–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Kalouptsidis-N., and Theodoridis-S. (1993). Adaptive System Identification and Signal Processing Algorithms, Prentice-Hall, Inc, NJ, USA.MATHGoogle Scholar
  36. Kawase-K., Sato-M., Taniuchi-T., and Ito-H. (1996). Coherent tunable thz-wave generation from LiNbO3 with monolithic grating coupler, Physics Letters, 68(18), pp. 2483–2485.Google Scholar
  37. Kindt-J. T., and Schmuttenmaer-C. A. (1999). Theory for determination of the low-frequency time-dependent response function in liquids using time-resolved terahertz pulse spectroscopy, Journal of Chemical Physics, 110(17), pp. 8589–8596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Lahtinen-T., Nuutinen-J., Alanen-E., Turunen-M., Nuortio-L., Usenius-T., and Hopewell-J. (1999). Quantitative assessment of protein content in irradiated human skin, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 43(3), pp. 635–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Lasch-P., and Naumann-D. (1998). FT-IR microspectroscopic imaging of human carcinoma thin sections based on pattern recognition techniques, Cellular and Molecular Biology, 44(1), pp. 189–202.Google Scholar
  40. MacQueen-J. B. (1967). Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, Proceedings of 5-th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1, University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 281–297.Google Scholar
  41. Markelz-A., Roitberg-A., and Heilweil-E. (2000). Pulsed terahertz spectroscopy of DNA, bovine serum albumin and collagen between 0.1 and 2.0 THz, Chemical Physics Letters, 320(1-2), pp. 42–48.Google Scholar
  42. Martel-P., Calmettes-P., and Hennion-B. (1991). Vibrational modes of hemoglobin in red blood cells, Biophysical Journal, 59(2), pp. 363–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. McElroy-R., and Wynne-K. (1997). Ultrafast dipole solvation measured in the far infrared, Physical Review Letters, 79(16), pp. 3078–3081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. McLachlan-G. J. (1992). Discriminant Analysis and Statisical Pattern Recognition, Wiley, New York, USACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Menikh-A., MacColl-R., Mannella-C. A., and Zhang-X.-C. (2002). Terahertz biosensing technology: Frontiers and progress, ChemPhysChem, 3(8), pp. 655–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Menikh-A., Mickana-S. P., Liu-H.-B., MacCollb-R., and Zhang-X. C. (2004). Label-free amplified bioaffinity detection using terahertz wave technology, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 20(3), pp. 658–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Mickan-S., Abbott-D., Munchb-J., Zhang-X. C., and van Doorn-T. (2000). Analysis of system trade-offs for terahertz imaging, Microelectronics Journal, 31(7), pp. 503–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Mittleman-D., Jacobsen-R., and Nuss-M. (1996). T-ray imaging, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2(3), pp. 679–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Mittleman-D., Neelamani-R., Rudd-R. B. J., and Koch-M. (1999). Recent advances in terahertz imaging, Applied Physics B - Lasers and Optics, 68(6), pp. 1085–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Nishizawa-J., Sasaki-T., Suto-K., Tanabe-T., Saito-K., Yamada-T., and Kimura-T. (2005). THz transmittance measurements of nucleobases and related molecules in the 0.4- to 5.8-THz region using a GaP THz wave generator, Optics Communications, 246(1-3), pp. 229–239.Google Scholar
  51. Pearce-J., and Mittleman-D. M. (2003). Using terahertz pulses to study light scattering, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Electrical Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media, Vol. 338, pp. 92–96.Google Scholar
  52. Pickwell-E., and Wallace-V. (2006). Biomedical applications of terahertz technology, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39(17), pp. R301–R310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Pickwell-E., Cole-B. E., Fitzgerald-A. J., Wallace-V., and Pepper-M. (2004). Simulation of terahertz pulse propagation in biological systems, Applied Physics Letters, 84(12), pp. 2190–2192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Qian-S. (2002). Time-Frequency and Wavelet Transforms, 1st edn, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, USAGoogle Scholar
  55. Raudys-S. (2001). Statistical and Neural Classifiers: An Integrated Approach to Design, 1st edn, Springer-Verlag London Ltd, London, U.K.MATHGoogle Scholar
  56. Reid-M., and Fedosejevs-R. (2005). Quantitative comparison of terahertz emission from < 100 > InAs surfaces and a GaAs large-aperture photoconductive switch at high fluences, Applied Optics, 44(1), pp. 149–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Schaftenaar-G., and Noordik-J. (2000). Molden: a pre- and post-processing program for molecular and electronic structures, Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 14(2), pp. 123–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Shikata-J., Kawase-K., Taniuchi-T., and Ito-H. (2002). Fourier-transform spectrometer with a terahertz-wave parametric generator, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1-Regular Papers Short Notes & Review Papers, 41(1), pp. 134–138.Google Scholar
  59. Siegel-P. H. (2002). Terahertz technology, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 50(3), pp. 910–928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Siegel-P. H. (2004). Terahertz technology in biology and medicine, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 52(10), pp. 2438–2447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Smye-S. W., Chamberlain-J. M., Fitzgerald-A. J., and Berry-E. (2001). The interaction between terahertz radiation and biological tissue, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 46(9), pp. R101–R112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Strachan-C. J., Taday-P. F., Newnham-D. A., Gordon-K. C., Zeitler-J. A., Pepper-M., and Rades-T. (2004). Using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy to study crystallinity of pharmaceutical materials, Chemical Physics Letters, 390(1-3), pp. 20–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Taday-P., Bradley-I., Arnone-D., and Pepper-M. (2003). Using terahertz pulse spectroscopy to study the crystalline structure of a drug: A case study of the polymorphs of ranitidine hydrochloride, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 92(4), pp. 831–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Vohland-M., Stoffels-J., Hau-C., and Schuler-G. (2007). Remote sensing techniques for forest parameter assessment: Multispectral classification and linear spectral mixture analysis, Silva Fennica, 41(3), pp. 441–456.Google Scholar
  65. Wallace-V., Fitzgerald-A., Shankar-S., Flanagan-N., Pye-R., Cluff-J., and Arnone-D. D. (2004a). Terahertz pulsed imaging of basal cell carcinoma ex vivo and in vivo, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 151(2), pp. 424–432.Google Scholar
  66. Walther-M. (2003). Modern Spectroscopy on Biological Molecules-Structure and Bonding investigated by THz time-domain and transient phase-grating spectroscopy (PhD Thesis), the University of Freiburg, Germany.Google Scholar
  67. Walther-M., Fischer-B., Schall-M., Helm-H., and Jepsen-P. U. (2000). Far-infrared vibrational spectra of all-trans, 9-cis and 13-cis retinal measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy, Chemical Physics Letters, 332(3-4), pp. 389–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Watanabe-Y., Kawase-K., Ikari-T., Ito-H., Ishikawa-Y., and Minamide-H. (2003). Spatial pattern separation of chemicals and frequency-independent components using terahertz spectroscopic imaging, Applied Optics, 42(28), pp. 5744–5748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Withayachumnankul-W., Ferguson-B., Rainsford-T., Findlay-D., Mickan-S. P., and Abbott-D. (2006). T-ray relevant frequencies for osteosarcoma classification, Proceedings of SPIE Photonics: Microelectronics, MEMS and Nanotechnology, 6038, Art. No. 60381H.Google Scholar
  70. Withayachumnankul-W., Ferguson-B., Rainsford-T., Mickan-S., and Abbott-D. (2005). Simple material parameter estimation via terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, IEE Electron Letters, 41(14), pp. 801–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Woodward-R. M., Cole-B., Walace-V. P., Arnone-D. D., Pye-R., Linfield-E. H., Pepper-M., and Davies-A. G. (2002). Terahertz pulse imaging in reflection geometry of human skin cancer and skin tissue, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(21), pp. 3853–3863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Woodward-R. M., Wallace-V. P., Pye-R. J., Cole-B. E., Arnone-D. D., Linfield-E. H., and Pepper-M. (2003). Terahertz pulse imaging of ex vivo basal cell carcinoma, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 120(1), pp. 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Woodward-R., Wallace-V., Arnone-D., Linfield-E., and Pepper-M. (2004). Terahertz pulsed imaging of skin cancer in the time and frequency domain, Journal of Biological Physics, 29(2-3), pp. 257–259.Google Scholar
  74. Yin-X.-X., Ng-W.-H. B., Ferguson-B., and Abbott-D. (2007a). Application of auto-regressive models and wavelet sub-bands for classifying terahertz pulse measurements, Journal of Biological Systems, 15, pp. 551–571.MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Zeitler-J. A., Shen-Y., Baker-C., Taday-P. F., Pepper-M., and Rades-T. (2007a). Analysis of coating structures and interfaces in solid oral dosage forms by three dimensional terahertz pulsed imaging, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 96(2), pp. 330–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Zhang-Y., Wang-R., and Monroe-K. (2004). Multi-resolution and multi-spectral image fusion for urban object extraction, Proceedings of XXth ISPRS Congress, Commission III, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 960–966.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  • Xiaoxia Yin
    • 1
  • Brian W.-H. Ng
    • 1
  • Derek Abbott
    • 1
  1. 1.School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia

Personalised recommendations