The Universe Within

Chapter

Abstract

This chapter describes how these current findings may help to understand the relationship between the mental world and the physical world. There is evidence that causal connections exist between the mind and the body that point to their unitary nature. The causal influence of the mind enables it to manipulate the external world and influence its own body. Current findings indicate that the mental state may significantly influence the brain and body on various functional levels. These findings suggest a new paradigm for an understanding of the mental world and the possibility of influencing the physical body using psychotherapy. On the other hand, this interaction between mind and brain enables the laws of nature to be discovered and the external world to be understood through the rules that integrate the basic nature of the mind and the physical world.

Keywords

Prime Number External World Asperger Syndrome Frontotemporal Dementia Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. Abhyankar R, Thatte S, Doongaji D. Idiot savant. J Postgrad Med. 1981;22:44–7.Google Scholar
  2. Agrawal M, Kayal N, Saxena N. PRIMES is in P. Ann Math. 2004;160:781–93.Google Scholar
  3. Anderson M, O’Connor N, Hermelin B. A specific calculating ability. Intelligence. 1999;26: 383–403.Google Scholar
  4. Asperger H. Autistic psychopathy in childhood (U. Frith, Trans.). In Frith U, editor. Autism and asperger syndrome. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1991. p. 37–92. (Original work published 1944).Google Scholar
  5. Azouli S, Hubbard EM, Ramachandran VS. Does synesthesia contribute to mathematical savant skills? J Cognitive Neurosci. 2005; 69, 1 (Supl). http://psy2.ucsd.edu/∼edhubbard/abstracts/Azoulai_CNS05.pdf.
  6. Baron-Cohen S, Bor D, Billington J, Asher J, Wheelwright S, Ashwin C. Savant memory in a man with colour form-number synaesthesia and asperger syndrome. Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2007;14:237–51.Google Scholar
  7. Beiser A. Concepts of modern physics. 5th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 1995.Google Scholar
  8. Bertone G. The moment of truth for WIMP dark matter. Nature. 2010;468:389–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Biever C. Peek inside a singular mind. New Scientist, 2689; 2009:40–41. Online version: Inside the mind of an autistic savant. New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126881.800-inside-the-mind-of-an-autistic-savant.html.
  10. Bob P. Hypnotic abreaction releases chaotic patterns of electrodermal activity during dissociation. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2007;55:435–56.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Bob P. Quantum science and the nature of mind. J Mind Behav. 2009;30:1–14.Google Scholar
  12. Brackenridge JB. The key to Newton’s. dynamics: the Kepler problem and the Principia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1995.Google Scholar
  13. Brannon EM. The representation of numerical magnitude. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2006;16:222–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Bressoud DM. Factorizations and primality testing. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1989.Google Scholar
  15. Brink T. Idiot savant with unusual mechanical ability: an organic explanation. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137:250–1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Bullier J. What is fed back? In: van Hemmen J, Senjowski T, editors. Problems in systems neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 103–32.Google Scholar
  17. Cantlon JF, Platt ML, Brannon EM. Beyond the number domain. Trends Cogn Sci. 2009;13: 83–91.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Capozziello S, Francaviglia M. Extended theories of gravity and their cosmological and astrophysical applications. Gen Relat Gravit. 2008;40:357–420.Google Scholar
  19. Carmeli M. Aspects of cosmological relativity. In J Theor Phys. 1999;38:1993–2007.Google Scholar
  20. Cooper JM, editor. Plato: complete works. Indianapolis: Hackett; 1997. [Web source: Online Library of Liberty; Plato, The Dialogues of Plato, in 5 vols (Jowett editor.)] http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxtandstaticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=166andItemid=27.
  21. Corballis PM, Funnell MG, Gazzaniga MS. An evolutionary perspective on hemispheric asymmetries. Brain Cogn. 2000;43:112–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Cosmides L, Tooby J. From function to structure: the role of evolutionary biology and computational theories in cognitive neuroscience. In: Gazzaniga M, editor. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995. p. 1199–210.Google Scholar
  23. Crick F, Koch C. A framework for consciousness. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6:119–26.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Dehaene S. Origins of mathematical intuitions: the case of arithmetic. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1156:232–59.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Delong RG. Autism: new data suggest a new hypothesis. Neurology. 1999;52:911–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Derbyshire J. Prime obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the greatest unsolved problem in mathematics. New York: Penguin; 2004.Google Scholar
  27. Einstein A. Relativity the special and general theory. Pi Press: New York (Originally published 1916); 1916/2005.Google Scholar
  28. Fabricius T. The savant hypothesis: is autism a signal-processing problem? Med Hypotheses. 2010;75:257–65.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Feigenson L, Dehaene S, Spelke E. Core systems of number. Trends Cogn Sci. 2004;8:307–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Fell J, Fernández G, Klaver P, Elger CE, Fries P. Is synchronized neuronal gamma activity relevant for selective attention? Brain Res Rev. 2003;42:265–72.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Field G. Astrophysics. Rev Mod Phys. 1999;71 Suppl 2:S33–40.Google Scholar
  32. Fitzgerald M. Autism and creativity: is there a link between autism in men and exceptional ability? East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge; 2004.Google Scholar
  33. Foerstl J. Early interest in the idiot savant. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:566.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Francis G, Grossberg S, Mingolla E. Cortical dynamics of feature binding and reset: control of visual persistence. Vision Res. 1994;34:1089–104.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Freeman WJ. The physiology of perception. Sci Am. 1991;264:78–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Freeman WJ. Mesoscopics neurodynamics: from neuron to brain. J Physiol Paris. 2000;94: 303–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Freeman WJ. Biocomplexity: adaptive behavior in complex stochastic dynamical systems. Biosystems. 2001;59:109–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Fries P. A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9:474–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Fries P. Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:209–24.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Gabbard GO. A neurobiologically informed perspective on psychotherapy. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:117–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Gabbard GO. Psychotherapy in psychiatry. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2007;19:5–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Gallistel CR, Gelman R. Preverbal and verbal counting and computation. Cognition. 1992;44: 43–74.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Gazzaniga MS. Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: does the corpus ­callosum enable the human condition? Brain. 2000;123:1293–326.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Gelman R, Butterworth B. Number and language: how are they related? Trends Cogn Sci. 2005; 9:6–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Gilbert CD, Wiesel TN. The influence of contextual stimuli on the orientation selectivity of cells in primary visual cortex of the cat. Vision Res. 1990;30:1689–701.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Goldsmith TH. The biological roots of human nature: forging links between evolution and behavior. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991.Google Scholar
  47. Gonzalez-Garrido AA, Ruiz-Sandoval JL, Gomez-Velazquez FR, de Alba JL, Villasenor-Cabrera T. Hypercalculia in savant syndrome: central executive failure? Arch Med Res. 2002;33: 586–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Gove A, Grossberg S, Mingolla E. Brightness perception, illusory contours, and corticogeniculate feedback. Vis Neurosci. 1995;12:1027–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Gray CM. The temporal correlation hypothesis of visual feature integration: still alive and well. Neuron. 1999;24:31–47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Grossberg S, Grunewald A. Cortical synchronization and perceptual framing. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997;9:117–32.Google Scholar
  51. Hauser MD, MacNeilage P, Ware M. Numerical representations in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:1514–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Hazel M. Einstein and Newton showed signs of autism. New Scientist. 2003. http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3676.
  53. Heavey L, Pring L, Hermelín B. A date to remember: the nature of memory in savant calendrical calculators. Psychol Med. 1999;29:45–60.Google Scholar
  54. Herbert MR, Ziegler DA, Deutsch CK, O’Brien LM, Kennedy DN, Filipek PA, et al. Brain asymmetries in autism and developmental language disorder: a nested whole-brain analysis. Brain. 2005;128:213–26.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Hermelin B, O’Connor N. The idiot savant: flawed genius or clever Hans? Psychol Med. 1983;13:479–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Hermelin B, O’Connor N. Idiot savant calendrical calculators: rules and regularities. Psychol Med. 1986;16:885–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Hermelin B, O’Connor N. Art and accuracy: the drawing ability of idiot-savants. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1990a;31:217–28.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Hermelin B, O’Connor N. Factors and primes: a specific numerical ability. Psychol Med. 1990b;20:163–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Hermelin B, O’Connor N, Lee S. Musical inventiveness of five idiot savants. Psychol Med. 1987;17:685–94.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. Hermelin B, O’Connor N, Lee S, Treffert D. Intelligence and musical improvisation. Psychol Med. 1989;19:447–57.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Hilgetag CC, Kotter R, Young MP. Inter-hemispheric competition of sub-cortical structures is a crucial mechanism in paradoxical lesion effects and spatial neglect. Prog Brain Res. 1999;121:121–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. Hill AL. Mentally retarded individuals with special skills. In: Eller NR, editor. International review of research in mental retardation, vol. 9. NewYork: Academic Pan; 1978. p. 277–98.Google Scholar
  63. Ho E, Tsang A, Ho D. An investigation of the calendar calculation ability of a Chinese calendar savant. J Autism Dev Disord. 1991;21:315–27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Hoffman RE, Cavus I. Slow transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term depotentiation, and brain hyperexcitability disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1093–102.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Horwitz W, Kestenbaum C, Person E, Jarvich L. Identical twin “idiots savants” calendar calculators. Am J Psychiatry. 1965;121:1075–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Horwitz W, Deming W, Winter R. A further account of the idiots savants, experts with the calendar. Am J Psychiatry. 1969;126:412–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Howe M. Fragments of genius: the strange feats of idiot savants. London: Routledge; 1989.Google Scholar
  68. Howe M, Smith J. Calendar calculating in “idiots savants:” how do they do it? Br J Psychol. 1988;79:371–86.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Hupe JM, James AC, Payne BR, Lomber SG, Girard P, Bullier J. Cortical feedback improves discrimination between figure and background by V1, V2 and V3 neurons. Nature. 1998;394:784–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Hurst L, Mulhall D. Another calendar savant. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:274–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. Iovane G. The set of prime numbers: symmetries and supersymmetries of selection rules and asymptotic behaviours. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 2008;37:950–61.Google Scholar
  72. Iovane G, Laserra E, Tortoriello FS. Stochastic self-similar and fractal universe. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 2004;20:415–26.Google Scholar
  73. Ito M, Gilbert CD. Attention modulates contextual influences in the primary visual cortex of alert monkeys. Neuron. 1999;22:593–604.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. James I. Singular scientists. J R Soc Med. 2003;96:36–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Jensen O, Kaiser J, Lachaux JP. Human gamma-frequency oscillations associated with attention and memory. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30:317–24.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. John ER. The neurophysics of consciousness. Brain Res Rev. 2002;39:1–28.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. Kandel ER. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:457–69.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. Kandel ER. Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: a new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:505–24.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Kang K, Williams LM, Hermens D, Gordon E. Neurophysiological markers of contextual processing: the relationship between P3b and gamma synchrony and their modulation by arousal, performance and individual differences. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005;25:472–83.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Koshino H, Carpenter PA, Minshew NJ, Cherkassky VL, Keller TA, Just MA. Functional connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning autism. Neuroimage. 2005;24: 810–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Lavenex P, Amaral DG. Hippocampal-neocortical interaction: a hierarchy of associativity. Hippocampus. 2000;10:420–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. Lorenz K. Companions as factors in the bird’s environment. In: Martin RD, editor. Studies in animal and human behavior, vol. 1. London: Methuen, and Co; 1935/1970. p. 101–258.Google Scholar
  83. Lorenz K. The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1950;4:221–68.Google Scholar
  84. Lorenz K. Evolution and modification of behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1965.Google Scholar
  85. Mannheim G, Krasnewich D, Rumsey J, Hibbs T. Calendar calculating savants (CCS): a distinct phenotype/phenomenology from autism. Neurology. 1992;42 Suppl 3:462.Google Scholar
  86. Mesulam MM. From sensation to cognition. Brain. 1998;121:1013–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Miller GL. Riemann’s hypothesis and tests for primality. J Comput Sys Sci. 1976;13:300–17.Google Scholar
  88. Miller LK. Sensitivity to tonal structure in a developmentally disabled musical savant. Am J Ment Defic. 1987;91:467–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. Miller LK. Musical savants: exceptional skill in the mentally retarded. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1989.Google Scholar
  90. Miller LK. Sensitivity to sequential structure in musical savants. Am J Ment Retard. 1995;99: 391–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Miller BL, Ponton M, Benson DF, Cummings JL, Mena I. Enhanced artistic creativity with temporal lobe degeneration. Lancet. 1996;348:1744–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Miller BL, Cummings J, Mishkin F, Boone K, Prince F, Ponton M, et al. Emergence of artistic talent in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 1998;51:978–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Minshew NJ, Hobson JA. Sensory sensitivities and performance on sensory perceptual tasks in high-functioning individuals with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:1485–98.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. Monastyrsky M. Riemann, topology and physics. Boston, MA: Birkhauser; 1999.Google Scholar
  95. Moriarty J, Ring H, Robertson M. An idiot savant calendar calculator with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: implications for an understanding of savant syndrome. Psychol Med. 1993;23:1019–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. Morishima A, Brown L. A case report of the artistic talent of an autistic idiot savant. Ment Retard. 1977;15:33–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  97. Murray AL. Can the existence of highly accessible concrete representations explain savant skills? Some insights from synaesthesia. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74:1006–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. Nadel L, Jacobs WJ. Traumatic memory is special. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1998;7:154–7.Google Scholar
  99. Nelson E, Pribor E. A calendar savant with autism and Tourette syndrome: response to treatment and thoughts on the interrelationships of these conditions. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1993;5:135–40.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Newton I. Mathematical principles of natural philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1686/1974.Google Scholar
  101. Nieder A. Counting on neurons: the neurobiology of numerical competence. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6:177–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Nomura Y, Nagao Y, Kimura K, Hachimori K, Segawa M. Epilepsy in autism: a pathophysiological consideration. Brain Dev. 2010;32:799–804.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. O’Connor N, Hermelin B. Idiot savant calendrical calculators: math or memory? Psychol Med. 1984;14:801–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. O’Connor N, Hermelin B. Visual and graphic abilities of the idiot savant artist. Psychol Med. 1987a;17:79–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. O’Connor N, Hermelin B. Visual memory and motor programmes: their use by idiot-savant artists and controls. Br J Psychol. 1987b;78:307–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. O’Connor N, Hermelin B. The memory structure of autistic idiot savant mnemonists. Br J Psychol. 1989;80:97–111.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. O’Connor N, Hermelin B. The recognition failure and graphic success of idiot-savant artists. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1990;31:203–15.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. O’Connor N, Hermelin B. A specific linguistic ability. Am J Ment Retard. 1991a;95:673–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. O’Connor N, Hermelin B. Talents and pre-occupations in idiots savants. Psychol Med. 1991b;21:959–64.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. O’Connor N, Hermelin, B. Do young calendrical calculators improve with age? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33:907–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Parmeggiani A, Barcia G, Posar A, Raimondi E, Santucci M, Scaduto MC. Epilepsy and EEG paroxysmal abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Dev. 2010;32:783–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Patti P, Lupinetti L. Brief report: implications of hyperlexia in an autistic savant. J Autism Dev Disord. 1993;23:397–405.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. Pauli W. Theory of relativity. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.; 1958.Google Scholar
  114. Payne JD, Jackson ED, Ryan L, Hoscheidt S, Jacobs JW, Nadel L. The impact of stress on neutral and emotional aspects of episodic memory. Memory. 2006;14:1–16.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. Pepperberg IM. Numerical competence in an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus). J Comp Psychol. 1994;108:36–44.Google Scholar
  116. Plotnitsky A. Bernhard Riemann’s conceptual mathematics and the idea of space. Configurations. 2009;17:105–30.Google Scholar
  117. Raizada RDS, Grossberg S. Context-sensitive binding by the laminar circuits of V1 and V2: a unified model of perceptual grouping, attention, and orientation contrast. Visual Cognition. 2001;8: 431–66.Google Scholar
  118. Rife DC, Snyder LH. Studies in human inheritance VI: a genetic refutation of the principles of refutation of the principles of “behavioristic” psychology. Hum Biol. 1931;3:547–59.Google Scholar
  119. Rimland B. Savant capabilities of autistic children and their cognitive implications. In: Serban G, editor. Cognitive defects in the development of mental illness. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1978. p. 44–63.Google Scholar
  120. Rumsey J, Mannheim G, Aquino T, Gordon C, Hibbs E. Neuropsychological characteristics of calendar calculating savants with pervasive developmental disorders. Clin Neuropsychol. 1992;6:320.Google Scholar
  121. Sacks O. The twins. In the man who mistook his wife for a hat. London: Duckworth; 1985.Google Scholar
  122. Sacks O. Musicophilia: tales of music and the brain. New York, NY: Knopf Publishing Group; 2007.Google Scholar
  123. Sarkar S. Einstein’s universe: the challenge of dark energy. Curr Sci. 2005;89:2120–8.Google Scholar
  124. Sauseng P, Klimesch W. What does phase information of oscillatory brain activity tell us about cognitive processes? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32:1001–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Sherry DF, Schacter DL. The evolution of multiple memory systems. Psychol Rev. 1987;94: 439–54.Google Scholar
  126. Sherry DF, Jacobs LF, Gaulin SJC. Spatial memory and adaptive specialization of the hippocampus. Trends Neurosci. 1992;15:298–303.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. Shettleworth SJ. Cognition, evolution, and behavior. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.Google Scholar
  128. Singer W. Consciousness and the binding problem. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;929:123–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. Snyder A. Explaining and inducing savant skills: privileged access to lower level, less-processed information. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009;364:1399–405.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. Snyder AW, Mitchell DJ. Is integer arithmetic fundamental to mental processing?: the mind’s secret arithmetic. Proc Biol Sci. 1999;266:587–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. Snyder AW, Mulcahy E, Taylor JL, Mitchell DJ, Sachdev P, Gandevia SC. Savant-like skills exposed in normal people by suppressing the left fronto-temporal lobe. J Integr Neurosci. 2003;2:149–58.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. Spitz H. Calendar calculating, idiots savants, and the smart unconscious. New Ideas in Psychology. 1995;13:167–92.Google Scholar
  133. Tammet D. Born on a blue day. New York, NY: Free Press; 2006.Google Scholar
  134. Thorne KS. Black holes and time warps: Einstein’s outrageous legacy. New York: W.W. Norton and Company; 1994.Google Scholar
  135. Treffert DA. Extraordinary people: understanding. “idiot savants.”. New York: Harper and Row; 1989.Google Scholar
  136. Treffert DA. The savant syndrome and autistic disorder. CNS Spectr. 1999;4:57–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. Treffert DA. Savant.com: the internet as a medical education tool. Wis Med J. 2002;101:14–6.Google Scholar
  138. Treffert DA. The savant syndrome in autistic disorder. In: Casanova MF, editor. Recent developments in autism research. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc; 2005. p. 27–55. ch. 2.Google Scholar
  139. Treffert DA. The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009;364:1351–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  140. Tuchman R, Cuccaro M, Alessandri M. Autism and epilepsy: historical perspective. Brain Dev. 2010;32:709–18.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  141. Varela FJ, Lachaux JP, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J. The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:229–39.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  142. Viscott DS. A musical idiot savant. Psychiatry. 1970;33:494–515.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. Walsh V, Cowey A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000;1:73–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. Wass S. Distortions and disconnections: disrupted brain connectivity in autism. Brain Cogn. 2011;75:18–28.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. Welling H. Prime number identification in idiot savants: can they calculate them? J Autism Dev Disord. 1994;24:199–207.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. White PA. The structural representation of information in LTM: a possible explanation for the accomplishments of “idiots savants. New Ideas Psychol. 1988;6:3–14.Google Scholar
  147. Whiteside DT,editor. The mathematical papers of Isaac Newton. (Volume 1, part 7 “The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions”). Cambridge University Press; 1967.Google Scholar
  148. Wilson TW, Rojas DC, Reite ML, Teale PD, Rogers SJ. Children and adolescents with autism exhibit reduced MEG steady-state gamma responses. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:192–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. Womelsdorf T, Fries P. Neuronal coherence during selective attentional processing and sensory-motor integration. J Physiol Paris. 2006;100:182–93.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. Womelsdorf T, Fries P. The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007;17:154–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  151. Young RL, Ridding MC, Morrell TL. Switching skills on by turning off part of the brain. Neurocase. 2004;10:215–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. Zakharov AF, Capozziello S, De Paolis F, Ingrosso G, Nucita AA. The role of dark matter and dark energy in cosmological models: theoretical overview. Space Sci Rev. 2009;148:301–13.Google Scholar
  153. Zeman A. Consciousness. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 7):1263–89.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress and Department of PsychiatryCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic

Personalised recommendations