Groundnut

Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) primarily considered as an oilseed crop in developing countries is an important source of protein and also serves as fodder for livestock industry. The genus Arachis consists of 80 annual and perennial wild species which include diploids and tetraploids distributed in nine sections. All the species are occurring in South America east of the Andes, south of the Amazon, north of La Plata and from northwest Argentina to northeast Brazil. Cultivated groundnut is a segmental allopolyploid having the genomic constitution of AABB, which is believed to be originated through single hybridization between two diploid species. Cultivated groundnut is broadly classified into two subspecies (hypogaea and fastigiata) and six botanical types (hypogaea, hirsuta, fastigiata, peruviana, aequatoriana and vulgaris). Two botanical types viz. vulgaris and hypogaea occupied major groundnut growing area. A total of 14,310 genotypes including local land races, breeding lines, and genetic stocks collected across the world are being maintained at International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. The breeders hesitate to utilize the germplasm directly because of lack of knowledge about the germplasm, unavailability of descriptive characters, and evaluation methods. Hence, core and minicore subset were developed for multiple environmental condition, earliness, nutritional quality, and Sclerotinia blight resistance. Various biotic (foliar and fungal diseases, bacterial and viral diseases, nematodes, Aspergillus and insects) and abiotic stresses (drought and salinity) limits groundnut production. Concerted efforts have been made to tackle the stresses by developing improved cultivars of groundnut with inbuilt resistance/tolerance along with enhanced nutritional quality to meet the demand of farmers, traders, and consumers. Earlier objectives were fulfilled through conventional breeding approaches such as mass selection and pure line selection. Later both intra- and interspecific hybridization has been made extensively to fulfill the goals by following pedigree and backcross method of breeding. Mutation breeding also played a significant role in developing several promising high-yielding cultivars in India and China. Although cultivars with inbuilt resistance were developed through conventional approaches, resistance is always linked with poor pod and kernel features which are very difficult to break. Biotechnological approaches such as marker assisted selection (MAS) and genetic transformation helps to develop ideal groundnut cultivar with inbuilt resistance and improved pod and kernel features and pave the way to introgress genes from incompatible species. SSR markers are widely used for genotyping, construction of linkage map, and for MAS due to its codominant and easy to detect nature from a small amount of DNA. QTLs for pod and seed traits were identified for yield improvement. Markers were also identified for resistance to foliar diseases, Sclerotinia blight, aflatoxin, nematode, and drought. Both conventional breeding and MAS makes the selection more stringent and helps achieve the goal. Transgenic groundnut was successfully developed by integrating a nonheme chloroperoxidase (cpo-p) gene which inhibits Aspergillus flavus hyphal growth which in turn reduces aflatoxin contamination. Introduction of cry1A(c) gene in groundnut protects the crop from lesser cornstalk borer damage. The transgenic groundnut can also be utilized as a donor parents in conventional breeding for developing cultivars for resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases.

Keywords

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Allopolyploidy Interspecific hybridization Mutation breeding Biotechnological approaches Marker assisted selection 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Ajay BC, Kusuma VP, Gowda MVC (2008) Evaluation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties for nutritional traits. Karnataka J Agric Sci 21(2):262–263Google Scholar
  2. Akasaka Y, Daimon H, Mii M (2000) Improved plant regeneration from cultured leaf segments in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by limited exposure to thidiazuron. Plant Sci 156:169–175PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Akem CN, Melouk HA, Smith OD (1992) Field evaluation of peanut genotypes for resistance to Sclerotinia blight. Crop Protec 11(4):345–348Google Scholar
  4. Akkasaeng C, Vorasoot N, Jogloy S, Patanothai A (2003) Relationship between SPAD readings and chlorophyll contents in leaves of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Thai J Agric Sci 36(3):279–284Google Scholar
  5. Ali N, Wynne JC, Murphy JP (1999) Estimation of genetic effects and heritability for early maturity and agronomic traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Pakistan J Bot 31:323–335Google Scholar
  6. Allard RW (1960) Principles of plant breeding. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  7. Amin PW (1985) Methodology of screening against pests of groundnut. ICRISAT, Patancheru AP, 502324, India, pp 22Google Scholar
  8. Andersen PC, Hill K, Gorbet DW, Brodbeck BV (1998) Fatty acid and amino acid profiles of selected peanut cultivars and breeding lines. J Food Comp Anal 11(2):100–111Google Scholar
  9. Anderson E (1957) A semi graphic method for the analysis of complex problems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 43:923–927PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Angelici CM, Hoshino AA, Nóbile MP, Palmieri DA, Valls JFM, Gimenes MA, Lopes CR (2008) Genetic diversity in section Rhizomatosae of the genus Arachis (Fabaceae) based on microsatellite markers. Genet Mol Biol 31(1):79–88Google Scholar
  11. Anuradha ST, Divya K, Jami SK, Kirti PB (2008) Transgenic tobacco and peanut plants expressing a mustard defensin show resistance to fungal pathogens. Plant Cell Rep 27:1777–1786Google Scholar
  12. Apte UB, Shetye VN, Gawai MP, Jadhav BB (2008) Genetic variability and correlation studies in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: Proceedings of the third international conference for peanut genomics and biotechnology on advances in Arachis through genomics and biotechnology, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, 4–8 Nov 2008, pp 43Google Scholar
  13. Aruna R, Nigam SN (2009) Inheritance of fatty acid content and related quality traits in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 26(1):10–17Google Scholar
  14. Arunachalam V (1993) Concepts of breeding derived from experiments on peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Oilseeds Res 10(1):70–80Google Scholar
  15. Arunachalam V, Bandyopadhyay A, Nigam SN, Gibbons RW (1982) Heterotic potential of single crosses in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Oleagineux 37:415–420Google Scholar
  16. Arunyanark A, Jogloy S, Akkasaeng C, Vorasoot N, Kesmala T, Nageswara Rao RC, Wright GC, Patanothai A (2008) Chlorophyll stability is an indicator of drought tolerance in peanut. J Agron Crop Sci 194:113–125Google Scholar
  17. Arunyanark A, Jogloy S, Wongkaew S, Akkasaeng C, Vorasoot N, Wright GC, Rachaputi RCN, Patanothai A (2009a) Association between aflatoxin contamination and drought tolerance traits in peanut. Field Crops Res 114(1):14–22Google Scholar
  18. Arunyanark A, Jogloy S, Wongkaew S, Akkasaeng C, Vorasoot N, Kesmala T, Patanothai A (2009b) Heritability of aflatoxin resistance traits and correlation with drought tolerance traits in peanut. Field Crops Res 117(2–3):258–264Google Scholar
  19. Arus P, Moreno-Gonzalez J (1993) Marker-assisted selection. In: Hayward MD, Bosemark NO, Romagosa I (eds) Plant breeding: principles and prospects. Champman and Hall, London, pp 314–331Google Scholar
  20. Ashok J, Fakrudin B, Vijaykumar, Paramesh H, Kenchanagoudar PV, Kullaiswamy BY (2005) Evaluation of groundnut Arachis hypogaea L. germplasm accessions for identification of resistant sources to stem and pod rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. J Oilseeds Res 22(2):357–358Google Scholar
  21. Asis R, Barrionuevo DL, Giorda LM, Nores ML, Aldao MA (2005) Aflatoxin production in six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes infected with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, isolated from peanut production areas of cordoba, Argentina. J Agric Food Chem 53(23):9274–9280PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Awal MA, Ikeda T (2002) Recovery strategy following the imposition of episodic soil moisture deficit stands of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Agron Crop Sci 188:185–192Google Scholar
  23. Babitha M, Vasanthi RP, Reddy PV (2006) Genetic studies on leaf chlorophyll content in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. in terms of SPAD chlorophyll meter reading. J Oilseeds Res 23(2):247–251Google Scholar
  24. Badami VK (1923) Hybridization work on groundnut. Agricultural Department Report for 1922–23, Mysore, India, pp 29–30Google Scholar
  25. Badami VK (1928) Arachis hypogaea (the groundnut). Inheritance studies. PhD Thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, pp 297–374Google Scholar
  26. Baltensperger DD, Prine GM, Dunn RA (1986) Root-knot nematode resistance in Arachis glabrata. Peanut Sci 13:78–80Google Scholar
  27. Bandyopadhyay A, Arunachalam V, Venkaiah K (1985) Efficient selection intensity in early generation index selection in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor Appl Genet 71:300–304Google Scholar
  28. Bangar VD, Gupta DN, Chavan AS (1997) Nutritive value of promising cultures of groundnut in Konkan region. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 22(2):154–157Google Scholar
  29. Bansal UK, Satija DR, Ahuja KL (1992) Combining ability in inter- and intra-growth habit crosses for quality traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). SABRAO J 24:1–6Google Scholar
  30. Bansal UK, Satija DR, Ahuja KL (1993) Oil composition of diverse groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes in relation to different environments. J Sci Food Agric 63:17–19Google Scholar
  31. Basu MS, Vaddoria MA, Singh NP, Reddy PS (1986) Identification of superior donor parents for earliness through combining ability analysis in groundnut Arachis hypogaea L. Ann Agric Res 7:295–301Google Scholar
  32. Bendezu IF, Starr JL (2003) Mechanism of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in the peanut cultivar COAN. J Nematol 35(1):115–118PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Bentham G (1841) On the structure and affinities of Arachis and Voandzeia. Trans Linn Soc London 18(2):155–162Google Scholar
  34. Bera SK, Das PK (1998) Oil yield and fatty acid profile of some promising groundnut genotypes. Madras Agric J 85:668–670Google Scholar
  35. Bera SK, Pal S, Dash P, Dash MM (2004) Variability estimates and search for earliness in a large heterogeneous population of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm. Indian J Plant Genet Resour 17(1):64–68Google Scholar
  36. Bhagwat A, Krishna TG, Bhabha CR (1997) RAPD analysis of induced mutants of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Genetics 76:201–208Google Scholar
  37. Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Anjaiah V, Kirti PB, Sharma KK (2008) Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of peanut. In: Kirti PB (ed) Hand book of new technologies for genetic improvement of legumes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 227–252Google Scholar
  38. Bianchi-Hall CM, Keys RD, Stalker HT (1994) A note on use of seed protein markers for identification of aflatoxin resistance in peanut. Peanut Sci 21:159–161Google Scholar
  39. Bindu Madhava H, Sheshshayee MS, Shankar AG, Prasad TG, Udayakumar M (2002) Use of SPAD chlorophyll meter to assess transpiration efficiency of peanut. Breeding of drought resistant peanuts. ACIAR proceedings no. 112, Canberra, pp 3–9Google Scholar
  40. Blankenship PO, Cole RJ, Sanders TH, Hill RA (1983) Environmental control facility with manipulable soil temperatures. Oleagineux 38:615–618Google Scholar
  41. Blankenship PD, Cole RJ, Sanders TH, Hill RA (1984) Effect of geocarposphere temperature on pre-harvest colonization of drought-stressed peanut by Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia 85:69–74PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Bonavia D (1982) Precerámico peruano, Los Gavilanes, oasis en la historia del hombre. Corporación Financiera de Desarrollo S.A; COFIDE e Instituto Arqueológico Alemán, Lima, PerúGoogle Scholar
  43. Brahmachari BK, Kolte SJ (1983) Morphological and biochemical differences in two Cercospora leaf spot resistant and susceptible varieties of groundnut. Indian Phytopathol 36(1):149–150Google Scholar
  44. Branch WD, Hildebrand GL (1989) Pod yield comparison of pure line peanut selections simultaneously developed from Georgia and Zimbabwe breeding programs. Plant Breed 102:260–263Google Scholar
  45. Branch WD, Todd JW (2004) Field screening for insect resistance among peanut genotypes. In: Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc., (abstract) Annual meeting held at San Antonio, Texas on July 13–16. vol 36, pp 20Google Scholar
  46. Branch WD, Nakayama T, Chinnan MS (1990) Fatty acid variation among U.S. runner-type peanut cultivars. J Am Oil Chem Soc 67(9):591–593Google Scholar
  47. Brenneman TB, Branch WD, Csinos AS (1990) Partial resistance of southern runner, Arachis hypogaea L. to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Peanut Sci 18:65–67Google Scholar
  48. Broomfield KR, Bailey WK (1972) Inheritance of resistance to Puccinia arachidis in peanut. Phytopathology 62:748Google Scholar
  49. Brown AHD (1989a) A case for core collections. In: Brown AHD, Frankel OH, Marshall DR, Williams JT (eds) The use of plant genetic resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 136–156Google Scholar
  50. Brown AHD (1989b) Core collections: a practical approach to genetic resource management. Genome 31:818–824Google Scholar
  51. Brown DF, Cater CM, Mattil KF, Darroch JA (1975) Effect of variety growing location and their interaction on the fatty acid composition of peanuts. J Food Sci 40:1055–1060Google Scholar
  52. Burow MD, Starr JL, Paterson AH, Simpson CE (1996) Identification of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) RAPD markers diagnostic of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal)) Chitwood resistance. Mol Breed 2:369–379Google Scholar
  53. Burow MD, Simpson CE, Starr JL, Paterson AH (2001) Transmission genetics of chromatin from synthetic amphidiploids to cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): broadening the gene pool of a monophyletic polyploidy species. Genetics 159:823–837PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. Campbell WV, Wynne JC (1980) Resistance of groundnut to insects and mites. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on groundnuts, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502324, India, 13–17 Oct 1980, pp 149–157Google Scholar
  55. Castillo MB, Morrison LS, Russell CC, Banks DJ (1973) Resistance to Meloidogyne hapla in peanut. J Nematol 5(4):283–284Google Scholar
  56. Chandran K, Pandya SM (2000) Palynological survey in Arachis species of section Arachis. Int Arachis Newsl 20:5–8Google Scholar
  57. Chapin JW, Thomas JS, Isleib TG, Shokes FM, Brach WD, Tillman BL (2010) Field evaluation of Virginia-type peanut cultivars for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus, late leaf spot and stem rot. Peanut Sci 37:1–7Google Scholar
  58. Chavan AA, Dhoble MV (1994) Studies on genetic variations in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under water stress and natural conditions. J Oilseeds Res 11(1):9–14Google Scholar
  59. Chavan UD, Chavan JK, Pinjari MB, Kadam SS (1991) Nutritional quality of promising groundnut cultivars. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 16(1):48–50Google Scholar
  60. Chenault KD, Maas A (2006) A simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) associated with resistance to Sclerotinia minor. Phytopathology 96(6):S23Google Scholar
  61. Chenault KD, Burns JA, Melouk HA, Payton ME (2002) Hydrolase activity in transgenic peanut. Peanut Sci 29:89–95Google Scholar
  62. Chenault KD, Melouk HA, Payton ME (2006) Effect of anti-fungal transgene(s) on agronomic traits of transgenic peanut lines grown under field conditions. Peanut Sci 33:12–19Google Scholar
  63. Chenault KD, Gallo M, Seib JC, James VA (2007) A non-destructive seed sampling method for PCR-based analyses in marker assisted selection and transgene screening. Peanut Sci 34:38–43Google Scholar
  64. Chenault KD, Maas AL, Damicone JP, Payton ME, Melouk HA (2009) Discovery and characterization of a molecular markers for Sclerotinia minor (Jagger) resistance in peanut. Euphytica 166:357–365Google Scholar
  65. Chengalrayan K, Gallo-Meagher M (2004) Evaluation of runner and Virginia market types for tissue culture responses. Peanut Sci 31:74–78Google Scholar
  66. Chengalrayan K, Hazra S, Gallo-Meagher M (2001) Histological analysis of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis induced from mature zygotic embryo-derived leaflets. Plant Sci 161:415–421Google Scholar
  67. Chevalier A (1933) Monographic de I’ Arachide. Rev Int Bot Appl Agric Trop 13(146–147):689–789Google Scholar
  68. Chiteka ZA, Gorbet DW, Knauft DA, Shokes FM, Kucharek TA (1988) Components of resistance to late leaf spot in peanut. II. Correlations among components and their significance in breeding for resistance. Peanut Sci 15:76–81Google Scholar
  69. Choi K, Burrow MD, Church G, Burow G, Paterson AH, Simpson CE, Starr JL (1999) Genetics and mechanism of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut germplasm. J Nematol 31(3):283–290PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Christie JR (1949) Host-parasite relationships of the root-knot nematodes. Meloidogyne spp. III. The nature of resistance in plants to root-knot nematodes. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 16:104–108Google Scholar
  71. Chu Y, Ozias-Akins P (2009) Marker assisted selection (MAS) for breeding high oleic Tifguard. In: Proceedings of the American Peanut Research Education Society, Inc., (abstract) Annual meeting held at Raleigh, North Carolina on 14–17 July, vol 41, pp 61Google Scholar
  72. Chu Y, Holbrook CC, Timper P, Ozias-Akins P (2007) Development of PCR-based molecular marker to select for nematode resistance in peanut. Crop Sci 47:841–847Google Scholar
  73. Church GT, Simpson CE, Burow MD, Paterson AH, Starr JL (2000) Use of RFLP markers for identification of individuals homozygous for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut. Nematology 2(5):575–580Google Scholar
  74. Coffelt TA, Garren KH (1982) Screening for resistance to Cylindrocladium black rot in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Sci 9:1–5Google Scholar
  75. Coffelt TA, Hammons RO (1974) Early generation yield trials of peanuts. Peanut Sci 1:3–6Google Scholar
  76. Cole RJ, Hill RA, Blankenship PD, Sanders TH, Garren KH (1982) Influences of irrigation and drought stress on invasion by Aspergillus flavus in corn kernels and peanut pods. Dev Ind Microbiol 23:229–236Google Scholar
  77. Cole RJ, Sanders TH, Hill RA, Blankenship PD (1985) Geocarposphere temperature that induce pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts under drought-stress. Mycopathologia 91:41–46PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. Cooper M, Hammer GL (eds) (1996) Plant adaptation and crop improvement. CAB International, WallingfordGoogle Scholar
  79. Culbreath AK, Minton NA, Brenneman TB (1992) Response of Florunner and Southern Runner peanut cultivars for chemical management of late leaf spot, southern stem rot, and nematodes. Plant Dis 76:1199–1203Google Scholar
  80. Damicone JP, Holbrook CC, Smith DL, Melouk HA, Chamberlin KD (2010) Reaction of the core collection of peanut germplasm to Sclerotinia blight and pepper spot. Peanut Sci 37:1–11Google Scholar
  81. Dasaradha Rami Reddy C, Suneetha K (2004) Combining ability and heterosis in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: National symposium enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 28–29Google Scholar
  82. Dean LL, Hendrix KW, Holbrook CC, Sanders TH (2009) Content of some nutrients in the core of the core peanut germplasm collections. Peanut Sci 36(2):104–120Google Scholar
  83. Dharne PK, Patel SK (2000) Screening of promising groundnut genotypes for their reaction to Spodoptera litura. Int Arachis Newsl 20:67–69Google Scholar
  84. Dickson DW, Hewlett TE (1989) Effect of bahiagrass and nematicides on Meloidogyne arenaria on peanut. J Nematol 21:671–676PubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. Dobaria JR, Rathanakumar AL, Bharodia PS, Parmar DL (2004) Gene effects for seed characteristics in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: National symposium enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 14–16Google Scholar
  86. Dongmei Y, Dangqun C (2006) Identification and molecular phylogenetic relationships of 12-fatty acid desaturase in Arachis. Euphytica 150:347–354Google Scholar
  87. Dow RL, Powell NL, Porter DM (1988) Effect of modification of the plant canopy environment on Sclerotinia blight of peanut. Peanut Sci 15:1–5Google Scholar
  88. Dwivedi SL, Gurtu S (2002) Molecular diversity among accessions possessing varying levels of resistance to early leaf spot in groundnut. Int Arachis Newsl 22:36–37Google Scholar
  89. Dwivedi SL, Varma TS (2002) Molecular diversity among groundnut varieties differing in drought tolerant traits. Int Arachis Newsl 22:34–36Google Scholar
  90. Dwivedi SL, Nigam SN, Jambunathan R, Sahrawat KL, Nagabhushanam GVS, Raghunath K (1993a) Effect of genotypes and environments on oil content and oil quality parameters and their association in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Sci 20:84–89Google Scholar
  91. Dwivedi SL, Reddy DVR, Nigam SN, Ranga Rao GV, Wightman JA, Amin PW, Nagabhushanam GVS, Reddy AS, Scholberg E, Ramraj VM (1993b) Registration of ICGV 86031 peanut germplasm. Crop Sci 33(1):220Google Scholar
  92. Dwivedi SL, Nigam SN, Chandra S, Ramraj VM (1998) Combining ability of biomass and harvest index under short and long day conditions in groundnut. Ann Appl Biol 133:237–244Google Scholar
  93. Dwivedi SL, Gurtu S, Chandra S, Yuejin W, Nigam SN (2001) Assessment of genetic diversity among selected groundnut germplasm. I: RAPD analysis. Plant Breed 120(4):345–349Google Scholar
  94. Dwivedi SL, Gurtu S, Nigam SN (2002a) AFLP diversity among selected foliar diseases resistant groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm. Ind J Plant Genet Resour 15(1):46–50Google Scholar
  95. Dwivedi SL, Pande S, Rao JN, Nigam SN (2002b) Components of resistance to late leaf spot and rust among interspecific derivatives and their significance in a foliar disease resistance breeding in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Euphytica 125:81–88Google Scholar
  96. Dwivedi SL, Crouch JH, Nigam SN, Ferguson ME, Paterson AH (2003) Molecular breeding of groundnut for enhanced productivity and food security in the semi-arid tropics: opportunities and challenges. In: Sparks DL (ed) Advances in agronomy, vol 80. Academic, New York, pp 151–221Google Scholar
  97. Dwivedi SL, Puppala N, Upadhyaya HD, Manivannan N, Singh S (2008) Developing a core collection of peanut specific to Valencia market type. Crop Sci 48:625–632Google Scholar
  98. Eapen S (2003) Regeneration and genetic transformation in peanut: current status and future prospects. In: Jaiswal PK, Singh RP (eds) Applied genetics of leguminosae biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 165–186Google Scholar
  99. Farquhar GD, Richards RA (1984) Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use-efficiency of wheat genotypes. Aust J Plant Physiol 11:539–552Google Scholar
  100. Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Plant Mol Biol 40:503–537Google Scholar
  101. Fassuliotis G (1979) Plant breeding for root-knot nematode resistance. In: Lamberti F, Taylor CE (eds) Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) systematic, biology and control. Academic, New York, pp 425–453Google Scholar
  102. Fernandez A, Krapovickas A (1994) Cromosomas y evolución en Arachis (Leguminosae). Bonplandia 8:187–220Google Scholar
  103. Flavell RB, Bennet MD, Smith JB, Smith DB (1974) Genome size and the proportion of repeated nucleotide sequence DNA in plants. Biochem Genet 12:257–269PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. Foster DJ, Stalker HT, Wynne JC, Beute MK (1981) Resistance of Arachis hypogaea L. and wild relatives to Cercospora arachidicola Hori. Oleagineux 36:139–143Google Scholar
  105. Galgaro L, Lopes CR, Gimenes M, Valls JFM, Kochert G (1998) Genetic variation between several species of sections Extranervosae, Caulorrhizae, Heteranthae, and Triseminatae (genus Arachis) estimated by DNA polymorphism. Genome 41:445–454Google Scholar
  106. Garcia GM, Stalker HT, Shroeder E, Kochert G (1996) Identification of RAPD, SCAR and RFLP markers tightly linked to nematode resistance genes introgressed from Arachis cardenasii into Arachis hypogaea. Genome 39:836–845PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. Garcia GM, Stalker HT, Shroeder E, Lyerly JH, Kochert G (2005) A RAPD-based linkage map of peanut based on a backcross population between the two diploid species Arachis stenosperma and A. cardenasii. Peanut Sci 32:1–8Google Scholar
  108. Ghewande MP (1990) Biological control of groundnut rust in India. Trop Pest Manage 36:17–20Google Scholar
  109. Ghewande MP, Pandey RN, Shukla AK, Misra DP (1983) Sources of resistance to late leaf spot and rust of groundnut. Indian Bot Reporter 2(2):174Google Scholar
  110. Gibbons RW (1969) Groundnut rosette research in Malawi. In: Third African cereals conference, Zambia and Malawi. Mimeo Report, pp 1–8Google Scholar
  111. Gibbons RW (1980) The ICRISAT groundnut program. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on groundnut, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 13–17 Oct 1980, pp 12–16Google Scholar
  112. Gibbons RW, Tattersfield JR (1969) Outcrossing trials with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Rhod J Agric Res 7:71–85Google Scholar
  113. Gimenes MA, Hoshino AA, Barbosa AV, Palmieri DA, Lopes CR (2007) Characterization and transferability of microsatellite markers of the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea). BMC Plant Biol 7:9PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. Girdthai T, Jogloy S, Vorasoot N, Akkasaeng C, Wongkaew S, Holbrook CC, Patanothai A (2010a) Heritability of and genotypic correlations between aflatoxin traits and physiological traits for drought tolerance under end of season drought in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crops Res 118(2):169–176Google Scholar
  115. Girdthai T, Jogloy S, Vorasoot N, Akkasaeng C, Wongkaew S, Holbrook CC, Patanothai A (2010b) Associations between physiological traits for drought tolerance and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes under terminal drought. Plant Breed 129(6):693–699Google Scholar
  116. Golakia PR, Makne VG, Monpara BA (2004) Character association in Virginia runner groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 6Google Scholar
  117. Goldman JJ, Smith OD, Simpson CE, Melouk HA (1995) Progress in breeding Sclerotinia blight-resistant runner-type peanut. Peanut Sci 22:109–113Google Scholar
  118. Gorbet DW, Knauft DA (1997) Registration of SunOleic 95R peanut. Crop Sci 37:1392Google Scholar
  119. Gorbet DW, Knauft DA (2000) Registration of SunOleic 97R peanut. Crop Sci 40:1190–1191Google Scholar
  120. Gorbet DW, Kucharek TA, Shokes FM, Brenneman TB (2004) Field evaluation of peanut germplasm for resistance to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Peanut Sci 31:91–95Google Scholar
  121. Grabau EA (2009) Evaluation of Virginia-type peanuts engineered with a barley oxalate oxidase gene to petition for deregulated status through the animal and plant health inspection service. In: Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc., (abstract) Annual meeting held at Raleigh, North Carolina on 14–17 July, vol 41, pp 55Google Scholar
  122. Green CC, Wynne JC, Beute MK, Campbell MV (1983) Relationships of CBR and insect resistance and yield among progenies of a CBR-resistant  ×  insect-resistant cross. Peanut Sci 10:84–88Google Scholar
  123. Gregory WC, Gregory MP (1976) Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae-Papilionatae). In: Simmonds NW (ed) Evolution of crop plants. Longman Group, London, pp 151–154Google Scholar
  124. Gregory WC, Smith BW, Yarbrough JA (1951) Morphology, genetics and breeding. In: The peanut, the unpredictable legume. National Fertility Association, Washington, pp 28–88Google Scholar
  125. Gregory WC, Gregory MP, Krapovicaks A, Smith BW, Yarbrough JA (1973) Structure and genetic resources of peanuts. In: Wilson CT (ed) Peanuts-culture and uses, vol 3. American Peanut Research and Education Association, Inc., Stillwater, pp 47–134Google Scholar
  126. Grosso NR, Lucini EI, López AG, Guzmán A (1999) Chemical composition of aboriginal peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds from Uruguay. Grasas Aceites 50(3):203–207Google Scholar
  127. Halward TM, Wynne JC, Monteverde-Penso EJ (1990) The effectiveness of early generation testing as applied to a recurrent selection program in peanut. Peanut Sci 17:44–47Google Scholar
  128. Halward TM, Stalker HT, LaRue EA, Kochert G (1991) Genetic variation detectable with markers among unadapted germplasm resources of cultivated peanut and related wild species. Genome 34:1013–1020Google Scholar
  129. Halward T, Stalker HT, Kochert G (1993) Development of an RFLP linkage map in diploid peanut species. Theor Appl Genet 87(3):379–384Google Scholar
  130. Hammons RO (1973) Genetics of Arachis hypogaea. In: Peanuts – culture and uses. American Peanut Research and Education Association, Stillwater, pp 135–173Google Scholar
  131. Hassan MA (1964) Genetic, floral, biological and maturity studies in groundnut. MSc Thesis, Ranchi Agricultural College, Ranchi University, Kanke, Ranchi, Bihar, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  132. He G, Prakash CS (1997) Identification of polymorphic DNA markers in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Euphytica 97:143–149Google Scholar
  133. Hemingway JS (1957) The resistance of groundnuts to Cercospora leafspots. Emp J Exp Agric 25:60–68Google Scholar
  134. Herselman L, Thwaites R, Kimmins FM, Courtols B, Van der Merwe PJA, Seal SE (2004) Identification and mapping of AFLP markers linked to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) resistance to the aphid vector of groundnut rosette disease. Theor Appl Genet 109:1426–1433PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. Higgins CM, Hall RM, Mitter N, Cruickshank A, Dietzgen RG (2004) Peanut stripe poty virus resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants carrying viral coat protein gene sequences. Trans Res 13:59–67Google Scholar
  136. Hill RA, Blankenship PD, Cole RJ, Sanders TH (1983) Effect of soil moisture and temperature on pre-harvest invasion of peanuts by Aspergillus flavus group and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:628–933PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. Hoehne FC (1940) Genero: Arachis. Flora Brasilica 25(2)122:1–20, 132–159Google Scholar
  138. Holbrook CC, Noe JP (1990) Resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in Arachis spp. and the implications on development of resistant peanut cultivars. Peanut Sci 17:35–38Google Scholar
  139. Holbrook CC, Kvien CS, Branch WD (1989) Genetic control of peanut maturity as measured by hull-scrape procedure. Oleagineux 44:359–364Google Scholar
  140. Holbrook CC, Anderson WF, Pittman RN (1993) Selection of a core collection from the U.S. germplasm collections of peanut. Crop Sci 33:859–861Google Scholar
  141. Holbrook CC, Matheron ME, Wilson DM, Anderson WF, Will ME, Norden AJ (1994) Development of a large-scale field system for screening peanut for resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Peanut Sci 21:20–22Google Scholar
  142. Holbrook CC, Noe JP, Stephenson MG, Anderson WF (1996) Identification and evaluation of additional sources of resistance to peanut root-knot nematode in Arachis hypogaea L. Peanut Sci 23:91–94Google Scholar
  143. Hollowell JE, Shew BB, Isleib TG (2003) Evaluating isolate aggressiveness and host resistance from peanut leaflet inoculations with Sclerotinia minor. Plant Dis 87:402–406Google Scholar
  144. Hollowell JE, Isleib TG, Tallury SP, Copeland SC, Shew BB (2008) Screening of Virginia-type peanut breeding lines for resistance to Cylindrocladium black rot and Sclerotinia blight in the greenhouse. Peanut Sci 35:18–24Google Scholar
  145. Hu JH, Phipps PM, Partridge DE (2009) Assessment of similarities between nontransgenic and transgenic peanuts with resistance to Sclerotinia blight. In: Proceedings of the American peanut research and education society, Inc., (abstract) Annual meeting held at Raleigh, North Carolina on 14–17 July, vol 41, pp 26Google Scholar
  146. Hubick KT, Farquhar GD, Shorter R (1986) Correlation between water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in diverse peanut (Arachis) germplasm. Aust J Plant Physiol 13:803–816Google Scholar
  147. Hubick KT, Shorter R, Farquhar GD (1988) Heritability and genotype  ×  environment interactions of carbon isotope discrimination and transpiration efficiency in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Aust J Plant Physiol 15:799–813Google Scholar
  148. Husted L (1936) Cytological studies on the peanut, Arachis. II. Chromosome numbers, morphology and behavior, and their application to the problem of the origin of the cultivated forms. Cytologia 7:396–423Google Scholar
  149. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics) (1992) The medium term plan. International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  150. Islam MS, Rasul MG (1998) Genetic parameters, correlations and path coefficient analysis in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 33:250–254Google Scholar
  151. Isleib TG, Wynne JC (1983) Heterosis in test crosses of 27 exotic peanut cultivars. Crop Sci 23:832–841Google Scholar
  152. Isleib TG, Pattee HE, Gorbet DW, Giesbrecht FG (2001) Genotypic variation in roasted peanut flavor quality across 60 years of breeding. Peanut Sci 29:92–98Google Scholar
  153. Isleib TG, Tillman BL, Pattee HE, Sanders TH, Hendrix KW, Dean LO (2008) Genotype-by-environment interactions for seed composition traits of breeding lines in the uniform peanut performance test. Peanut Sci 35:130–138Google Scholar
  154. Jain AK, Basha SM, Holbrook CC (2001) Identification of drought – responsive transcripts in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mol Biotechnol Genet 4:2Google Scholar
  155. James SLH, Young CT (1983) Comparison of fatty acid content of imported peanuts. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60:945–947Google Scholar
  156. Jayalakshmi V, Reddy PV, Ajantha M, Vasanthi RP (1998) Genetic variability for water use efficiency traits in groundnut. Legume Res 21(1):8–12Google Scholar
  157. Jiang HF, Duan NX (1998) Utilization of groundnut germplasm resources in breeding programme. Crop Genet Resour 2:24–25Google Scholar
  158. Jiang HF, Ren XP, Wang SY, Liao BS (2006) Durability of resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and effect of intact testa without injury on aflatoxin production in peanut. Acta Agron Sinica 32:851–855Google Scholar
  159. Jogloy S, Wynne JC, Beute MK (1987) Inheritance of late leaf spot resistance and agronomic traits in peanut. Peanut Sci 14:86–90Google Scholar
  160. John K, Vasanthi RP (2006) Heterosis in six single crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Legume Res 29(4):262–265Google Scholar
  161. John K, Vasanthi RP, Venkateswarlu O (2008a) Variability and correlation studies for pod yield and its attributes in F2 generation of six Virginia  ×  Spanish crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Legume Res 31(3):210–213Google Scholar
  162. John K, Vasanthi RP, Venkateswarlu O, Krishna TM, Naidu PH (2008b) Genetic analysis of pod yield and resistance to biotic stresses in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Legume Res 31(3):227–229Google Scholar
  163. John Joel A, Sumathi P, Raveendran TS (2006) Inheritance of rust resistance in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 23(2):358–360Google Scholar
  164. Johnson HW, Robinson HF, Comstock RE (1955) Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agron J 47:314–318Google Scholar
  165. Johnson CS, Beute MK, Ricker MD (1986) Relationship between components of resistance and disease progress of early leaf spot on Virginia-type peanut. Phytopathology 76:495–499Google Scholar
  166. Jongrungkland N, Toomsan B, Vorasoot N, Jogloy S, Kesmala T, Patanothai A (2008) Identification of peanut genotypes with high water use efficiency under drought stress conditions from peanut germplasm of diverse origins. Asian J Plant Sci 7:628–638Google Scholar
  167. Jonnala RS, Dunford NT, Chenault K (2005) Nutritional composition of genetically modified peanut varieties. J Food Sci 70:S254–S256Google Scholar
  168. Jung S, Swift D, Sengoku E (2000) The high oleate trait in the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). I. Isolation and characterization of two genes encoding microsomal oleoyl-PC desaturases. Mol Gen Genet 263:796–805PubMedGoogle Scholar
  169. Kalekar AR, Patil BC, Deokar AB (1984) Inheritance of resistance to rust in groundnut. Madras Agric J 71:125–126Google Scholar
  170. Kavani RH, Golakia PR, Makne VG, Madaria RB (2004) Genetic variation and trait association in valencia groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 27–28Google Scholar
  171. Khalfaoui JL (1990) Heredity of extreme precocity in the case of a cross between two Spanish varieties. Oleagineus 45:419–436Google Scholar
  172. Khan AR, Emery DA, Singleton JA (1974) Refractive index as basis for assessing fatty acid composition in segregating populations derived from intraspecific crosses of cultivated peanut. Crop Sci 14:464–468Google Scholar
  173. Khedikar YP, Gowda MVC, Sarvamangala C, Patgar KV, Upadhyaya HD, Varshney RK (2010) A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor Appl Genet 121:971–984PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. Kirby JS, Banks DJ (1981) Methodology and success in breeding for early maturity. In: Proceedings of peanut breeding symposium, American Peanut Research Education Society, Richmond. Research Report No. 80, p 21Google Scholar
  175. Kirti PB, Bharati M, Murty UR, Rao NGP (1983) Chromosome morphology in three diploid species of Arachis and its bearing on the genomes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Cytologia 48:139–151Google Scholar
  176. Kishore B (1981) Rust resistance studies in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, APAU, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  177. Klosova E, Turkova V, Smartt J, Pitterová K, Svachulová J (1983) Immunochemical characterization of seed proteins of some species of the genus Arachis L. Biol Plant 25:201–208Google Scholar
  178. Knauft DA, Gorbet DW (1989) Genetic diversity among peanut cultivars. Crop Sci 29:1417–1422Google Scholar
  179. Knauft DA, Norden AJ (1983) Inheritance of rust resistance in peanuts. Proc Amer Peanut Res Edn Soc 15:76Google Scholar
  180. Knauft DA, Chiyembekeza AJ, Gorbet DW (1992) Possible reproductive factors contributing to outcrossing in peanut. Peanut Sci 19:29–31Google Scholar
  181. Knauft DA, Moore KM, Gorbert DW (1993) Further studies on the inheritance of fatty acid composition in peanut. Peanut Sci 20:74–76Google Scholar
  182. Kochert G, Halward T, Branch WD, Simpson CE (1991) RFLP variability in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and wild species. Theor Appl Genet 81:565–570Google Scholar
  183. Kochert G, Halward T, Stalker HT (1996) Genetic variation in peanut and its implications in plant breeding. In: Pickersgill B, Lock JM (eds) Legumes of economic importance (Advances in legume systematics, part 8). Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, LondonGoogle Scholar
  184. Koppolu R, Upadhyaya HD, Dwivedi SL, Hoisington DA, Varshney RK (2010) Genetic relationships among seven sections of genus Arachis studied by using SSR markers. BMC Plant Biol 10:15. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/10/15. Accessed 1 Dec 2010Google Scholar
  185. Krapovickas A (1968) The origin, variability and spread of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). In: Ucko PJ, Dimbleby G (eds) The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals. Duckworth, London, pp 427–441Google Scholar
  186. Krapovickas A (1969) Evolución del género Arachis. Seminario Avanzado de Genética Agricola para América Latina. Maracay, Venezuela. Resúmenes, SAGA/B(d), 4 págs, mimeografiadas, sin no de páginaGoogle Scholar
  187. Krapovickas A (1973) Evolution of the genus Arachis. In: Moav R (ed) Agricultural genetics: selected topics. Wiley, New York, pp 135–151Google Scholar
  188. Krapovickas A, Gregory WC (1994) Taxonomía del género Arachis (Leguminosae). Bonplandia 8:1–186Google Scholar
  189. Krapovickas A, Rigoni VA (1960) La nomenclatura de las subespecies y variedades de Arachis hypogaea L. Rev Invest Agric 14(2):197–228Google Scholar
  190. Kulkarni KA (1989) Bio-ecology and management of Spodopter litura (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. PhD Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India, pp 364Google Scholar
  191. Lakshmanan P, Taji A (2000) Somatic embryogenesis in leguminous plants. Plant Biol 2:136–148Google Scholar
  192. Lal C, Rathnakumar AL, Hariprasanna K, Gor HK, Chikani BM (2005) Promising parental lines for the development of high water-use efficient groundnut varieties. Int Arachis Newsl 25:8–10Google Scholar
  193. Lamb MC, Sternitzke DA (2001) Cost of aflatoxin contamination to the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the south east United States peanut industry. Peanut Sci 28:59–63Google Scholar
  194. Latha P, Sudhakar P, Sreenivasulu Y, Naidu PH, Reddy PV (2007) Relationship between total phenols and aflatoxin production of peanut genotypes under end-of-season drought conditions. Acta Physiol Plant 29:563–566Google Scholar
  195. Leal-Bertioli SCM, José AC, Alves-Freitas D, Moretzsohn MC, Guimarães PM, Nielen S, Vidigal BS, Pereira RW, Pike J, Fávero AP, Parniske M, Varshney RK, Bertioli DJ (2009) Identification of candidate genome regions controlling disease resistance in Arachis. BMC Plant Biol 9:112PubMedGoogle Scholar
  196. Lei Y, Wang SY, Li D, Jiang HF, Liao BS (2004) Evaluation of resistance to aflatoxin contamination among peanut germplasm with resistance to bacterial wilt. Chinese J Oil Crop Sci 26:69–71Google Scholar
  197. Lei Y, Liao BS, Wang SY, Li D, Jiang HF (2005) Identification of AFLP markers for resistance to seed invasion by Aspergillus flavus in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Acta Agron Sinica 31:1349–1353Google Scholar
  198. Liang XQ, Zhou GY, Pan RZ (2003) Study on the relationship of wax and cutin layers in peanut seeds and resistance to invasion and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. J Tropic Subtropic Bot 11:11–14Google Scholar
  199. Liao B, Lei Y, Wang S, Li D, Jiang H, Ren X (2003) Aflatoxin resistance in bacterial wilt resistant groundnut germplasm. Int Arachis Newsl 23:23Google Scholar
  200. Little LE, Maganua ZV, Parrott WA (2000) A protocol for repetitive somatic embryogenesis from mature peanut epicotyls. Plant Cell Rep 19:351–357Google Scholar
  201. Livingstone DM, Hampton JL, Phipps PM, Grabau EA (2005) Enhancing resistance to Sclerotinia minor in peanut by expressing a barley oxalate oxidase gene. Plant Physiol 137:1354–1362PubMedGoogle Scholar
  202. Lopez Y, Nadaf NL, Smith OD (2000) Isolation and characterization of the 12-fatty acid desaturase in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and search for polymorphisms for the high oleate trait in Spanish market-type lines. Theor Appl Genet 101:1131–1138Google Scholar
  203. Lopez Y, Smith OD, Senseman SA, Rooney WL (2001) Genetic factors influencing high oleic content in Spanish market type peanut cultivars. Crop Sci 41:51–56Google Scholar
  204. Lu J, Mayer A, Pickersgill B (1990) Stigma morphology and pollination in Arachis L. (Leguminosae). Ann Bot 66(1):73–82Google Scholar
  205. Luo M, Liang XQ, Dang P, Holbrook CC, Bausher MG, Lee RD, Guo BZ (2005) Microarray-based screening of differentially expressed genes in peanut in response to Aspergillus parasiticus infection and drought stress. Plant Sci 169(4):695–703Google Scholar
  206. Lynch RE, Stalker HT (1997) Evaluation of Arachis hypogaea  ×  A. cardenasii interspecific lines for resistance to insect pests. Peanut Sci 24:89–96Google Scholar
  207. Lynch RE, Branch WD, Garner JW (1981) Resistance of Arachis species to the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Peanut Sci 8:106–109Google Scholar
  208. Mace ES, Phong DT, Upadhyaya HD, Chandra S, Crouch JH (2006) SSR analysis of cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm resistant to rust and late leaf spot diseases. Euphytica 152:317–330Google Scholar
  209. Mahalanobis PC (1928) A statistical study at Chinese head measurement. J Asiatic Soc Bengal 25:301–377Google Scholar
  210. Mains EB (1917) The relation of some rust to physiology of their hosts. Amer J Bot 4:179–220Google Scholar
  211. Makne VG (1992) Diallel analysis for studying the inheritance of branches, developed pods, and harvest index in groundnut. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 17:153–154Google Scholar
  212. Makne VG, Shirshikar SP, Toprope VN, Jangwad NP (2004) Identification of sources of resistance to stem rot disease (Sclerotium rolfsii) of groundnut. In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, pp 45–46Google Scholar
  213. Mallikarjuna N, Maheedhr G, Chandra S (2005) Genetic diversity among Arachis species based on RAPDs. Indian J Genet 65(1):5–8Google Scholar
  214. Mallikarjuna Swamy BP, Upadhyaya HD, Kenchana Goudar PV, Kullaiswamy BY, Singh S (2003) Phenotypic variation for agronomic characteristics in a groundnut core collection for Asia. Field Crops Res 84:359–371Google Scholar
  215. Manivannan N, Muralidharan V, Mothilal A (2008) Combining ability analysis in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Madras Agric J 95(1–6):14–17Google Scholar
  216. Manivel P, Mathur RK, Gor HK, Chikani BM (2003) Heterotic potential of crosses in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 20(1):116–117Google Scholar
  217. Mason ME, Matlock RS (1967) Progress report VI 1. Agronomic, organoleptic and biochemical study of factors responsible for the flavour of peanut butter and roasted peanuts. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, StillwaterGoogle Scholar
  218. Mathews C, Nagda AK, Sharma UC (2001) A study of path analysis in groundnut. Madras Agric J 87:480–481Google Scholar
  219. Mathur K, Chuni Lal P, Manivel P, Smdur MY, Gor HK (2003) Combining ability and heterosis for flowering pattern and reproductive efficiency in groundnut. J Oilseeds Res 20(1):23–26Google Scholar
  220. Mathur PB, Devi JM, Reddy SD, Lavanya M, Vadez V, Serraj R, Shinozaki YK, Sharma KK (2007) Stress-inducible expression of At DREB1A in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) increases transpiration efficiency under water-limiting conditions. Plant Cell Rep 26:2071–2082Google Scholar
  221. Mayee CD, Munde PN (1979) A modified detached leaf technique for laboratory development of groundnut rust. Indian Phytopathol 32:467–468Google Scholar
  222. Mazzani B, Allievi J, Bravo P (1972) Relación entre la incidncia de manchas foliares por Cercospora spp. Y algunas caracteristicas varietales del mani. Agron Trop (Maracay) 22:119–132Google Scholar
  223. Mehan VK, McDonald D, Haravu LJ, Jayanthi S (1991) The groundnut aflatoxin problem: review and literature database. International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  224. Mercer LC, Wynne JC, Young CT (1990) Inheritance of fatty acid content in peanut oil. Peanut Sci 17:17–21Google Scholar
  225. Meta HR, Monpara BA (2010) Genetic variation and trait relationships in summer groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 27(1):8–11Google Scholar
  226. Milla SR, Isleib TG, Stalker HT (2005) Taxonomic relationships among Arachis sect. Arachis species as revealed by AFLP markers. Genome 48:1–11PubMedGoogle Scholar
  227. Milla-Lewis SR, Swift JE, Isleib TG, Tallury SP, Stalker HT (2006) AFLP markers associated with reduced aflatoxin accumulation in interspecific peanut lines. In: Proceedings of American peanut research and education society, Inc., (abstract) Annual meeting held at Savannah, Georgia on 11–14 July, vol 38, pp 57Google Scholar
  228. Miller OH, Burns EE (1971) Internal colour of Spanish peanut hulls as an index of kernel maturity. J Food Sci 36:666–670Google Scholar
  229. Mixon AC (1986) Reducing Aspergillus species infection of peanut seed using resistant genotypes. J Environ Qual 15:101–103Google Scholar
  230. Mondal S, Ghosh S, Badigannavar AM (2005) RAPD polymorphism among groundnut genotypes differing in disease reaction to late leaf spot and rust. Int Arachis Newsl 25:27–30Google Scholar
  231. Monteverde-Penso E, Wynne JC, Isleib TG, Mozingo RW (1987) A comprehensive breeding procedure utilizing recurrent selection for peanuts. Peanut Sci 14(1):1–3Google Scholar
  232. Moore KM, Knauft DA (1989) The inheritance of high oleic acid in peanut. J Hered 80:252–253Google Scholar
  233. Moraes SA, Godoy IJ (1985) Differentes neveis de Resistencia a Cercosporidium personatum em genotipos de Arachis hypogaea. Summa Phytopathol 11:74–86Google Scholar
  234. Moraes SA, Salgado CL (1983) Reactions of six groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars to Cercospora arachidicola and C. personata on detached leaves. Fitopatol Bras 8(2):291–303Google Scholar
  235. Moretzsohn MC, Hopkins MS, Mitchell SE, Kresovich S, Valls JFM, Ferreira ME (2004) Genetic diversity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and its wild relatives based on the analysis of hypervariable region of the genome. BMC Plant Biol 4. www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/4/11. Accessed 1 Dec 2010
  236. Moretzsohn MC, Leoi L, Proite K, Guimaraes PM, Leal-Bertolli SCM, Gimenes MA, Martins WS, Valls JFM, Grattapaglia D, Bertiolli D (2005) A microsatellite-based gene-rich linkage map of the AA genome of Arachis (Fabaceae). Theor Appl Genet 11:1060–1071Google Scholar
  237. Moretzsohn MC, Barbosa AVG, Alves-Freitas DMT, Teixeira C, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Guimaraes PM, Pereira RW, Lopes CR, Cavallari MM, Valls JFM, Bertioli DJ, Gimenes MA (2009) A linkage map for the B-genome of Arachis (Fabaceae) and its synteny to the A-genome. BMC Plant Biol 9:40PubMedGoogle Scholar
  238. Motagi BN, Gowda MVC, Nigam SN (2000) Oil recovery and quality as influenced by foliar diseases in groundnut genotypes. Int Arachis Newsl 20:87–88Google Scholar
  239. Mothilal A, Ezhil A (2010) Combining ability for yield and its components in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Electron J Plant Breed 1(2):162–166Google Scholar
  240. Mothilal A, Muralidharan V (2006) Heterosis for vegetative and reproductive traits between infraspecific crosses of groundnut. J Ecobiol 19(1):51–57Google Scholar
  241. Mothilal A, Nallathambi G, Sankara Pandian R (2004) Genetic variability in confectionery groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security. National Research Centre for Groundnut, Junagadh, Gujarat, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 7–8Google Scholar
  242. Mothilal A, Muralidharan V, Manivannan N (2005) Variability among five F2 populations of infraspecific crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Environ Ecol 23(2):265–270Google Scholar
  243. Mothilal A, Muralidharan V, Manivannan N (2007) Combining ability for yield and its components in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 24(1):12–15Google Scholar
  244. Mothilal A, Karunanithi K, Babu C (2010) Gamma ray induced Spanish bunch mutant with foliar disease resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Electron J Plant Breed 1(3):342–345Google Scholar
  245. Motsinger R, Crawford J, Thompson S (1976) Nematode survey of peanuts and cotton in southwest Georgia. Peanut Sci 3:72–74Google Scholar
  246. Murty UR, Jahnavi MR (1986) The “A” genome of Arachis hypogaea L. Cytologia 51:241–250Google Scholar
  247. N’Doye O, Smith OD (1993) A note on the earliness of offspring from crosses among five short-growth duration peanut lines. Peanut Sci 20:132–137Google Scholar
  248. Nagda AK, Joshi VN (2004) Correlation and path coefficient analysis in drought tolerant genotypes of groundnut. In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 51Google Scholar
  249. Nageswara Rao RC, Williams JH, Wadia KRD, Hubick KT, Farquhar GD (1993) Crop growth, water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes under end-of-season drought conditions. Ann Appl Biol 122:357–367Google Scholar
  250. Nageswara Rao RC, Wright GC (1994) Stability of the relationship between specific leaf area and carbon isotope discrimination across environments in peanut. Crop Sci 34:98–103Google Scholar
  251. Nageswara Rao RC, Udayakumar M, Farquhar GD, Talwar HS, Prasad TG (1995) Variation in carbon isotope discrimination and its relationship to specific leaf area and ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase content in groundnut genotypes. Aust J Plant Physiol 22:545–551Google Scholar
  252. Nageswara Rao RC, Talwar HS, Wright GC (2001) Rapid assessment of specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using a chlorophyll meter. J Agron Crop Sci 186:175–182Google Scholar
  253. Naito Y, Suzuki S, Iwata Y, Kuboyama T (2008) Genetic diversity and relationship analysis of peanut germplasm using SSR markers. Breed Sci 58:293–300Google Scholar
  254. Nautiyal PC, Nageswara Rao RC, Joshi YC (2002) Moisture-deficit-induced changes in leaf-water content, leaf carbon exchange rate and biomass production in groundnut cultivars differing in specific leaf area. Field Crops Res 74:67–79Google Scholar
  255. Nautiyal PC, Rajgopal K, Zala PV, Pujari DS, Basu M, Dhadhal BA, Nandre BM (2008) Evaluation of wild Arachis species for abiotic stress tolerance: I. Thermal stress and leaf water relations. Euphytica 159(1–2):43–57Google Scholar
  256. Nelson SC, Starr JL, Simpson CE (1990) Expression of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in Arachis batizocoi and A. cardenasii. J Nematol 22:423–425PubMedGoogle Scholar
  257. Nevill DJ (1980) Studies of resistance to foliar pathogens. In: Proceedings of the international groundnut workshop, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, pp 199–202Google Scholar
  258. Nevill DJ (1981) Components of resistance to Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum in groundnut. Ann Appl Biol 99:77–86Google Scholar
  259. Nigam SN (2000) Some strategic issues in breeding for high and stable yield in groundnut in India. J Oilseeds Res 17(1):1–10Google Scholar
  260. Nigam SN, Aruna R (2008) Improving breeding efficiency for early maturity in peanut. In: Janick J (ed) Plant breeding reviews, vol 30. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 295–323Google Scholar
  261. Nigam SN, Dwivedi SL, Sigamani, TSN, Gibbon, RW (1984) Character association among vegetative and reproductive traits in advanced generations of inter subspecific and intra subspecific crosses in peanut. Peanut Sci 11:95–98Google Scholar
  262. Nigam NS, Dwivedi SL, Nagabhushana GVS, Gibbons RW (1988) Inheritance of period from seedling emergence to first flowering in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Oilseeds Res 5:101–106Google Scholar
  263. Nigam SN, Upadhyaya HD, Chandra S, Nageswara Rao RC, Wright GC, Reddy AGS (2001) Gene effects for specific leaf area and harvest index in three crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Ann Appl Biol 139:301–306Google Scholar
  264. Nigam SN, Nageswara Rao RC, Wright GC (2002a) Field screening for drought tolerance in groundnut. In: Saxena NP, ÓToole JC (eds) Proceedings of an international workshop on field screening for drought tolerance in rice. International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 11–14 Dec 2000, pp 147–151Google Scholar
  265. Nigam SN, Chandra S, Rupa Sridevi K, Bhukta M, Reddy AGS, Rahaputi NR, Wright GC, Reddy PV, Deshmukh MP, Mathur RK, Basu MS, Vasundhara S, Vindhiyavarman P, Nagda AK (2005) Efficiency of physiological trait-based and empirical selection approaches for drought tolerance in groundnut. Ann Appl Biol 146:433–439Google Scholar
  266. Nigam SN, Waliyar F, Aruna R, Reddy SV, Lava Kumar P, Craufurd PQ, Diallo AT, Ntare BR, Upadhyaya HD (2009) Breeding peanut for resistance to aflatoxin contamination at ICRISAT. Peanut Sci 36:42–49Google Scholar
  267. Nikam RV, Thaware BL, Dalvi VV (2008) Character association and path analysis in rabi sown germplasm of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: Proceedings of the third international conference for peanut genomics and biotechnology on advances in Arachis through genomics and biotechnology, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, 4–8 Nov 2008, pp 46Google Scholar
  268. Niu C, Akasaka-Kennedy Y, Faustinelli P, Joshi M, Rajasekaran K, Yang H, Chu Y, Cary J, Ozias-Akins P (2009) Antifungal activity in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) conferred by a nonheme chloroperoxidase gene. Peanut Sci 36:126–132Google Scholar
  269. Nóbile PM, Gimenes MA, Valls JFM, Lopes CR (2004) Genetic variation within and among species of genus Arachis, section Rhizomatosae. Genet Resour Crop Evol 51:299–307Google Scholar
  270. Norden AJ, Gorbet DW, Knauft DA, Young CT (1987) Variability in oil quality among peanut genotypes in the Florida breeding program. Peanut Sci 14:7–11Google Scholar
  271. Painawadee M, Jogloy S, Kesmala T, Akkasaeng C, Paranothai A (2009) Heritability and correlation of drought resistance traits and agronomic traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Asian J Plant Sci 8(5):325–334Google Scholar
  272. Parameshwarappa KG, Girish Kumar B (2007) Genetic analysis of pod yield and other confectionery traits in large seeded groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 24(2):237–240Google Scholar
  273. Parameshwarappa KG, Malabasari TA, Lingaraju BS (2008) Analysis of correlations and path effects among yield attributing traits in two crosses of large seeded groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 25(1):4–7Google Scholar
  274. Passioura JB (1977) Grain yield, harvest index and water use of wheat. J Australian Inst Agric Sci 43:117–120Google Scholar
  275. Pataky JK, Black MC, Beute MK, Wynne JC (1983) Comparative analysis of Cylindrocladium black rot resistance in peanut: Greenhouse, microplot and field testing procedures. Phytopathology 73:1615–1620Google Scholar
  276. Patel JS, John CM, Seshadri CR (1936) The inheritance of characters in groundnut – Arachis hypogaea L. Proc Indian Acad Sci 3:214–233Google Scholar
  277. Patil BP, Gangavane SB (1990) Effects of water stress imposed at various stages on yield of groundnut and sunflower. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 15(3):322–324Google Scholar
  278. Patil RK, Nadaf HL, Giriraj K (1994) Host plant resistance of groundnut genotypes to Spodoptera litura (F). In: National seminar on sustainability in oilseeds, ISOR, Hyderabad, pp 355–358Google Scholar
  279. Patil RK, Parameshwarappa KG, Kenchanagoudar PV (2006) Studies on the mechanism of host plant resistance to Spodoptera litura (F.) in elite breeding lines of groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 23(2):256–259Google Scholar
  280. Pattee HE, Stalker HT, Giesbrecht FG (1991) Comparative peg, ovary and ovule ontogeny of selected cultivated and wild-type Arachis species. Bot Gaz 152:64–71Google Scholar
  281. Pattee HE, Isleib TG, Gorbet DW, Moore KM, Lopez Y, Baring MR, Simpson CE (2002) Effect of the high-oleic trait on roasted peanut flavor in backcross derived breeding lines. J Agric Food Chem 50(25):7362–7365PubMedGoogle Scholar
  282. Pimratch S, Jogloy S, Toomsan B, Jaisil P, Kesmala T, Patanothai A (2004) Heritability and correlation for nitrogen fixation and agronomic traits of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 26(3):305–315Google Scholar
  283. Pimratch S, Jogloy S, Vorasoot N, Toomsan B, Patanothai A, Holbrook CC (2008) Relationship between biomass production and nitrogen fixation under drought stress conditions in peanut genotypes with different levels of drought resistance. J Agron Crop Sci 194:15–25Google Scholar
  284. Pittman RN (1995) United States peanut descriptors. ARS-132, USDA-ARSGoogle Scholar
  285. Porter DM, Melouk HA (1997) Sclerotinia blight. In: Kokalis-Burelle N, Porter DM, Rodriguez-Kabana R, Smith DH, Subrahmanyam P (eds) Compendium of peanut diseases, 2nd edn. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, pp 34–36Google Scholar
  286. Pungle GD (1983) Genetic investigation on characters related to biological nitrogen fixation, growth and yield in groundnut. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New DelhiGoogle Scholar
  287. Raina SN, Mukai Y (1999) Detection of a variable number of 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal DNA loci by fluorescent in situ hybridization in diploid and tetraploid Arachis species. Genome 42:52–59Google Scholar
  288. Raina SN, Rani V, Kojima T, Ogihara Y, Singh KP, Devarumath RM (2001) RAPD and ISSR ­fingerprints as useful genetic markers for analysis of genetic diversity, varietal identification and phylogenetic relationships in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars and wild species. Genome 44(5):763–772PubMedGoogle Scholar
  289. Rajagopal K, Nandagopal N, Bhagat NR (1988) Preliminary screening of Virginia groundnut genotypes against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura. J Oilseeds Res 5(2):162–165Google Scholar
  290. Rajagopal K, Chandran K, Lalwani HB (2003) Constitution of a core collection from working collection of groundnut Arachis hypogaea L. germplasm. J Oilseeds Res 20(2):204–209Google Scholar
  291. Rajamanickam K (2004) Morphological basis of resistance to leaf hopper (Empoasca kerri Pruthi) in resistant cultivated and wild species of groundnut. In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security. National Research Centre for Groundnut, Junagadh, Gujarat, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 165Google Scholar
  292. Rajendra Prasad MN, Gowda MVC (2004) Genetic enhancement of host plant resistance to Spodoptera litura (Fab.) in groundnut. In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security. National Research Centre for Groundnut, Junagadh, Gujarat, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 46–48Google Scholar
  293. Rathnakumar AL, Seshadri P, Muralidharan V (2007) Genetic analysis of pod yield and quality attributes in intra and inter sub-specific crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Int J Trop Agric 25(3):619–623Google Scholar
  294. Reddy PS (1988) Groundnut. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New DelhiGoogle Scholar
  295. Reddy PN, Khare MN (1988) Components of resistance in groundnut cultivars to Puccinia arachidis Speg. J Oilseeds Res 5:153–154Google Scholar
  296. Reddy TY, Reddy VR, Anbumozhi V (2003) Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: a critical review. Plant Growth Regul 41:75–88Google Scholar
  297. Reddy NR, Parameshwarappa KG, Nadaf HL (2004) Molecular diversity for resistance to late leaf spot and rust in parents and segregating population of a cross in groundnut. Int Arachis Newsl 24:31–33Google Scholar
  298. Rekha D, Savithramma DL, Shankar AG, Marappa N (2009) Combining ability studies for growth and yield traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Environ Ecol 27(1):117–120Google Scholar
  299. Ricker MD, Beute MK, Campbell CL (1985) Components of resistance in peanut to Cercospora arachidicola. Plant Dis 69:1059–1064Google Scholar
  300. Rohini VK, Sankara Rao K (2000) Transformation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): a non-tissue culture based approach for generating transgenic plants. Plant Sci 150(1):41–49Google Scholar
  301. Rohini VK, Sankara Rao K (2001) Transformation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with tobacco chitinase gene: variable response of transformants to leaf spot disease. Plant Sci 160(5):889–898PubMedGoogle Scholar
  302. Roy S (1995) Genotypic variation in water use efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and its relationship to carbon isotope discrimination and specific leaf area. M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  303. Roy RC, Stonehouse DP, Francois B, Brown DM (1988) Peanut responses to imposed-drought conditions in southern Ontario. Peanut Sci 15:85–89Google Scholar
  304. Rucker KS, Kvien CK, Holbrook CC, Hook JE (1995) Identification of peanut genotypes with improved drought avoidance traits. Peanut Sci 22:14–18Google Scholar
  305. Rudd VE (1981) Tribe 14, Aeschynomeneae (Benth.) Hutch. In: Polhill RM, Raven PH (eds) Advances in legume systematics, vol 1. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, pp 347–354Google Scholar
  306. Sanders TH, Lansden JA, Greene RL, Drexler JS, Williams EJ (1982) Oil characteristics of peanut fruit separated by a nondestructive maturity classification method. Peanut Sci 9:20–23Google Scholar
  307. Sasser JN, Freckman D (1987) A world perspective on Nematology. The role of the society. In: Veech JA, Dickson DW (eds) Vistas on nematology. Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, pp 7–14Google Scholar
  308. Savage GP, Keenan JI (1994) The composition and nutritive value of groundnut kernels. In: Smart J (ed) The groundnut crop: scientific basis for improvement. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 173–213Google Scholar
  309. Seetharam A, Nayar KMD, Sreekantaradhya R, Achar DKT (1973) Cytological studies on the interspecific hybrid of Arachis hypogaea  ×  Arachis duranensis. Cytologia 38:277–280Google Scholar
  310. Seijo G, Lavia GI, Fernandez A, Krapovickas A, Ducasse DA, Bertioli DJ, Moscone EA (2007) Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH. Am J Bot 94(2):1963–1971PubMedGoogle Scholar
  311. Selvaraj MG, Manivannan N, Schubert MA, Ayers JL, Baring MR, Burow MD (2009) Identification of QTLs for pod and kernel traits in cultivated peanut by bulked segregant analysis. Electron J Biotechnol 12(2):3–4Google Scholar
  312. Seshadri CR (1962) Groundnut. Indian Central Oilseeds Committee, Hyderabad, India, 274ppGoogle Scholar
  313. Sharma KK, Anjaiah V (2000) An efficient method for the production of transgenic plants of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. Plant Sci 159(1):7–19PubMedGoogle Scholar
  314. Sharma HC, Pampapathy G, Kumar R (2002) Techniques to screen groundnuts for resistance to the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under no-choice cage conditions. Peanut Sci 29:35–40Google Scholar
  315. Sharma HC, Pampapathy G, Dwivedi SL, Reddy LJ (2003) Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to insect pests in wild relatives of groundnut. J Econ Entomol 96(6):1886–1897PubMedGoogle Scholar
  316. Sheshshayee MS, Bindumadhava H, Rachapuri NR, Prasad TG, Udayakumar M, Wright GC, Nigam SN (2006) Leaf chlorophyll concentration relates to transpiration efficiency in peanut. Ann Appl Biol 148:7–15Google Scholar
  317. Shew BB, Wynne JC, Beute MK (1987) Field, microplot and greenhouse evaluation of resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in peanut. Plant Dis 71:188–191Google Scholar
  318. Shinde PM, Chougule BA, Chavan JK, Chavan UD, Pinjari MB (1993) Nutritional composition of some table purpose groundnut cultivars. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 18(1):22–23Google Scholar
  319. Shoba D, Manivannan N, Vindhiyavarman P (2009) Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Electron J Plant Breed 1:74–77Google Scholar
  320. Simpson CE (1985) Plant exploration: planning, organization and implementation with species emphasis on Arachis. In: Brown WL, Chang TT, Goodman MM, Jones Q (eds) Conservation of crop germplasm – an international perspective. CSSA, Madison, pp 1–20Google Scholar
  321. Simpson CE, Faries MJ (2001) Advances in the characterization of diversity in section Arachis: archeological evidence, crossing results and their relationship in understanding the origin of Arachis hypogaea L. In III SIRGEALC Simposio de recursos genéticos para a America Latina e Caribe. Instituto Agronómico do Paraná, Londrinas, Brasil, pp 103–104Google Scholar
  322. Simpson CE, Starr JL (2001) Registration of COAN peanut. Crop Sci 41:918Google Scholar
  323. Simpson CE, Nelson SC, Starr JL, Woodard KE, Smith OD (1993a) Registration of TxAG-6 and TxAG-7 peanut germplasm. Crop Sci 33:1418Google Scholar
  324. Simpson CE, Valls JFM, Miles JW (1993b) Reproductive biology and the potential for genetic recombination in Arachis. In: Kerridge PC, Hardy B (eds) Biology and agronomy of forage Arachis. CIAT, Cali, pp 43–52Google Scholar
  325. Singh AK (1985) Genetic introgression from compatible Arachis species into groundnut. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on cytogenetics of Arachis. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Crops, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, pp 107–117Google Scholar
  326. Singh AK (1988) Putative genome donors of Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae), evidence from crosses with synthetic amphidiploids. Plant Syst Evol 160:143–151Google Scholar
  327. Singh AK, Moss JP (1982) Utilization of wild relatives in genetic improvement of Arachis hypogaea L. 2. Chromosome complements of species in the section Arachis. Theor Appl Genet 61:305–314Google Scholar
  328. Singh AK, Moss JP (1984) Utilization of wild Arachis relatives in genetic improvement of Arachis hypogaea L. VI. Fertility in triploids: cytological basis and breeding implications. Peanut Sci 11:17–21Google Scholar
  329. Singh SB, Singh JP (1999) Estimation of variability parameters for some quantitative characters in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Ind J Agric Sci 69:800–801Google Scholar
  330. Singh M, Raheja RK, Ahuja KL Sharma SR (2000) Correlation between pod yield and quality characters in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) types. In: National seminar on oilseeds and oils – research and development needs in the millennium, DOR, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, 2–4 Feb 2000, pp 331Google Scholar
  331. Singkham N, Jogloy S, Jaisil P (2009) Combining ability for oleic acid in peanut (abstract). In: Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society Inc., (abstract) Annual meeting held at Raleigh, North Carolina on 14–17 July, vol 41, pp 39Google Scholar
  332. Singsit C, Adang MJ, Lynch RE, Anderson WF, Wang A, Cardineau G, Akins PO (1997) Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis cry1A(c) gene in transgenic peanut plants and its efficacy against lesser cornstalk borer. Transgenic Res 6:169–176PubMedGoogle Scholar
  333. Smartt J, Gregory WC, Gregory MP (1978a) The genomes of Arachis hypogaea 2. The implications in interspecific breeding. Euphytica 27:677–680Google Scholar
  334. Smartt J, Gregory WC, Gregory MP (1978b) The genomes of Arachis hypogaea 1. Cytogenetic studies of putative genome donors. Euphytica 27:665–675Google Scholar
  335. Sokhi SS (1983) Detached leaf culture of rusts of pearlmillet and groundnut. Indian Phytopathol 36:100–102Google Scholar
  336. Sokhi SS, Jhooty JS (1982) Factors associated with resistance to Puccinia arachidis. Peanut Sci 9:96–97Google Scholar
  337. Songsri P, Jogloy S, Kesmala T, Vorasoot N, Akkasaeng C, Patanothai A, Holbrook CC (2008) Heritability of drought resistance traits and correlation of drought resistance and agronomic traits in peanut. Crop Sci 48:2245–2253Google Scholar
  338. Stalker HT, Mozingo LG (2001) Molecular markers of Arachis and marker-assisted selection. Peanut Sci 28:117–123Google Scholar
  339. Stalker JS, Simpson CE (1995) Germplasm resources in Arachis. In: Pattee HE, Stalker HT (eds) Advances in peanut science. American Peanut Research and Education Association, Inc., Stillwater, pp 14–53Google Scholar
  340. Stansell JR, Pallas JE (1985) Yield and quality response of Florunner peanut to applied drought at several growth stages. Peanut Sci 12:64–70Google Scholar
  341. Starr JL, Schuster GL, Simpson CE (1990) Characterization of the resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in an interspecific Arachis spp. hybrid. Peanut Sci 17:106–108Google Scholar
  342. Subbarao GV, Johansen C, Slinkard AE, Nageswara Rao RC, Saxena NP, Chauhan YS (1995) Strategies for improving drought resistance in grain legumes. Crit Rev Plant Sci 14:469–523Google Scholar
  343. Subrahmanyam P, McDonald D (1983) Rust disease of groundnut. (summary in Fr.). Information bulletin No. 13, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Crops, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  344. Subrahmanyam P, Gibbons RW, Nigam SN, Rao VR (1980) Screening methods and further sources of resistance to peanut rust. Peanut Sci 7:10–12Google Scholar
  345. Subrahmanyam P, McDonald D, Gibbons, Subha Rao PV (1983a) Components of resistance to Puccinia arachidis in peanut. Phytopathology 73:253–256Google Scholar
  346. Subrahmanyam P, Moss JP, Rao VR (1983b) Resistance to peanut rust in wild Arachis species. Plant Dis 67:209–212Google Scholar
  347. Subrahmanyam P, Williams JH, McDonald D, Gibbons RW (1984) The influence of foliar diseases and their control by selective fungicides on a range of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. Ann Appl Biol 104:467–476Google Scholar
  348. Subrahmanyam P, McDonald D, Waliyar F, Reddy LJ, Nigam SN, Gibbons RW, Ramanatha Rao V, Singh AK, Pande S, Reddy PM, Subha Rao PV (1995) Screening methods and sources of resistance to rust and late leaf spot of groundnut. Information Bulletin No. 47. International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  349. Subramanian V, Gurtu S, Nageswara Rao RC, Nigam SN (2000) Identification of DNA polymorphism in cultivated groundnut using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. Genome 43(4):656–660PubMedGoogle Scholar
  350. Suneetha K, Dasarada C, Rami Reddy, Ramana JV (2004) Genetic variability and character association in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security. National Research Centre for Groundnut, Junagadh, Gujarat, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 19Google Scholar
  351. Surihan B, Patanothai A, Jogloy S (2005) Gene effect for specific leaf area and harvest index in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Asian J Plant Sci 4(6):667–672Google Scholar
  352. Tai YP (1972) Inheritance of oleic to linoleic fatty acid ratio in peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. Ph.D Thesis, Department of Botany, Okla, State UniversityGoogle Scholar
  353. Tai YP, Young CT (1975) Genetic studies of peanut proteins and oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 52:377–385Google Scholar
  354. Tallury SP, Isleib TG, Stalker HT (2009) Comparison of Virginia-type peanut cultivars and interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines for leaf spot resistance, yield and grade. Peanut Sci 36:144–149Google Scholar
  355. Tang R, Gao G, He L, Han Z, Shan S, Zhong R, Zhou C, Jian J, Li Y, Zhuang W (2007) Genetic diversity in cultivated groundnut based on SSR markers. J Genet Genome 34(5):449–459Google Scholar
  356. Taylor AL, Sasser JN (1978) Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species). N.C. State University Graphics, Raleigh, NCGoogle Scholar
  357. Timper P, Holbrook CC, Anderson WF (2003) Reproduction of Meloidogyne spp. on resistant peanut genotypes from three breeding programs. J Nematol 35(4):417–421PubMedGoogle Scholar
  358. Tiwari SP, Ghewande MP, Misra DP (1984) Inheritance of resistance to rust and late leaf spot in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Cytol Genet 19:97–101Google Scholar
  359. Udayakumar M, Devendra R, Ramaswamy GS, Nageswara Rao RC, Ashok RS, Gangadhara GC, Aftab Hussain IS, Wright GC (1998) Measurement of transpiration efficiency under field conditions in grain legume crops. Plant Physiol Biochem 25:67–75Google Scholar
  360. Upadhyaya HD (2005) Variability for drought resistance related traits in the mini core collection of peanut. Crop Sci 45:1432–1440Google Scholar
  361. Upadhyaya HD, Nigam SN (1994) Inheritance of two components of early maturity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Euphytica 78:59–67Google Scholar
  362. Upadhyaya HD, Bramel PJ, Ortiz R, Singh S (2002a) Developing a mini core of peanut for utilization of genetic resources. Crop Sci 42:2150–2156Google Scholar
  363. Upadhyaya HD, Nigam SN, Thakur RP (2002b) Genetic enhancement for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. In: Summary proceedings of the seventh ICRISAT regional groundnut meeting for Western and Central Africa, Totonou, Benin, Andhra Pradesh, India, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 6–8 Dec 2000Google Scholar
  364. Upadhyaya HD, Oritz R, Bramel PJ, Singh S (2003) Development of a groundnut core collection using taxonomical, geographical and morphological descriptors. Genet Resour Crop Evol 50:139–148Google Scholar
  365. Upadhyaya HD, Mallikarjuna Swamy BP, Kenchana Goudar PV, Kullaiswamy BY, and Singh S (2005) Identification of diverse groundnut germplasm through multienvironment evaluation of a core collection for Asia. Field Crops Res 93:293–299Google Scholar
  366. Upadhyaya HD, Reddy LJ, Gowda CLL, Singh S (2006) Identification of diverse groundnut germplasm sources of early maturity in a core collection. Field Crops Res 97:261–267Google Scholar
  367. Utomo SD, Anderson WF, Wynne JC, Beute MK, Hagler WM Jr, Payne GA (1990) Estimates of heritability and correlation among three mechanisms of resistance to Aspergillus parasiticus in peanut. Proc Amer Peanut Res Educ Soc 22:26Google Scholar
  368. Valls JFM, Simpson CE (2005) New species of Arachis (Leguminosae) from Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia. Bonplandia 14:35–63Google Scholar
  369. Van der Stok JE (1910) Onderzoekingen omtrent, Arachis hypogaea L. (Katang-Tanah). Meded Dept Landbouw 12:176–221Google Scholar
  370. Varma TSN, Gallo M, Seib JC (2006) Selecting for nematode resistance and high oleic acid contentin Florida peanut breeding lines. In: Proceedings of American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc., (abstract), Annual meeting held at Savannah, Georgia on 11–14 July, vol 38, pp 75Google Scholar
  371. Varshney RK, Bertioli DJ, Moretzsohn MC, Vadez V, Krishnamurthy L, Aruna R, Nigam SN, Moss BJ, Kannan S, Ravi K, He G, Knapp SJ, Hoisington DA (2009) The first SSR-based genetic linkage map for cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor Appl Genet 118(4):729–739PubMedGoogle Scholar
  372. Vasanthi RP, Raja Reddy C (2002) Variability in F2 generation of five groundnut crosses involving foliar disease resistant genotypes. J Res ANGRAU 30(2):137–142Google Scholar
  373. Venkataravana P, Sheriff RA, Kulkarni RS, Shankaranarayana V, Fathima PS (2000) Correlation and path analysis in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mysore J Agric Sci 34:321–325Google Scholar
  374. Venkataravana P, Shankaranarayana V, Madhuprasad VL, Shanthala J, Venugopal R (2004) Yield component analysis and its implication for selection in early generation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 37–39Google Scholar
  375. Venkateswarlu O, Vasanthi RP, Raja Reddy K, Reddy PV, Hariprasad Reddy K, Reddy E (2007) Combining ability analysis for physiological and yield attributes in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. J Oilseeds Res 24(2):274–276Google Scholar
  376. Vindhiyavarman P (2002) Utilization of synthetic amphidiploids in resistance breeding. Madras Agric J 89(10–12):678–682Google Scholar
  377. Vindhiyavarman P, Raveendran TS (1996) Genetics of period from seedling emergence to first flowering in groundnut. Madras Agric J 83:317–318Google Scholar
  378. Virmani SM, Singh P (1986) Agroclimatological characteristics of the groundnut-growing regions in the semi-arid tropics. Agrometeorology of groundnut. In: Proceedings of the international symposium, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 21–26 Aug 1985, pp 35–45Google Scholar
  379. Vyas V, Nagda AK, Sharma SP (2001) Heterosis for pod yield and its components in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Crop Res 22(2):267–270Google Scholar
  380. Waliyar F, McDonald D, Subha Rao PV, Reddy PM (1993) Components of resistance to an Indian source of Cercospora arachidicola in selected peanut lines. Peanut Sci 20:93–96Google Scholar
  381. Wallace DH, Baudoin JP, Beaver J, Coyne DP, Halseth DE, Masaya PN, Munger HM, Myres JR, Silbernagel M, Yourstone KS, Zobel RW (1993) Improving efficiency of breeding for higher crop yield. Theor Appl Genet 86:27–40Google Scholar
  382. Wang CT, Wang XZ, Tang YY, Chen DX, Cui FG, Zhang JC, Yu SL (2010) Phylogeny of Arachis based on internal transcribed spacer sequences. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58(2):311–319Google Scholar
  383. Wani SC, Deshmukh SN, Satpute GN (2004) Variability in advance generation lines of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In: National symposium on enhancing productivity of groundnut for sustaining food and nutritional security, NRCG, Junagadh, India, 11–13 Oct 2004, pp 30–31Google Scholar
  384. Wheatley ARD, Whiteman JA, Williams JH, Wheatly SJ (1989) The influence of drought stress on the distribution of insects on four groundnut genotypes grown near Hyderabad. India Bull Ent Res 79:567–577Google Scholar
  385. Wheeler TA, Starr JL (1987) Incidence and economic importance of plant parasitic nematodes on peanut in Texas. Peanut Sci 14:94–96Google Scholar
  386. White JW, Ochoam R, Ibarrap F, Singh SP (1994) Inheritance of seed yield, maturity and seed weight of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under semi-arid rainfed conditions. J Agric Sci 122:265–273Google Scholar
  387. Wicking C, Williamson B (1991) From linked marker to gene. Trends Genet 7:288–293PubMedGoogle Scholar
  388. Wildman LG, Smith OD, Simpson CE, Taber RA (1992) Inheritance of resistance to Sclerotinia minor in selected Spanish peanut crosses. Peanut Sci 19:31–34Google Scholar
  389. Wilson DM, Stansell JR (1983) Effect of irrigation regimes on aflatoxin contamination of peanut pods. Peanut Sci 10:54–56Google Scholar
  390. Worthington RE, Hammons RO, Allison JR (1972) Varietal differences and seasonal effects on fatty acid composition and stability of oil from 82 peanut genotypes. J Agric Food Chem 20:727–730Google Scholar
  391. Wright GC, Nageswara Rao RC (1994) Groundnut water relations. In: Smartt J (ed) The groundnut crop: a scientific basis for improvement. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 281–335Google Scholar
  392. Wright GC, Hubick KT, Farquhar GD (1988) Discrimination in carbon isotopes of leaves correlates with water use efficiency of field grown peanut cultivars. Aust J Plant Physiol 15:815–825Google Scholar
  393. Wright GC, Nageswara Rao RC, Farquhar GD (1994) Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut under water deficit conditions. Crop Sci 34:92–97Google Scholar
  394. Wynne JC (1976) Evaluation of early generation testing in peanuts. Peanut Sci 3:62–66Google Scholar
  395. Wynne JC, Coffelt TA (1982) Genetics of Arachis hypogaea L. In: Peanut science and technology, American Peanut Research Educational and Society, Yoakum, pp 50–94Google Scholar
  396. Xi X-Y (1991) Development and structure of pollen and embryo sac in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Bot Gaz 152:164–172Google Scholar
  397. Xiao DR, Wang SY, Zhang HL (1999) Progress of research on resistance to aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. Peanut Sci Technol 7:124–129Google Scholar
  398. Xue H (2004) Evaluation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm for resistance to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, RaleighGoogle Scholar
  399. Xue HQ, Isleib TG, Stalker HT, Payne GA, OBrian G (2004) Evaluation of Arachis species and interspecific tetraploid lines for resistance to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Peanut Sci 31:134–141Google Scholar
  400. Yang H, Singsit C, Wang A, Gonsalves D, Ozias-Akins P (1998) Transgenic peanut plants containing a nucleocapsid protein gene of tomato spotted wilt virus show divergent levels of gene expression. Plant Cell Rep 17:693–699Google Scholar
  401. Yang H, Ozias-Akins P, Culbreath AK, Gorbet DW, Weeks JR, Mandal B, Pappu HR (2004) Field evaluation of tomato spotted wilt virus resistance in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Plant Dis 88(3):259–264Google Scholar
  402. Young CT, Mason ME, Matlock RS, Waller GR (1972) Effect of maturity on the fatty acid composition of eight varieties of peanuts grown at Perkins, Oklahoma in 1968. J Am Oil Chem Soc 49:314–317Google Scholar
  403. Zhou L (1987) Groundnut rust disease. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Crops, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, pp 103–106Google Scholar
  404. Zhou GY, Liang XQ (2002) Analysis of major-minor genes related to resistance to infection by Aspergillus flavus in peanut. J Peanut Sci 31:11–14Google Scholar
  405. Zhou GY, Liang XQ, Li YC, Li XC, Li SL (1999) Genetic analysis of traits of resistance to Aspergillus flavus in peanut. J Peanut Sci 4:140–143Google Scholar
  406. Zhou GY, Liang XQ, Li YC, Li XC, Li SL (2002) Evaluation and application of introduced peanut cultivars for resistance to Aspergillus flavus invasion. J Peanut Sci 32:14–17Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Regional Research StationTamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityVridhachalamIndia

Personalised recommendations