Mechanism of secretion in endocrine glands
Abstract
The main difference between exocrine and endocrine glands is the absence of ducts in the endocrine glands. Therefore, the latter are often called ductless glands, ‘glandulae sine ductibus’. Because they have no means of conveying secretory products away from the gland, the secretion enters the circulation via the blood vessels richly distributed throughout the gland. In a few cases lymphatic vessels receive the secretory products. As the action of secretion of endocrine glands transported either by blood or lymph is usually stimulation of other sensitive organs, the endocrine substance is called a hormone, meaning stimulator or accelerator. The sensitive organs which are stimulated by the hormones are termed target organs.
Keywords
Golgi Apparatus Secretory Granule Endocrine Cell Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Neurosecretory CellPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Kurosumi K, Kobayashi Y: Nerve fibers and terminals in the rat anterior pituitary gland as revealed by electron microscopy. Arch Histol Jap 43: 141–155, 1980.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 2.Fujita T: The gastro-enteric endocrine cell and its paraneuronic nature. In: Chromaffin, enterochromaffin and related cells. Coupland RE, Fujita T (eds), Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1976, pp 191–208.Google Scholar
- 3.Kurosumi K, Yukitake Y: Morphological and morphometric studies on the terminal boutons on the neurosecretory cells of the rat paraventricular nucleus. Arch Histol Jap 40: Suppl 293–302, 1977.Google Scholar
- 4.Yagi K, Azuma T, Matsuda K: Neurosecretory cell capable of conducting impulse in rats. Science 154: 778–779, 1966.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Pearse AGE: The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells of the APUD series, and the embryologic, physiologic and pathologic implications of the concept. J Histochem Cytochem 17: 303–313, 1969.Google Scholar
- 6.Matsuzawa T, Kurosumi K: The ultrastructure, morphogenesis and histochemistry of the sweat glands in the rat foot pads as revealed by electron microscopy. J Electron Micr 12: 175–191, 1963.Google Scholar
- 7.Kurosumi K, Inoue K: Surface pits of typical gonadotrophs and castration cells of the rat anterior pituitary suggestive of exocytosis and micropinocytosis. Arch Histol Jap 43: 373–382, 1980.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 8.Palade GE, Siekevitz P, Caro LG: Structure, chemistry and function of the pancreatic exocrine cell. In: The exocrine pancreas, de Reuck AVS, Cameron MP (eds), London, J and A Churchill Ltd, 1962, pp 23–49.Google Scholar
- 9.Farquhar MG, Wellings RS: Electron microscopic evidence suggesting secretory granule formation within the Golgi apparatus. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 3: 319–322, 1957.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Palade GE: Intracisternal granules in the exocrine cells of the pancreas. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2: 417–422, 1956.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Farquhar MG, Rinehart J: Cytologic alterations in the anterior pituitary gland following thyroidectomy: an electron microscopic study. Endocrinology 55: 857–876, 1954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Kurosumi K, Kawarai Y, Yukitake Y, Inoue, K: Electron microscopic morphometry of the rat castration cells. Gunma Symp Endocrinol 13: 221–236, 1976.Google Scholar
- 13.Kawabata I: Electron microscopy of the rat hypothalamic neurosecretory system. III The supraoptic nucleus after vital staining with trypan blue. Arch Histol Jap 26: 215–240, 1966.Google Scholar
- 14.Palade GE: Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis. Science 189: 347–358, 1975.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Novikoff AB: GERL, its form and function in neurons of rat spinal ganglia. Biol Bull 127: 358A, 1964.Google Scholar
- 16.Inoue K, Kurosumi K: Cytochemical and three-dimensional studies on Golgi apparatus and GERL of rat anterior pituitary cells by transmission electron microscopy. Cell Str Func 2: 171–186, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Claude A: Growth and differentiation of cytoplasmic membranes in the course of lipoprotein granule synthesis in the hepatic cell. I Elaboration of elements of the Golgi complex. J Cell Biol 47: 745–766, 1970.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Pelletier G, Novikoff AB: Localization of phosphatase activities in the rat anterior pituitary gland. J Histochem Cytochem 20: 1–12, 1972.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Fujita H, Okamoto H: Fine structural localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase activities in the mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Histochemistry 64: 287–295, 1979.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Nakagami K, Warshawsky H, Leblond CP: The elaboration of protein and carbohydrate by rat parathyroid cells as revealed by electron microscope radioautography. J Cell Biol 51: 596–610, 1971.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Kurosumi K, Shibuichi I, Tosaka H: Ultrastructural studies on the secretory mechanism of goblet cells in the rat jejunal epithelium. Arch Hiatol Jap 44: 263–284, 1981.Google Scholar
- 22.Smith RE, Farquhar MG: Lysosome function in the regulation of the secretory process in cells of the anterior pituitary gland. J Cell Biol 31: 319–347, 1966.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Lacy PE, Howell SL, Young DA, Fink CJ: New hypothesis of insulin secretion. Nature 219: 1177–1179, 1968.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Kurosumi K: Electron microscopic analysis of the secretion mechanism. Internat Rev Cytol 11: 1–124, 1961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Honjin R, Takahashi A, Maruyama H, Hanyu T: Electron microscopy of a case of insulinoma. J Electron Micr 14: 183–188, 1965.Google Scholar
- 26.Guraya SS, Motta PM: Interstitial cells and related structures. In: Biology of the ovary. Motta PM, Hafez ESE (eds), The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1980, pp 68–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Kurosumi K, Fujita H: An atlas of electron micrographs: functional morphology of endocrine glands, Tokyo, Igaku-Shoin, 1974.Google Scholar
- 28.Correr S, Motta PM: Relationship between the marginal layer and parenchymal cells of the rat adenohypophysis as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Biomed Res 2: Suppl 109–113, 1981.Google Scholar
- 29.Correr S, Motta PM: The rat pituitary cleft: a correlated study by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell Tiss Res 215: 515–529, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Fujita H: Electron microscopic studies on the thyroid gland of domestic fowl, with special reference to the mode of secretion and the occurrence of central flagellum in the follicular cell. Z Zellforsch 60: 615–632, 1963.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Fujita H: Studies on the iodine metabolism of the thyroid gland as revealed by electron microscopic autoradiography of 125I. Virchow Arch Abt B Zellpath 2: 265–279, 1969.Google Scholar
- 32.Enders AC, Nelson DM: Pinocytic activity of the uterus of the rat. Am J Anat 138: 277–300, 1973.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Parr MB, Parr EL: Endocytosis in the uterine epithelium of the mouse. J Reprod Fert 50: 151–153, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Nagasawa J, Douglas WW, Schulz RA: Ultrastructural evidence of secretion by exocytosis and of ‘synaptic vesicle’ formation in posterior pituitary glands. Nature 227: 407–409, 1970.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.Krisch B, Becker K, Bargmann W: Exocytose im Hinterlappen der Hypophyse. Z Zellforsch 123: 47–54, 1972.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Kodama Y, Fujita H: Some findings on the fine structure of the neurohypophysis in dehydrated and pitressin-treated mice. Arch Histol Jap 38: 121–131, 1975.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 37.Kurosumi K: Morphological and morphometric studies on the ultra- structural changes during the active release of neurosecretory substance from the neurohypophyseal nerve terminals in dehydrated rats. Arch Histol Jap 40: 225–242, 1977.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 38.Inoue K, Kurosumi K, Deng Z-P: An improvement of the device for rapid freezing with use of liquid propane and an application of immunocytochemistry to resin section of rapid-frozen, substitution fixed anterior pituitary gland. J Electron Micr. 31: 93–97, 1982.Google Scholar
- 38.Inoue K, Kurosumi K, Deng Z-P: An improvement of the device for rapid freezing with use of liquid propane and an application of immunocytochemistry to resin section of rapid-frozen, substitution fixed anterior pituitary gland. J Electron Micr. 31: 93–97, 1982.Google Scholar
- 40.Nagasawa, J, Douglas WW, Schulz RA: Micropinocytotic origin of coated and smooth microvesicles (‘synaptic vesicles’) in neurosecretory terminals of posterior pituitary glands demonstrated by incorporation of horseradish peroxidase. Nature 232: 341–342, 1971.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Pelletier G: Secretion and uptake of peroxidase by rat adenohypophyseal cells. J Ultrast Res 43: 445–459, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.Farquhar MG, Skutelsky EH, Hopkins CR: Structure and function of the anterior pituitary and dispersed pituitary cells, in vitro studies. In: The anterior pituitary gland. Tixier-Vidal A, Farquhar MG (eds), New York, Academic Press, 1975, pp 83–135.Google Scholar
- 43.Gonatas NK, Kim SU, Stieber A, Avrameas S: Internalization of lectins in neuronal GERL. J Cell Biol 73: 1–13, 1977.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Farquhar MG: Recovery of surface membrane in anterior pituitary cells. Variations in traffic detected with anionic and cationic ferritin. J Cell Biol 77: R35–42, 1978.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Ishimura K, Egawa K, Fujita H: Freeze- fracture images of exocytosis and endocytosis in anterior pituitary cells of rabbits and mice. Cell Tiss Res 206: 233–241, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.Berger W, Dahl G, Meissner H-P: Structural and functional alterations in fused membranes of secretory granules during exocytosis in pancreatic islet cells of the mouse. Cytobiologie 12: 119–139, 1975.Google Scholar
- 47.Dahl G, Berger W, Meissner H-P: Intracellular membrane junctions during the exocytosis of insulin. J Physiol Paris 72: 703–709, 1976.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 48.Chandler DE, Heuser J: Membrane fusion during secretion. Cortical granule exocytosis in sea urchin eggs as studied by quick-freezing and freeze-fracture. J Cell Biol 83: 91–108, 1979.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Heuser JE, Reese TS, Dennis MJ, Jan Y, Jan L, Evans L: Synaptic vesicle exocytosis captured by quick freezing and correlated with quantal transmitter release. J Cell Biol 81: 275 - 300, 1979.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 50.Kurosumi K: Mitosis of the rat anterior pituitary cells: an electron microscope study. Arch Histol Jap 33: 145–160, 1971.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 51.Kurosumi K: Formation and release of secretory granules during mitosis in the anterior pituitary gland. Arch Histol Jap 42: 481–486, 1979.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 52.Inoue K, Kurosumi K: Mode of proliferation of gonadotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary after castration - Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic studies. Arch Histol Jap 44: 71–85, 1981.PubMedGoogle Scholar