Abstract
Wise elders intuitively knew that smoking was a harmful practice (1–2), and their apprehension and general disapproval helped constrain this practice by pregnant women until the twentieth century. But during this century, the combination of intense commercial promotion of cigarette smoking and inadequate measurement of its harmful effects, resulted in women adopting the habit of smoking so generally and enthusiastically that by mid-century it was viewed as ordinary behavior — even if the woman was pregnant (2, 3).
Keywords
Congenital Malformation Childhood Leukemia Average Birth Weight Index Pregnancy World Health Survey
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© Plenum Press, New York 1983