Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inclusion Measurement

  • Chapter
Metallography as a Quality Control Tool

Abstract

Nonmetallic inclusions are present in all metals, irrespective of the type or processing procedure. Since inclusions significantly influence properties and behavior of materials, they have been studied extensively. Primarily because of the much greater use of steel in critical applications, most of such research has centered on inclusions present in steel rather than in other materials. Regardless of the material involved, quantification of inclusion content is important in many quality control or research studies. This paper deals with the myriad of methods proposed over the years to assess inclusion content.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. S. Bergh, “Oxygen Content and Oxides in a Silicon Killed Steel,” Jern. Ann., V. 146, 1962, p. 748–762 (BISI No. 3140).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. G.W. Walker, “Rating of Inclusions (“Dirt Chart”),” Metal Progress, V. 35, (Feb. 1939), p. 169, 170, 167.

    Google Scholar 

  3. H. Diergarten, “Slag Inclusions in Steel. Standards for Size and Frequency,” Metal Progress, V. 32, Sept. 1937, p. 269–271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. H. Qiergarten, “Classification of Roller Bearing Steels According to Inclusion Content,” Arch. Eisenhutten., V. 10, 1936, p. 197–210 (HB No. 556).

    Google Scholar 

  5. ASTM A317, “Standard Method of Macroetch Testing and Inspection of Steel Forgings”

    Google Scholar 

  6. MIL-STD-1459 AC MU, “Macrograph Standards for Steel Bars, Billets, and Blooms for Ammunition Components,” Sept. 4, 1973 (Superseding MIL-STD1459 (MU) which superseded MIL-STD-430A)

    Google Scholar 

  7. ASTM E381, “Standard Method for Rating Macroetched Steel”

    Google Scholar 

  8. ASTM A561, “Standard Recommended Practice for Macroetch Testing of Tool Steel Bars”

    Google Scholar 

  9. ASTM A604, “Standard Method for Macroetch Testing of Consumable Electrode Remelted Steel Bars and Billets”

    Google Scholar 

  10. ASTM E45, “Standard Recommended Practice for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel”

    Google Scholar 

  11. ISO 3763, “Wrought Steels — Macroscopic Methods for Assessing the Content of Non-Metallic Inclusions”

    Google Scholar 

  12. SIS 111110E, “Determination of Slag Inclusion Content of Steel. Macroscopic Methods”

    Google Scholar 

  13. J.B. Morgan, “Ultrasonics Can Rate Cleanliness, Fatigue Life of Steel,” Metals Eng. Quart., V. 13, (Feb. 1973), p. 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  14. J. Dumont-Filion and M. Lacroix, “Application of Ultrasonics to the Comparison of the Inclusion Contents of Steels,” Mem. Sci. Rev. Met., V. 75, No. 8/9, (Aug.-Sept. 1978), p. 491–501.

    Google Scholar 

  15. ASTM E588, “Standard Recommended Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Steel by the Ultrasonic Method”

    Google Scholar 

  16. W.H. Burr, “Ultrasonic Rating of Bearing Steel Cleanliness,” ASTM STP 575,)1975), p. 178–188.

    Google Scholar 

  17. S.S. Daniel and R.A. Rege, “Ultrasonic Cleanliness Rating of Steel,” J. Metals, V. 23, (July 1971), p. 26–37.

    Google Scholar 

  18. W.W. Bayre and D.O. McCormack, “Ultrasonic Detection of Inclusions in Steel,” Materials Evaluation, V. 28, (Feb. 1970), p. 25–31.

    Google Scholar 

  19. W.W. Bayre and D.O. McCormack, “Ultrasonic Detection of Inclusions in Bars, Tubes, and Billets,” Mech. Working and Steel Proc., VI, AIME, (1969), p. 111–134.

    Google Scholar 

  20. R.N. Cressman and A.J. Plante, “Ultrasonic Inclusion Rating of Bearing Steel Billets,” Blast Furn. and Steel Plant, V. 57, No.3, (March 1969), p. 232–235, 238, 251, 259.

    Google Scholar 

  21. C. Benedicts and B. Lofquist, Non-Metallic Inclusions in Iron and Steel, J. Wiley & Sons, NY, (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  22. R. Kiessling and N. Lange, Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel, Part I, ISI SR90, London, 1964; Part II, lSI SR100, London, (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  23. R. Kiessling, Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel, Part III, ISI SR 115, London, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  24. R. Kiessling and N. Lange, Non-Metallic Inclusions In Steel, Parts I-IV, The Metals Society, 2nd ed., (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  25. T.R. Allmand, Microscopic Identification of Inclusions in Steel, Brit. Iron and Steel Res. Assoc., London, (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  26. L.E. Grant, “Identification of Inclusions in Steels,” Trans. ASST, V. 19, (Dec. 1931), p. 165–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Graham and R. Hay, “Identification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel,” J. Royal Tech. College, Glasgow, V. 4, (1937), p. 77–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. W. Campbell and G.F. Comstock, “Identification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Iron and Steel,” Proc. ASTM, V. 23, (1923), p. 521–522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J.H. Whitely, “A Method of Identifying Manganese-Sulphide Inclusions in Steel,” JISI, V. 160, (Dec. 1948), p. 365–366.

    Google Scholar 

  30. R.G. Wells and J.M. Snook, “Petrographic Tools and Techniques in the Identification of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steels,” Proc. Electric Furn. Conf., V. 18, (1960), p. 60–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. T. Ernst and G. Konig, “A New Method for the Determination of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel,” Mitteilungen, V. 7, No. 12, (1959), p. 93–96 (BISI No. 1752).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. W.D. Forgeng, “Techniques for the Study of Nonmetallic Inclusions,” Proc. Electric Furn. Cont., V. 18, (1960), p. 7–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. F.F. Franklin, “A Study of Inclusions in Steel. Part II, Metallographic Examination,” Proc. Electric Furn. Cont., V. 20, (1962), p. 100–124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. Kusaka et al, “Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel Studied by the Use of Microscopic Thin Sections,” Tetsu-to-Hagane, V. 50, No.3, (1964), p. 494–496 (HB No. 6385).

    Google Scholar 

  35. M. Sasaki et al, “Identification of Nonmetallic Inclusions by Polished Thin Sections,” Tetsu-to-Hagane, V. 5, No.4, (Dec. 1965), p. 324–329.

    Google Scholar 

  36. H.J. Schrader, “Microscopic Identification of Nonmetallic and Metallic Inclusions in Steels,” Prakt, Met., V. 4, No.9, (Sept. 1967), p. 470–480.

    Google Scholar 

  37. K.H. Mertins, “The Metallographic Identification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steels,” Prakt. Met., V. 5, No. 12, (1968), p. 669–685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R.B. Snow, “Identification of Oxides, Silicates, and Aluminates in Steel by Optical Methods,” J. Metals, V. 20, (Oct. 1973), p. 75–77.

    Google Scholar 

  39. W.G. Wilson and R.G. Wells, “Identification of Inclusions in Rare Earth Treated Steels,” Metal Prog., V. 104, (Dec. 1973), p. 75–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. T.R. Allmand and D.H. Houseman, “Thin Film Interference — A New Method for Identification of Non-MetaUic Inclusions,” Microscope, V. 18, (1970), p. 11–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. F.A. Silber and H. Judtmann, “Vapour Phase Deposited Interference Layers as a Means of Identifying Inclusions,” Prakt. Met., V. 9, No.6, (June 1972), p. 318–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. R.G. Wells, “Metallographic Techniques in the Identification of Sulfide Inclusions in Steel,” Sulfide Inclusions in Steel, ASM, (1975), p. 123-134.

    Google Scholar 

  43. A.M. Hall and E. E. Fletcher, “The Application of Color Photography to the Study of Nonmetallic Inclusions,” ASTM STP 86, (1949), p. 59–63.

    Google Scholar 

  44. M. Sarracino and F.S. Rossi, “Identification and Location of Small Lead Particles Dispersed in As-Cast Stainless Steel,” Prakt. Met., V. 8, No.5, (May 1971), p. 300–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. G.M. Chalfant, “Revealing Lead Inclusions in Leaded Steels,” Metal Progress, V. 78, (Sept. 1960), p. 77–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. H. Morrogh, “The Examination and Identification of Inclusions in Metals and Alloys,” Polarized Light in Metallography, Butterworths, London, (1952), p. 88–104.

    Google Scholar 

  47. M.A. Scheil et al, “Identification of Inclusions in Steel by the Use of Reflected Polarized Light,” Trans. ASM, V. 27, (June 1939), p. 479–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S. L. Hoyt and M.A. Scheil, “Use of Reflected Polarized Light in the Study of Inclusions in Metals,” Trans. AIME, V. 116, (1935), p. 405–424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. F. Hartman, “Investigations on Inclusions in Steel with a Polarizing Microscope,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 4, (1931), p. 601–606.

    Google Scholar 

  50. “Identification of Inclusions in Steel by the Use of Reflected Polarized Light,” ASM Metals Handbook, 6th ed., (1939), p. 741-749.

    Google Scholar 

  51. G.L. Kehl et al, “The Removal of Inclusions for Analysis by an Ultrasonic ‘Jack Hammer’,” Metallurgia, V. 55, (March 1957), p. 151–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. W.J. McGonnagle, “Ultrasonic Jack Hammer Developments,” Metallurgia, V.65, (April 1962), p. 205–206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. I. Uchiyama et al, “Extraction of Nonmetallic Inclusions from Steel by Using an Ultrasonic Drill,” Tetsu-to-Hagane, V. 47, No.3, (1961), p. 519–521 (HB No. 6063).

    Google Scholar 

  54. W. Betteridge and R.S. Sharpe, “The Study of Segregations and Inclusions in Steel by Micro-Radiography,” JISI, V. 158, (Feb. 1948), p. 185–191.

    Google Scholar 

  55. J.R. Blank and W. Johnson,:“Nature and Distribution of Inclusions in Leaded Steels,” Steel Times, V. 191, (July 21, 1965), p. 110–115; (July 30, 1965), p. 148-152; (August 6, 1965), p. 176-181.

    Google Scholar 

  56. A. Podgornik and A. Smolej, “The Determination of Size, Shape and Distribution of Chip Breaking Inclusions in Light Metal Free-Cutting Alloys by Microradiography,” Prakt. Met., V. 8, No.2, (Feb. 1971), p. 113–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Determination of Nonmetallic Compounds in Steel, ASTM STP 393, (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  58. T.E. Rooney, “The Alcoholic Iodine Method for the Separation of Oxides in Steel,” ISI SR 25, Pt 6A, (1939), p. 141–158.

    Google Scholar 

  59. S. Bergh and A. Josefsson, “A Simplified Method for Electrolytic Isolation of Slag Inclusions in Steels,” Jern. Ann., V. 145, (1961), p. 551–560 (HB No. 5424).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. R.G. Smerko and D.A. Flinchbaugh, “Recent Progress in the Chemical Extraction of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel — Techniques and Application,” J. Metals, V. 20, (July 1968), p. 43–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. W.M. Wojcik et al, “Inclusion Counting of Steel Residues as a Means of Assessing the Hot Working Performance of Steel,” J. Metals, V 19, (Dec. 1967), p. 36–40.

    Google Scholar 

  62. H. Walz and R.A. Bloom, “Non-Metallic Inclusions — Their Quantitative Extraction From Steel,” J. Metals, V. 12, (Dec. 1960), p. 928–932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. N.I Iwamoto, “Oxide Inclusions Formed in Steels (Report I) — Deoxidation Products by AI, Si, Mn, Ti, V,” Trans. JWRI, V. 3, No.1, (1974), p. 41–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. K. Narita, “Observation, Identification and Determination of Nonmetallic Inclusions and Precipitate in Steel;” Trans. ISIJ, V. 16, (1976), p. 208–213.

    Google Scholar 

  65. K.E. Burke, “Chemical Extraction of Refractory Inclusions from Iron-and Nickel-Base Alloys,” Metallography, V. 8, (1975), p. 473–488.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. M. Morait and E. Mustacescu, “The Tentative Establishment of Some Correlations Between the Electrolytic Dissolution Method and the Metallographic Method of Determining the Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel,” Metallurgia, (1966), V. 18, No.3, p. 154–156.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. K. Segawa, “Recent Developments in the Isolation of Inclusions in Steel,” Tetsu-to-Hagane, V. 52, (June 1966), p. 967–980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. A. More, “Isolation and Ease of Isolating Oxide Inclusions in Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Steels,” Arch. Eisenhutten., V. 37, (June 1966), p. 473–481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. H. Kroll and P. Lenk, “Isolation of Oxide Inclusions from Steel,” Neue Hutte, V. 12, (July 1967), p: 434–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. M. Ihida et al, “Study of Some Problems on the Determination of Oxygen and the ISQlation of Oxide Inclusions in Iron and Steel,” Nippon Kokan Tech. Rep., V. 41, (1967), p. 405–415.

    Google Scholar 

  71. P. Dickens and P. Konig, “Isolation of Inclusions in Steel by Direct Chlorination,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 39, (June 1968), p. 453–456.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. K. Narita et al, “A Fundamental Study of the Isolation and Determination of Oxide Inclusions in Steel by Nitric Acid, Iodine-Alcohol, Bromine-Ester and Chlorination Methods,” Tetsu-to-Hagane, V. 55, No.9, (August 1969), p. 846–860.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. A.S. Korchemkina et al, “Factors Affecting the Completeness of the Separation of Sulphide Inclusions from Steel by the Electrolysis Method,” Zavods. Lab., (1966), p. 1324–1327.

    Google Scholar 

  74. S. Maekawa and Y. Shiga, “Determination of Sulphide in Steel by the Electrolytic Method,” Tetsu-to-Hagane, V. 55, No. 13, (Nov. 1969), p. 1263–1269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. G. Schmolke, “Separation of Sulphides from Plain Carbon Steels,” Arch. Eisenhutten., V. 46, No.4, (April 1975), p. 261–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. D.A. Flinchbauch, “Use of a Modified Coulter Counter for Determining Size Distribution of Macroinclusions Extracted from Plain Carbon Steels,” Anal. Chern., V. 43, (Feb. 1971), p. 178–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. D.A. Flinchbauch, “Determining Size Distribution of Oxides in Plain Carbon Steels by Halogen-in-Organic Solvent Extraction and Coulter Counter Measurement,” Anal. Chern., V. 41, (Dec. 1969), p. 2017–2023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. O. Kammori et al, “An Ultrasonic Sieving Method for Classification of Precipitates and Inclusions Extracted from Steels According to Size,” Nippon Kinzoku, V. 33, No.6, (1969), p. 669–672.

    Google Scholar 

  79. E. E. Wicker, “Activation Analysis,” Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals, J. Wiley & Sons, (1974), p. 75–111.

    Google Scholar 

  80. W.R. Bandi et al, “Iron and Steel,” Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals, J. Wiley & Sons, (1974), p. 501–551.

    Google Scholar 

  81. J.F. Martin and L.M. Melnick, “Vacuum and Inert-Gas Fusion,” Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals, J. Wiley & Sons, (1974), p. 113–219.

    Google Scholar 

  82. T.J. Baker and J.A. Charles, “Deformation of MnS Inclusions in Steel,” JISI, V. 210, (Sept. 1972), p. 680–690.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. W. Dahl et al, “Behavior of Different Types of Sulphide During Deformation and Their Effect on the Mechanical Properties,” Stahl. Eisen, V. 86, (June 30, 1966), p. 796–817 (BISI No. 5010).

    Google Scholar 

  84. S. Ekerot and B.I. Klevebring, “A Note on the Behavior of Silicate Inclusions During Hot Working,” Scand. J. Met., V. 3, (1974), p. 151–152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. P.E. Waudby, “Factors Controlling the Plasticity of Silicate Inclusions,” Steel Times Annual Review, (1972), p. 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  86. T. Fastner and W. Schwenzfeier, “Behavior of Macroscopic Inclusions During Rolling,” BHM, V. 9, (1974), p. 353–361 (BISI No. 12841).

    Google Scholar 

  87. P.J.H. Maunder and J.A. Charles, “Behavior of Non-Metallic Inclusions in a 0.2% Carbon Steel Ingot During Hot Rolling,” JISI, V. 206, (July 1968), p. 705-715.

    Google Scholar 

  88. S. Ekerot, “Behavior of Slag Inclusions of Different Composition During Hot Working Conditions,” Clean Steel, V. 1, Report of the Royal Swedish Academy of Eng. and ScL, 169;1, Stockholm, (1971), p. 217–227.

    Google Scholar 

  89. B.I. Klevebring, “The Deformation of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel During Hot Working,” Scand. J. Met., V. 3, (1974), p. 102–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. K.B. Gove and J.A. Charles, “Further Aspects of Inclusion Deformation,” Metals Tech., (Sept. 1974), p. 425–431.

    Google Scholar 

  91. T. Malkiewicz and S. Rudnik, “Deformation of Non-Metallic Inclusions During Rolling of Steel,” JISI, V. 201, (Jan. 1963), p. 33–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. J.C. Brunet and J. Bellot, “Deformation of MnS Inclusions in Steel,” JISI, V. 211, (July 1973), p. 511–512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. T.R. Allmand, “A Review of Methods for Assessing Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel,” JISI, V. 190, (Dec. 1958), p. 359–372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. T.R. Allmand and D.S. Coleman, “The Effect of Sectioning Errors on Microscopic Determinations of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steels,” Metals and Materials, V. 7, (June 1973), p. 280–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. B. Rinman et al, “Inclusion Chart for the Estimation of Slag Inclusions in Steel,” Jernkontoret, Stockholm, Sweden, Uppsala, (1936), 24 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  96. B. Rinman et al, “Chart for the Estimation of Inclusions in Steel,” Jern. Ann., V. 120, (1936), p. 199–226.

    Google Scholar 

  97. G.R. Bolsover, “Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel,” Metallurgia, (July 1935), p. 83–84.

    Google Scholar 

  98. “The ‘Fox’ Inclusion Count. A Quantitative Method of Expressing the Cleanness of Steel,” S. Fox & Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  99. SAE Recommended Practice, “Microscopic Determination of Inclusions in Steels, — SAE J422a,” SAE Handbook, Supplement HS30, (1971), p. 98-100.

    Google Scholar 

  100. German Standard VDEh 1570–71, “Microscopical Examination of Special Steels for Non-Metallic Inclusions Using Standard Micrograph Charts,” Stahl—Eisen Prufblatt 1570, 2nd ed., (Aug. 1971)(BISI 10905).

    Google Scholar 

  101. ISO Technical Committee 17-Steel Sub-Committee 7, “Proposal of Germany for an ISO Standard Concerning the Microscopic Examination of Specialty Steels for Non-Metallic Inclusions with Inclusion Charts,” (May 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  102. German Standard 1572, “Microscopic Testing of Free-Cutting Steels for NonMetallic Sulphide Inclusions by Means of a Series of Pictures,” Stahl-Eisen Prufblatt 1572, Issue 1, (Sept. 1977) (BISI 15913).

    Google Scholar 

  103. Italian Standard UNI 3244-66, “Microscopic Examination of Ferrous Materials. Methods for Assessment of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steels,” (Oct. 1966) (B lSI 12242).

    Google Scholar 

  104. A. Koyanagi and M. Kinoshi, “Several Rating Methods of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Bearing Steels in Japan,” ASTM STP 575, (1975), p. 22–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Japanese Standard JIS-G-0555, “Microscopic Testing Method for the Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel,” JIS Handbook, (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  106. USSR Standard GOST 1778-70, “Metallographic Methods of Determination of Nonmetallic Inclusions,” Moscow, (1970), (BISI 16703).

    Google Scholar 

  107. USSR Standard GOST 801-60, “Standard for Ball and Roller Bearing Steel,” Moscow, (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  108. S. Alisanova, “Method of Numerical Evaluation of Inclusion Content of Steel,” Zav. Lab., V. 10, No.5, (May 1941), p. 521–522, (HB No. 1499).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. D.E. Nulk, “A User Looks at... Cleanliness of Vacuum-Melted Alloys,” Metal Progress, V. 74, (Aug. 1958), p. 103–109.

    Google Scholar 

  110. D. Schreiber and H. Ziehm, “Quantitative Evaluation of a Classification Series for Non-Metallic Inclusions in Free Cutting Steels,” Prakt. Met., V. 6, No. 10, (Oct. 1969), p. 585–595.

    Google Scholar 

  111. D. Ruhl, “A Counting Out Technique for the Quantitative Determination of the Degree of Purity of Steels,” Prakt. Met., V. 6, No. 10, (Oct. 1969), p. 603–613.

    Google Scholar 

  112. E. Scheil, “Statistical Studies of Structure,” Part 1, Z. Metallk., V. 27, (1935), p. 199–209 (Summary in HB 268).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Y.N. Malinochka and B.P. Moiseev, “Metallographic Method of Evaluating Cleanliness of Rimmed Steel,” Ind. Lab., V. 42, No.6, (June 1976), p. 909–913.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Georg Schafer & Co., “Recommended Practice for Determining the Inclusion Content of Roller Bearing Steels,” Report Wl-67, (March 1, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  115. E. DiGianfrancesco and P. Filippi, “Use of Automatic Analysis of the Image for Determining Morphological Parameters of Manganese Sulphides in Steels with a High Standard of Machinability,” Met. Italiana, (1976), No.9, p. 434–438 (BISI No. 17370).

    Google Scholar 

  116. H.J. Eckstein and K. Schneider, “The Evaluation of Testing Methods for NonMetallic Inclusions in Carbon Steel — CK 22,” Neue Hutte, V. 5, (Oct. 1960), p. 607–617.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. J.J.C. Hoo, “Reexamination of Rating Methods of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Bearing Steels,” ASTM STP 575, (1975), p. 38–48.

    Google Scholar 

  118. K. Barteld and A. Stanz, “Microscopic Examination of Specialty Steels for NonMetallic Inclusions with Reference Inclusion Charts,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 42, No.8, (Aug. 1971), p. 581–597.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. W.M. Wojcik and H.F. Walter, “A Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Steel Cleanliness,” J. Metals, V. 18, (June 1966), p. 731–735.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. J.V. Hardy and R.T. Allsop, “Counting Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel,” JISI, V. 195, (July 1960), p. 302–306.

    Google Scholar 

  121. J.R. Blank and T.R. Allmand, “Evaluation of Operator Errors Occurring in Assessment of Non-metallic Inclusions by Conventional Metallographic Methods,” Automatic Cleanliness Assessment of Steel, ISI SP 112, (1968), p. 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  122. H.J. Spies, “Influence of the Conditions of Testing on the Results of Microscopic Cleanness Determinations,” Neue Hutte, V. 11, (July 1966), p. 420–427 (BISI 5195).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. H.J. Spies, “Metallographic Methods for the Determination of the Degree of Purity in Steel,” Prakt. Met., V. 3, No.4, (May 1966), p. 171–183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. M.S. Mikhalev and L.V. Mironov, “Metallographic Control of Steel According to Non-metallic Inclusions,” Stal in English, V. 20, No.7, (1960), p. 519–521.

    Google Scholar 

  125. W.H. Hatfield and G.W. Giles, “Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel. Quantitative Evaluation, Part I,” JISI, V. 42, (1940), p. 237P–276P.

    Google Scholar 

  126. “Report of the Inclusions Count Sub-Committee,” ISI SR 25, Eight Report on the Heterogeniety of Steel Ingots, (1939), p. 305-322.

    Google Scholar 

  127. S. Epstein, “A Suggested Method of Determining the Cleanness of a Heat of Steel,” Metals and Alloys, V. 2, No.4, (Oct. 1931), p. 186–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. A.B. Kinzel and W. Crafts, “Inclusions and Their Effect on Impact Strength of Steel,” Trans. AIME, TP402, (Feb. 1931), p. 143–195.

    Google Scholar 

  129. H. Kjerrman, “Method for Determination of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Some Results Obtained with It,” Jem. Ann., V. 113, No.4, (1929), p. 181–199 (HB No. 76).

    Google Scholar 

  130. C.H. Herty, Jr. et al, “The Physical Chemistry of Steel Making; Deoxidation with Silicon in the Basic Open Hearth Process,” Cooperative Bulletin No. 38, Bureau of Mines and Bureau of Met. Res., Carnegie, Inst. of Tech., (1930), p. 25-29.

    Google Scholar 

  131. B. Wilandh, “Microscopic Slag Determination by the Picture-Drawing Method,” Jern. Ann., V. 149, No.4, (1965), p. 156–164.

    Google Scholar 

  132. S. Bergh and O. Lindberg, “Routine Appraising of the Micro-slag Contents in Steel by the Size-Measurement — Point Counting Method,” Jern. Ann., V. 149, No.4, (1965), p. 150–156.

    Google Scholar 

  133. W. Zieler, “The Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel, Their Distribution in the Cast Ingot and the Way in Which They are Affected by Deoxidation Agents, Especially by Zirconium, Sodium and Calcium,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 5, (Dec. 1931), p. 299–314.

    Google Scholar 

  134. R. Perrin, “Perrin’s Rapid Steel Refining,” The Iron Age, V. 140, (Oct. 14, 1937), p. 123–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. R. Hunter, “Determination of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel,” Metal Treatment, V. 4, (1938), p. 177–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. J.H. Whiteley, “Inclusions in a Series of Bath Samples from an Electric Furnace and a Note on Sulphides,” Seventh Report on the Heterogeneity of Steel Ingots, ISI SR 16, (1937), p. 23–55.

    Google Scholar 

  137. T. Swinden, “Rimming Steel. Further Studies on the Composition Variation from Outside to Centre,” Ninth Report on the Heterogeneity of Steel Ingots, ISI SR 27, (1939), p. 17–41.

    Google Scholar 

  138. E. Maurer and R. Schustek, “Methods for Determining Cleanliness of Steel,” Stahl Eisen, V. 63, No. 40, (1943), p. 725–727 (HB No. 1897).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. A.D. Baynes, “An Inclusion Rating for Aluminum-Deoxidized Plain Carbon Cast Steels,” British Foundryman, V. 56, No.1, (Jan. 9, 1963), p. 9–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. A.D. Baynes, “Influence of Deoxidation Practice in Basic Electric Arc Steelmaking on the Cleanness and Mechanical Properties of 0.20-0.25% Carbon Cast Steels,” British Foundryman, (Nov. 1966), p. 451–462.

    Google Scholar 

  141. J. Welchner and W.G. Hildorf, “Relationship of Inclusion Content and Transverse Ductility of a Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Gun Steel,” Trans. ASM, V. 42, (1950), p. 455–485.

    Google Scholar 

  142. M.S. Aronovich and I.M. Lyubarskii, “Determination of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel with a Microscope,” Metallurg, V. 11, No.9, (1936), p. 89–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. J. Czochralski, “A Method for the Quantitative Definition of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Metals and Alloys,” Wiadomosci Inst. Metalurg. Metaloznawslwa, V. 2, (1935), p. 34–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. “Determination of Inclusions. SAE Recommended Practice,” SAE Handbook, 1942 ed., p. 334-339, 1954 ed., p. 160-163.

    Google Scholar 

  145. “Classification of Inclusions in Steel,” SAE Journal, V. 46, No.6, (June 1940), p. 17-19.

    Google Scholar 

  146. BISRA Non-metallic Inclusion Group, “A Study of the Lineal Traverse Method for Counting Inclusions in Steel,” JISI, V. 204, (Feb. 1966), p. 146–151.

    Google Scholar 

  147. T.R. Allmand, “Lineal Traverse Count for Assessing Abrasive Inclusion Content of High Sulphur Free-Machining Steels,” Steel Times, V. 196, (Aug. 1968), p. 517–520.

    Google Scholar 

  148. S. Bergh, “Quantitative Microscopic Determination of the Inclusions in Steel,” Jern. Ann., V. 146, (1962), p. 924–934 (HB No. 5980).

    Google Scholar 

  149. O. Kammori et al, “Determination of Oxide Inclusions in Rimmed Steel Ingots After Classification According to Size,” J. Jpn. Inst. of Metals, V. 8, (1968), p. 773–778 (BISI 8946).

    Google Scholar 

  150. Z. Buzek and V. Schindlerova, “Giving Precision to SIMS Classification of Inclusions Formed in Steels for Casting,” Slevarenstvi, (1972), No. 10, p. 409–411 (BISI 11033).

    Google Scholar 

  151. S. Morykwas, “Inclusion Control Strengthens Investment Castings,” Metal Progress, V. 93, (March 1968), p. 115, 116, 118.

    Google Scholar 

  152. D.J. Carney and E.C. Rudolphy, “Examination of a High Sulphur Free-Machining Ingot, Bloom and Billet Sections,” J. of Metals, V. 5, (Aug. 1953), p. 999–1008.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. L.H. Van Vlack, “Correlation of Mach inability with Inclusion Characteristics in Resulphurized Bessemer Steels,” Trans. ASM, V. 45, (1953), p. 741–757.

    Google Scholar 

  154. G.K. Bandyopadhyay et al, “Variations in the Average Size and Quantity of Nonmetallic Inclusions During Oxidation and Deoxidation of Steel,” Met. Trans. V. 2, (Jan. 1971), p. 239–243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. A. Pelazzi, “Localized Distribution of Inclusions in Steel and Its Effect on the Confidence of Counting Data,” Rev. Met., V. 47, No. 12, (1950), p. 907–929.

    Google Scholar 

  156. T. Reti, “Application of Generalized Poisson Distribution to Describe the Numerical Distribution of Microscopic Particles, Especially of Oxide Inclusions,” Banyasz. Kohasz. Lapok, V. 108, (Aug. 1975), p. 340–344.

    Google Scholar 

  157. I.D. Simpson and N. Standish, “Derivation of the Log-Normal Form of Both Section and Spatial Distributions of Particles,” Metallography, V. 10, (1977), p. 149–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. I.D. Simpson and N. Standish, “Determination of the Size-Frequency Distributions of Nonmetallic Inclusions in the As-Cast Metals,” Metallography, V. 10, (1977), p. 433–449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. D.J. Widgery and J.F. Knott, “Method for Quantitative Study of Inclusions Taking Part in Ductile Fracture Processes,” Metal Science, V. 12, (Jan. 1978), p. 8–11.

    Google Scholar 

  160. A.J. Birkle et al, “Analysis of Plain Strain Fracture in a Series of 0.45C-NiCr-Mo Steels with Different Sulfur Contents,” Trans. ASM, (1966), V. 59, p. 981–990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. D.E. Passoja and D.C. Hill, “On the Distribution of Energy in the Ductile Fracture of High Strength Steels,” Met. Trans., V. 5, (Aug. 1974), p. 1851–1854.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. D.C. Hill and D. Passoja, “Understanding the Role of Inclusions and Microstructure in Ductile Fracture,” Welding J., V. 53, (Nov. 1974), p. 481s–485s.

    Google Scholar 

  163. N.E. Hannerz and J.F. Lowery, “Influence of Micro-Slag Distribution on MIGMAG Weld Metal Impact Properties,” Met. Constr. Br. Weld. J., V. 7, (Jan. 1975), p. 21–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. L.L. Chin, “A Model for Toughness Studies of Welds,” Welding J., V. 48, (July 1969), p. 290s–294s.

    Google Scholar 

  165. A.C. Steel, “The Effects of Sulphur and Phosphorus on the Toughness of Mild Steel Weld Metal,” Welding Res. Intl., V. 2, No.3, (1972), p. 37–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. D.A. Melford, “The Design and Use of Automatic Instruments for Cleanness Assessment,” ISI SR 112, (1968), p. 14–23.

    Google Scholar 

  167. C. Fisher, “The Quantimet Image Analyzing Computer”; ISI SR 112, (1968), p. 24–30.

    Google Scholar 

  168. J.A. Belk, “Inclusion Counting Methods: The Flying Spot Microscope,” ISI SR 77, (1963), p. 25–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. R.A. Bloom et al, “An Electronic Scanner — Computer for Determining the NonDMetallic Inclusion Content of Steel,” JISI, V. 202, (Feb. 1964), p. 107–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. J.L. Bayer et al, “Use of the AMEDA Microscope in Quantitative Microscopy,” ASTM STP 430, (1968), p. 118–128.

    Google Scholar 

  171. D.M. Cottingham et al, “The TI-Hilger Optical Inclusion Counter,” ISI SR 112, (1968), p. 31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  172. K.A. Ridal, “The Vickers Automatic Inclusion Classifier,” ISI SR 112, (1968), p. 40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  173. K.A. Ridal and R. Cummins, “Automatic Equipment for Assessing the Cleanness of Steel,” ISI SR 134, (1972), p. 248–254.

    Google Scholar 

  174. C. Fisher and M. Cole, “The Metals Research Image Analyzing Computer,” Microscope, V. 16, No.2, (April-July 1968), p. 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  175. J. Gibbons et al, “A Description of the Quantimet 360 Inclusion and Grain Size Classifier,” Microscope, V. 20, No.1, (Jan.-April 1972), p. 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  176. P.H. Lindon, “The Use of Image Analysis in Assessment of Growth and Separation of Deoxidation Products in Steel,” Microscope, V. 16, No.2, (April-July 1968), p. 137–150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. R. Roche, “The Use of the ‘Quantimet’ Microscope in the Micrographic Quantitative Determination of Combined Oxygen at Oxide Inclusions,” Microscope, V. 16, No.2, (April-July 1968), p. 151–161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. T. R. Allmand, “Proving Trials of the Quantimet Image Analyzing Computer in Metallography,” Microscope, V. 16, No.2, (April-July 1968), p. 163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  179. J.R. Blank, “Nonmetallic Inclusion Assessment by Image Analysis Techniques,” Microscope, V. 16, No.2, April-July 1968, p. 189–197.

    Google Scholar 

  180. T. Kelly, “Preliminary Evaluation of the Quantimet 360 Inclusion and Grain Size Classifier,” Microscope, V. 20, No.1, (Jan-April 1972), p. 21–35.

    Google Scholar 

  181. T.R. Allmand and D.S. Coleman, “Technical Problems in Assessing Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel for Quality Control,” Microscopy, V. 20, No.1, (Jan-April 1972), p. 57–81.

    Google Scholar 

  182. R. Widdowson, “An Evaluation of the Metals Research Prototype Quantitative Television Microscope for Assessment of the Inclusion Content in Steel,” BISRA Report SM/B/4/65, (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  183. R. Ruddlestone et al, “Assessment of Steel Cleanness Using Quantimet 360,” Metals Tech., (Sept. 1960), p. 422–432.

    Google Scholar 

  184. J.J. Gautier et al, “First Applications of Texture Analysis to Metallography,” ISI SR 134, (1972), p. 255–263.

    Google Scholar 

  185. T.R. Allmand and J.R. Blank, “An Evaluation of the Quantimet Image Analyzing Computer for Assessing Non-metallic Inclusions and Other Microscopical Features in Metals and Alloys,” ISI SR 112, (1968), p. 47–71.

    Google Scholar 

  186. S. Johansson, “Rating Nonmetallic Inclusions by Image Analysis,” ASTM STP 575, (1975), p. 163–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. T.R. Allmand, “Results Obtained with the Fully Automatic Metals Research Inclusion Counter,” GKN Group Tech Centre Report No. 872, (Nov. 1966).

    Google Scholar 

  188. T.R. Allmand, “Inclusion Counting. An Evaluation of the TI/Hilger and Watts’ Automatic Inclusion Counter L148,” GKN Research Report No. 957, (Sept. 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  189. D.A. Melford, “Automatic Cleanness Assessment of Steel,” ISI SR 134, (1972), p. 229–234.

    Google Scholar 

  190. H. Martensson, “Report of the Jernkontoret Automatic Inclusion Assessment Committee,” ISI SR 134, (1972), p. 235–240.

    Google Scholar 

  191. S. Johansson, “Determination of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel by Image Analysis,” Scand. J. Met., V. 2, (1973), p. 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  192. R.A. Rege et al, “Microcleanliness of Steel — A New Quantitative TV Rating Method,” ASTM STP 480, (1970), p. 249–272.

    Google Scholar 

  193. S. Johansson, “Image Analysis in Quality Control of Steel,” Microscope, V. 20, No.1, (Jan-April 1972), p. 83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  194. S. Johansson, “Design Criteria in the Quality Control of Steel with Respect to Nonmetallic Inclusions,” 4th Intl. Congress for Stereology, NBS SP 431, (1976), p. 261–264.

    Google Scholar 

  195. D. Jeulin and J. Serra, “Automatic Recognition of Non-metallic Stringers in Steels,” 4th Intl. Congress for Stereology, NBS SP 431, (1976), p. 265–268.

    Google Scholar 

  196. H.J. Kostler, “Validity of Measurements of Manganese Sulphide Shape Using Quantitative Micrographic Analysis,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 45, No. 11, (1974), p. 813-816 (BISI 13016).

    Google Scholar 

  197. C.H. Engstrom and K.O. Karlstrand, “The Uddeholm Method for the Assessment of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel, Based on Quantitative Image Analysis,” Scand. J. Met., V. 2, (1973), p. 105–108.

    Google Scholar 

  198. H. Brandeis et al, “The Applicability of the Quantitative Television Microscope (QTM) to Purity Assessment of Steels,” Prakt. Met., V. 6, No. 12, (1969), p. 728–741.

    Google Scholar 

  199. M. Frohlke, “Determination of Characteristic Values for Manganese Sulphides in Free-Cutting Steels by Means of Quantitative Image Analysis,” Microscope, V. 19, (1971), p. 403–414.

    Google Scholar 

  200. A.G. Franklin, “The Sampling Problem and the Importance of Inclusion Size Distribution,” ISI SR 134, (1972), p. 241–247.

    Google Scholar 

  201. A.G. Franklin, “Comparison Between A Quantitative Microscope and Chemical Methods for Assessment of Non-metallic Inclusions,” JISI, V. 207, (Feb. 1969), p. 181–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. G.A. Moore, “Automated Measurements for the Determination of the Statistical Nature of the Distribution of Inclusions in Steel,” 4th Intl. Cong. for Stereology, NBS SP 431, (1976), p. 197–198.

    Google Scholar 

  203. T.R. Allmand and D.S. Coleman, “Techniques for the Determination of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel,” Metals and Materials, (Oct. 1971), p. 325–335.

    Google Scholar 

  204. S. Johansson, “The Sandvik Method for the Assessment of Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel with the Quantimet TV Microscope,” Jern. Ann., V. 154, No.9, (1970), p. 423–426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. T. Hersant and D. Jeulin, “Sampling in Quantitative Image Analysis,” CDS Circ., (1977), No.3, p. 733–755 (BISI 16624).

    Google Scholar 

  206. D. Jeulin and J. Serra, “To Recognize Inclusions: Charts or Texture Analyzer?” CDS Circ., (1976), No.5, p. 1165–1177 (BISI 14972).

    Google Scholar 

  207. R. Roche, “Quantitative Microscopic Metallography. A Critical Study of the Quantimet Quantitative Microscope. Examples of Its Use,” Meteau-Corrosion Ind., V. 43, No. 510, (Feb. 1968), p. 49–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. B.L. Dobrotsvetov, “Using the Quantimet Automatic TV Microscope in Determinations of Oxygen Content in Blister Copper,” Ind. Lab., V. 39, (Nov. 1973), p. 1759–1762.

    Google Scholar 

  209. B.L. Dobrotsvetov, “Optimization of Parameters of the Methods of Determining Oxygen in Black Copper on an Automatic Model of the Television Microscope ‘Quantimet’,” Ind. Lab., V. 42, (Feb. 1976), p. 232–235.

    Google Scholar 

  210. W. Jagiello-Puczka and W. Klimecki, “Inhomogeniety of Non-metallic Inclusions in Rail Steels. I. Quantitative Microscope,” Chemia Analityczna, V. 20, No.4, p. 791–798.

    Google Scholar 

  211. S. Maim, “On the Speed and Accuracy of Modern Image Analyzers,” ISS Newsletter’ 77 in Stereology, (Dec. 1977), p. 55–80.

    Google Scholar 

  212. W. Bartholome et al, “Comparison of Results of Stereological Measurements with the Chemical Analysis of Fe-Mn-S Alloys with the Leitz Classimat,” Leitz Sci. and Tech. Information, v. 6, No.4, (June 1975), p. 127–132.

    Google Scholar 

  213. D. Radtke and D. Schreiber, “Relationship Between Sulphide Formation and Machinability in Free-Cutting Steels,” Steel Times, V. 193, No. 5118, (Aug. 1977), p. 246–259.

    Google Scholar 

  214. S. Johansson and S. Maim, “A Study of Micro Inclusions in Stainless Steels Made by the CLU-Converter Process,” Scand. J. Met., V. 7, No.1, (1978), p. 18–25.

    Google Scholar 

  215. E. Grethen, “The Influence of a Chromic Acid Etch on the Results of the Determination of Sulphides by the Quantimet,” Prakt. Met., V. 6, No. 11, (Nov. 1969), p. 672–675.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. E. Beraha, “Metallographic Reagent for Identification of Sulphide Inclusions,” JISI, V. 202, (Aug. 1964), p. 696–698.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. E. Beraha, “Metallographic Reagent for the Identification of Sulphide Inclusions in Cast Iron and Steel and for the Differentiation of Phosph ide and Cementite in Cast Iron,” Prakt. Met., V. 6, No.9, (1969), p. 565–568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. A. Salak and A. Sol’om, “Determination of Sulphide Inclusions in Sintered Steel with Beraha’s Reagent,” Pokroky Prask. Met., No.2, (1965), p. 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  219. A. Salak and A. Sol’om, “Metallographic Reagent for Exposing Sulfur Inclusions by Beraha’s Method,” Hutnicke Listy, V. 20, No. 10, (1965), p. 737–738.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. R. Desbrandes et al, “Metallographic Identification of Sulfide Inclusions In Steels,” Rev. de I’lnst. Francais du Petrole et Annales des Comb. Liq., No.3, (1965), p. 598–610.

    Google Scholar 

  221. A.E. Gerds and C.W. Melton, “New Etch Spots Leaded Steels,” Iron Age, V. 178, (Aug. 30, 1956), p. 86–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. K.E. Volk, “The Metallographic Proof of Pb in Steel,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 16, (1942), p. 81–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Anon, “Occurrence of Lead in Lead-Bearing Steels,” The Iron Age, V. 156, (September 20, 1945), p. 83, 162, 163.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Anon, “Microscopy of Lead-Bearing Steels and Irons,” The Iron Age, V. 156, (July 12, 1945), p. 49, 130.

    Google Scholar 

  225. W. Pepperhoff, “Structure-Developments by Means of Interference Vapour Deposited Films,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 32, (April 1961), p. 269–273 (BISI 3111).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. W. Pepperhoff, “Quantitative Vertical Illumination Microscopy with the Help of Evaporated Interference Layers,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 36, (Dec. 1965), p. 931–950.

    Google Scholar 

  227. H. E. Buhler et al, “Possibilities of the Quantitative Description of Oxide Phases by Means of Evolving the Structure Without Etching According to W. Pepperhoff,” Arch. Eisenhutt., V. 41, (May 1970), p. 405–411.

    Google Scholar 

  228. S.D. Wicksel’, “The Corpuscle Problem. A Mathematical Study of a Biometric Problem,” Biometrika, V. 17, (1925), p. 84–99.

    Google Scholar 

  229. S.D. Wicksel’, “The Corpuscle Problem. Second Memoir. Case of Ellipsoidal Corpuscles,” Biometrika, V. 18, (1926), p. 151–172.

    Google Scholar 

  230. R.T. DeHoff, “The Determination of the Size Distribution of Ellipsoidal Particles from Measurements made on Random Plant Sections,” Trans. AIME, V. 224, (1962), p. 474–477.

    Google Scholar 

  231. R.T. DeHoff, “The Estimation of Particle Size Distributions from Simple Counting Measurements made on Random Plant Sections,” Trans. AIME, V. 233, (1965), p. 25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  232. E. Ekelund and T. Werlefors, “A System for the Quantitative Characterization of Microstructures by Combined Image Analysis and X-Ray Discrimination in the Scanning Electron Microscope,” Scanning Electron Microscopy, (1976), 1, p. 417–424.

    Google Scholar 

  233. T. Werlefors and S. Ekelund, “Automatic Multiparameter Characterization of Non-metallic Inclusions,” Scand. J. Met., V. 7, No.2, (1978), p. 60–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. R.T. DeHoff, “Quantitative Metallography,” Techniques for the Direct Observation of Structures and Imperfections, J. Wiley & Sons, NY, (1968), p. 221–253.

    Google Scholar 

  235. R.T. DeHoff, “Quantitative Microstructural Analysis,” ASTM STP 430, (1968),p. 63–95.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Department, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA

    George F. Vander Voort

Authors
  1. George F. Vander Voort
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    James L. McCall

  2. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Madison, Pennsylvania, USA

    P. M. French

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vander Voort, G.F. (1980). Inclusion Measurement. In: McCall, J.L., French, P.M. (eds) Metallography as a Quality Control Tool. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3090-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3090-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3092-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3090-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation