Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Metabolism, Physiology, and Function of Vitamin D

  • Chapter
Vitamin D

Abstract

Although it is difficult to document, there is evidence that the disease rickets, a well-known deficiency disease of vitamin D, was first recognized in antiquity (1). However, the first scientific description of this disease appeared in 1645 at the hands of Glisson or Whistler (1). With the development of the Industrial Revolution and its consequent urbanization of society, especially in geographical areas of low-incident sunlight and the appearance of pollutants in the air, the disease rickets appeared in epidemic proportions, especially in Northern Europe and the United States (1). This debilitating disease remained an unsolved medical problem until approximately 1930.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. The history of rickets. In: Rickets, Including Osteomalacia and Tetany, Hess A (ed), Philadelphia, Lee & Febiger, 1929, p 22–37.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Eichmann C: Pioneer studies on the antineuritic vitamin. In: A History of Nutrition, McCollum EV, Glass HB (eds), Boston, Houghton Publishing Co., 1957, p 244–251.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Grijns G: In: A History of Nutrition, McCollum EV, Glass HB (eds), Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1957, p 216.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hoist A, Frolich T: Experimental studies relating ship beri-beri to scurvy. II. On the etiology of scurvy. J. Hyg. 7: 634–671, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Funk C: On the chemical nature of the substance which cures polyneuritis in birds induced by a diet of polished rice. J. Physiol. 43: 395–400, 1911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. McCollum EV, Davis M: The necessity of certain lipids in the diet during growth. J. Biol. Chem. 15: 167–175, 1913.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. McCollum EV, Simnonds N, Pitz W: The relation of the unidentified dietary factors, the fat-soluble A and water-soluble B of the diet to the growth-promoting properties of milk. J. Biol. Chem. 27: 33–43, 1916.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Osborne TB, Mendel LB: The role of vitamins in the diet. J. Biol. Chem. 31: 149–163, 1917.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mellanby E: An experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet 1: 407–412, 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  10. McCollum EV, Simmonds N, Becker JE, Shipley PG: Studies on experimental rickets. XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J. Biol. Chem. 53: 293–312, 1922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Huldshinsky K: Heilung von rachitis durch künstliche höhensonne. Deut. Med. Wochschr. 45: 712–713, 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chick H, Palzell EJ, Hume EM: Studies of rickets in Vienna 1919–1922. Medical Research Council, Special Report No. 77, 1923.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Steenbock H, Hart EB: The influence of function on the lime requirements of animaLs. J. Biol. Chem. 14: 49–73, 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Goldblatt H, Soames KM: Studies on the fat-soluble growth-promoting factor (I) storage (II) synthesis. Biochem. J. 17: 446–453, 1923.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Steenbock H, Black A: Fat-soluble vitamins. XVII. The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to ultraviolet light. J. Biol. Chem. 61: 405–422, 1924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hess AF, Weinstock M: Antirachitic properties imparted to lettuce and to growing wheat by ultraviolet irradiation. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 22: 5–6, 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Askew FA, Bourdillon RB, Bruce HM, Jenkins RGC, Webster TA: The distillation of vitamin D. Proc. Roy. Soc. B107: 76–90, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Windaus A, Linsert O, Liittringhaus A, Weidlich G: Crystalline- vitamin D2. Annalen der Chemie 492: 226–241, 1932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Windaus A, Schenck F, von Weder F: Über das antirachitisch wirksame bestrahlungs-produkt aus 7-dehydro-cholesterin. Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol. Chem. 241: 100–103, 1936.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Esvelt RP, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D3 from rat skins irradiated in vitro with ultraviolet light. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 188: 282–286, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Howland J, Kramer B: Calcium and phosphorus in the serum in relation to rickets. Am. J. Dis. Child. 22: 105–119, 1921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Orr WJ, Holt LE Jr, Wilkins L, Boone FH: The calcium and phosphorus metabolism in rickets, with special reference to ultraviolet ray therapy. Am. J. Dis. Child. 26: 362–372, 1923.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nicolaysen R, Eeg-Larsen N: The biochemistry and physiology of vitamin D. Vitamins and Hormones 11: 29–60, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Schachter D, Rosen SM: Active transport of Ca45 by the small intestine and its dependence on vitamin D. Am. J. Physiol. 196: 357–362, 1959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shipley PG, Kramer B, Howland J: Studies upon calcification in vitro. Biochem. J. 20: 369–387, 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Holtrop MF, Cox KA, Clark MB, Holick MF, Anast CS: 1,25-Dihydroxy- cholecalciferol stimulates osteoclasts in rat bones in the absence of parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology 108: 2293–2301, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. DeLuca HF: The cardinal role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mineral homeostasis. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Clinical Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, May 9–13, 1983, Detroit, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bauer GCH, Carlsson A, Lindquist B: Evaluation of accretion, resorption, and exchange reactions in the skeleton. Kungl. Fysiograf. Sallskapets I. Lund Forhandlingar 25: 3–18, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Harrison HC, Harrison HE, Park EA: Vitamin D and citrate metabolism. Effect of vitamin D in rats fed diets adequate in both calcium and phosphorus. An. J. Physiol. 192: 432–436, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rasmussen H, DeLuca H, Arnaud C, Hawker C, von Stedingk M: The relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 42: 1940–1946, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Garabedian M, Tanaka Y, Holick MF, DeLuca HF: Response of intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Endocrinology 94: 1022–1027, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lund J, DeLuca HF: Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3 from bone, liver, and blood serum. J. Lipid Res. 7: 739–744, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. DeLuca HF: Vitamin D: The vitamin and the hormone. Fed. Proc. 33: 2211–2219, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Windus A, Bock F: Uber das provitamin aus dem Sterin der schweine-schwarte. Z. Physiol. Chem. 245: 168–170, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  35. DeLuca HF, Blunt JW, Rikkers H: VII. Biogenesis. In: The Vitamins, Sebrell WH Jr, Harris RS (eds), New York, Academic Press, 1971, p 213–230.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Holick MF, Richtand NM, McNeill SC, Holick SA, Frommer JE, Henley JW, Potts JT Jr: Isolation and identification of previtamin D3 from the skin of rats exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. Biochemistry 18: 1003–1008, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Holick MF, Clark MB: The photobiogenesis and metabolism of vitamin D. Fed. Proc. 37: 2567–2574, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Velluz L, Amiard G: Chimie organique-le precalciferol. Compt. Rend. 228: 692–694, 1949.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Velluz L, Amiard G, Petit A: Le precalciferol: Ses relations d’equilibre avec le calciferol. Bull. Soc. Chim. France 16: 501–507, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kandutsch AA: XXV. Sterol metabolism in skin and epidermis. In: The Epidermis, Montagna W, Lobitz WC (eds). New York, Academic Press, 1964, p 493–510.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Daniels F Jr: Man and radiant energy: Solar radiation. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 4, Adaptation to Environment, Field F (ed), Baltimore, Williams and Wilkin, 1964, p 969–987.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Stumpf WE, Sar M, Reid FA, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary and parathyroid. Science 206: 1188–1190, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Simpson RU, DeLuca HF: Characterization of a receptor-like protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 5822–5826, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Esvelt RP, DeLuca hf, Wichmann JK, Yoshizawa S, Zurcher J, Sar M, Stumpf WE: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulated increase of 7,8-didehydrocholesterol levels in rat skin. Biochemistry 19: 6158–6161, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Havinga E: Vitamin D, example and challenge. Experientia 29: 1181–1316, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Velluz L, Amiard G: Chimie organique-equilibre de reaction entre precalciferol et calciferol. Compt. Rend. 228: 853–855, 1949.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Booasma F, Jacobs HJC, Havinga E, vander Gen A: Studies on vitamin D and related compounds. XXIV. New irradiation products of previtamin D3. Toxisterols. Tetrahedron Lett. 7: 427–30, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bills CE: Vitamin D group. In: The Vitamins, Sebrell WH Jr, Harris RS (eds), New York, Academic Press, 1954, p 132–223.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Brockmann H: Die isolierung des autirachitischen vitamins aus heilbuttleberöl. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiologische Chemie 245: 96–102, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Oizutni K, Monder C: Localization and metabolism of 1,2-3H-vitaroin D3 and 26,27-3H-25-hydroxycholecalcifcrol in goldfish (Carassius Auratus L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 42B: 523–532, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Fraser DR: The physiological economy of vitamin D. In: Pediatric Disease Related to Calcium, DeLuca HF, Anast CS (eds), New York, Elsevier, 1980, p 59–73.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Avioli LV, Sonn Y, Jo D, Nahn TH, Haussler MR, Chandler JS: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in male, non-spawning female, and spawning female trout. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 166: 291–293, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Windaus A, Linsert 0: Vitamin D1. Annalen der Chemie 465: 148–153, 1928.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Windaus A, Trautman G: Crystalline vitamin D4. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chemie 247: 185–188, 1937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. DeLuca HF, Weller M, Blunt JW, Neville PF: Synthesis, biological activity, and metabolism of 22,23-3H-vitamin D4. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124: 122–128, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Napoli JL, Fivizzani MA, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Synthesis of vitamin D5: Its biological activity relative to vitamins D3 and D2. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 197: 119 - 125, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Blunt JW, DcLuca HF, Schnoes HK: 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol. A biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 7: 3317–3322, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Holick KP, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF, Suda T, Cousins RJ: Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine. Biochemistry 10: 2799–2804, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. LaMar CN, Budd DL: Elucidation of the solution conformation of the A ring in vitamin D using proton coupling constants and a shift reagent. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96: 7317–7324, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Trinh-Toan, DeLuca HF, Dahl LF: Solid-state conformations of vitamin D3. J. Org. Chem. 41: 3477–3478, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Okamura WH, Norman AW, Sing RM: Vitamin D: Concerning the relationship between molecular topology and biological function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 71: 4194–4197, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Kasten PM, Korycka MB: Isotachysterol3 and 25-hydroxyisotachysterol3: Analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science 180: 964–966, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. DeLuca HF, Paaren HE, Schnoes HK: Vitamin D and calcium metabolism. In: Topics in Current Chemistry, Dwar MJS, Hafner K, Heilbronner E, Xto S, Lehn J-M, Niedenzu K, Rees CW, Shäfer K, Wittig C, Boschke FL (eds), Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1979, p 1–65.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Georghiou PE: The chemistry of vitamin D: The hormonal calciferols. Chem. Soc. Rev. 6: 83–107, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Bell PA: The chemistry of the vitamins D. In: Vitamin D, Lawson DEM (ed), New York, Academic Press, 1978, p 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ponchon G, DeLuca HF: The role of the liver in the metabolism of vitamin D. J. Clin. Invest. 48: 1273–1279, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ponchon G, Kennan AL, DeLuca HF: “Activation” of vitamin D by the liver. J. Clin. Invest. 48: 2032–2037, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ponchon G, DeLuca HF, Suda T: Metabolism of [1,2]3H-vitamin D3 and [26,27]3H-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in rachitic chicks. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 141: 397–408, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Horsting M, DeLuca HF: In vitro production of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Conmun. 36: 251–256, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Tucker G III, Gagnon RE, Haussler MR: Vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase: Tissue occurrence and apparent lack of regulation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 155: 47–57, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bhattacharyya M, DeLuca HF: The regulation of calciferol-25-hydroxylase in the chick. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 59: 734–741, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Olson EB Jr, Knutson JC, Bhattacharyya MH, DeLuca HF: The effect of hepatectomy on the synthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. J. Clin. Invest. 57: 1213–1220, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bhattacharyya MH, DeLuca HF: Subcellular location of rat liver calciferol-25-hydroxylase. Arch. Biochen. Biophys. 160: 58–62, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Madhok TC, DeLuca HF: Characteristics of the rat liver microsomal enzyme system converting cholecalciferol into 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Evidence for the participation of cytochrome P-450. Biochem. J. 184: 491–499, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bhattacharyya MH, DeLuca: The regulation of rat liver calciferol-25-hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 2969–2973, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yoon PS, DcLuca HF: Resolution and reconstitution of soluble components of rat liver microsomal vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 203: 529–541, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Miller ML, Ghazarian JG: Studies on vitamin D3 metabolism. Discrete liver cytosolic binding proteins for vitamin D3 and 25- hydroxyvitamin D3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Cornmun. 96: 1619–1625, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Björkhem I, Holmberg I: Assay and properties of a mitochondrial 25-hydroxylase active on vitamin D3. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 842–849, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Björkhem I, Holmberg I, Oftebro H, Pedersen JI: Properties of a reconstituted vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase from rat liver mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 5244–5249, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Fraser DR, Kodicek E: Unique biosynthesis by kidney of a biologically active vitamin D metabolite. Nature 228: 764–766, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gray R, Boyle I, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D metabolism: The role of kidney tissue. Science 172: 1232–1234, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: Measurement of mammalian 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24R- and 1α-hydroxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 78: 196–199, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Shepard RM, Horst RL, Hamstra AJ, DeLuca HF: Determination of vitamin D and its metabolites in plasma from normal and anephric man. Biochem. J. 182: 55–69, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Turner RT, Puzas JE, Forte MD, Lester GE, Tray TK, Howard GA, Baylink DJ: In vitro synthesis of 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by isolated calvarial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 77: 5720–5724, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Howard GA, Turner RT, Sherrard DJ, Baylink DJ: Human bone cells in culture metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 7738–7740, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Weisman Y, Vargas A, Duckett G, Reiter E, Root A: Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the nephrectomized pregnant rat. Endocrinology 103: 1992–1998, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gray TK, Lester GE, Lorenc RS: Evidence for extra-renal 1∝-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pregnancy. Science 204: 1311–1313, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tanaka Y, Halloran B, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: In vitro production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat placental tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 76: 5033–5035, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Reeve L, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: Studies on the site of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 synthesis in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 3615–3617, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Shultz TD, Fox J, Heath H III, Kumar R: Do tissues other than the kidney produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo? A reexamination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 80: 1746–1750, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK: Metabolism and mechanism of action of vitamin D. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 45: 631–666, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Maver EB, Backhouse J, Holman CA, Lumb CA, Stanbury SW: The distribution and storage of vitamin D and its metabolites in human tissues. Clin. Sci. 43: 413–431, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Mawer EB, Backhouse J, Hughes S, Taylor CM: Metabolism of 1,25- dihydroxy[26,27-3H] cholecalciferol in man and in the rat after oral and intravenous dosage. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 3: 886–888, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Tanaka Y, Frank H, DeLuca HF: Biological activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. Endocrinology 92: 417–422, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Boyle IT, Miravet L, Gray RW, Holick MF, DeLuca HF: The response of intestinal calcium transport to 25-hydroxy and 1,25-dihydroxy- vitamin D in nephrectomized rats. Endocrinology 90: 605–608, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Holick MF, Garabedian M, DeLuca HF: 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: Metabolite of vitamin D3 active on bone in anephric rats. Science 176: 1146–1147, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wong RG, Norman AW, Reddy CR, Coburn JW: Biologic effects of 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol (a highly active vitamin D metabolite) in acutely uremic rats. J. Clin. Invest. 51: 1287–1291, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Boyle IT, Gray RW, DeLuca HF: Regulation by calcium of in vivo synthesis of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 68: 2131–2134, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Boyle IT, Gray RW, Omdahl JL, DeLuca HF: Calcium control of the in vivo biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Nicolaysen’s endogenous factor. In: Endocrinology, 1971, Taylor S (ed), London, William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd., 1972, p 468–476.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: The control of 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism by inorganic phosphorus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 154: 566–574, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Chazarían JG, DeLuca HF: 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase: A specific requirement for NADPH and a hemoprotein component in chick kidney mitochondria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 160: 63–72, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Chazarían JC, Jefcoate CR, Knutson JC, Orme-Johnson WH, DeLuca HF: Mitochondrial cytochrome P450: A component of chick kidney 25- hydroxycholecalciferol-1α-hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 3026–3033, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Pedersen JI, Ghazarian JG, Orme-Johnson NR, DeLuca HF: Isolation of chick renal mitochondrial ferredoxin active in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase system. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 3933 - 3941, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Yoon PS, DeLuca HF: Purification and properties of chick renal mitochondrial ferredoxin. Biochemistry 19: 2165–2171, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Yoon PS, Rawlings J, Orme-Johnson WH, DeLuca HF: Renal mitochondrial ferredoxin active in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase. Characterization of the iron-sulfur cluster using interprotein cluster transfer and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 19: 2172–2176, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Onisko BL, Esvelt RP, Schnocs HK, DeLuca HF: Excretion of metabolites of la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat bile. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 205: 175–179, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Gray RW, Wilz DR, Caldas AE, Lemann J Jr, DeLuca HF: Disappearance from plasma of injected 3H-l,25-(OH)2D3 in healthy humans. In: Vitamin D: Biochemical, Chemical and Clinical Aspects Related to Calcium Metabolism, Norman AW, Schaefer K, Coburn JW, DeLuca HF, Fraser D, Grigoleit HG, von Herrath D (eds), Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1977, p 1213–124.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Tanaka Y, Frank H, DeLuca HF: Role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in calcification of bone and maintenance of serum calcium concentration in the rat. J. Nutr. 102: 1569–1577, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Jarnagin K, Brommage R, DeLuca HF, Yamada S, Takayama H: 1- but not 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D is required for growth and reproduction in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 244: E290–E297, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Brocmnage R, Jarnagin K, DeLuca HF, Yamada S, Takayama H: 1-but not 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D is required for skeletal mineral¬ization in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 244: E298–E304, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Esvelt RP, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Isolation and characterization of 1α-hydroxy-tetranorvitamin D-23-carboxylic acid: A major metabolite of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry 18: 3977–3983, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Esvelt RP, Rivizzani MA, Paaren HE, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Synthesis of calcitroic acid, a metabolite of la,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. J. Org. Chem. 46: 456–458, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Onisko BL, Esvelt RP, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Metabolites of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat bile. Biochemistry 19: 4124–4130, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ohnuma N, Kruse J, Popjak G, Norman AW: Isolation and chemical characterization of two new vitamin D metabolites produced by the intestine. 1,25-Dihydroxy-23-oxo-vitaoin D3 and 1,25,26-trihydroxy-23-oxo-vitamin D3. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 5097–5102, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Holick MF, Kleiner-Bossailer A, Schnoes HK, Kasten PM, Boyle IT, DeLuca HF: I,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3: A metabolite of vitamin D3 effective on intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 6691–6696, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Castillo L, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Ikekawa N: On the physiological role of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3. Min. Elect. Metab. 1: 198–207, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Esvelt RP, DeLuca HF: Calcitroic acid: Biological activity and tissue distribution studies. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 206: 403–413, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Suda T, DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK, Tanaka Y, Holick MF: 24,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal calcium transport activity. Biochemistry 9: 4776–4780, 1970.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Redel J, Bazely N, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: The absolute configuration of the natural 25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Febs Lett. 94:228–230; (erratum) 113: 345, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Tanaka Y, Shepard RM, DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK: The 26-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in vitro by chick renal homogenates. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Coramun. 83: 7–13, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Lam HY, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Synthesis and biological activity of 25ξ,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Steroids 25: 247–256, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Tanaka Y, Schnoes HK, Smith CM, DeLuca HF: 1,25,26-Trihydroxyvitamin D3: Isolation, identification, and biological activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 210: 104–109, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK, Ikekawa N, Eguchi T: 23,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3: A natural precursor in the biosynthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 78: 4805–4808, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Tanaka Y, Wichmann JK, Paaren HE, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: The role of kidney tissue in the production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23- lactone and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 77: 6411–6414, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Wichmann J, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Isolation and identification of 24(R)-hydroxyvitamin D3 from chicks given large doses of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 20: 2350–2353, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Eguchi T, Takatsuto S, Ishiguro M, Ikekawa N, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: Synthesis and determination of configuration of natural 25-hydroxy- vitamin D3 26,23-lactone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 78: 6579–6583, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Ishizuka S, Ishimoto S, Norman AW: Isolation and identification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-pcroxylactone. A novel in vivo metabolite of vitamin D3. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 14708–14713, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Gray RW, Weber HP, Dominguez JH, Lemann J Jr: The metabolism of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in normal and anephric humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 39: 1045–1056, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DcLuca HF, Gray RW, Boyle IT, Suda T: Isolation and identification of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: A metabolite of vitamin D3 made in the kidney. Biochemistry 11: 4251–4255, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Ikekawa N, Morisaki M, Koizumi N: Determination of stereochemical configuration of the 24-hydroxyl group of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its biological importance. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 170: 620–626, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Holick MF, Baxter LA, Schraufrogel PK, Tavela TE, DeLuca HF: Metabolism and biological activity of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the chick. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 397–402, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Boris A, Hurley JF, Trmal T: Relative activities of some metabolites and analogs of cholecalciferol in stimulation of tibia ash weight in chicks otherwise deprived of vitamin D. J. Nutr. 107: 194–198, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Knutson JC, DeLuca HF: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase: Subcellular location and properties. Biochemistry 13: 1543–1548, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kumar R, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Rat intestinal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-and 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 3804–3809, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Garabedian M, DuBois MB, Corvol MT, Pezant E, Balsan S: Vitamin D and cartilage. I. In vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by cartilage. Endocrinology 102: 1262–1268, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Kulkowski JA, Chan T, Martinez J, Chazarian JG: Modulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase by aminophylline: A cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 90: 50–57, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Tanaka Y, Lorenc RS, DeLuca HF: The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone in the regulation of chick renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 171: 521–526, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. DeLuca HF: The vitamin D system in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Nutr. Rev. 37: 161–194, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Rasmussen H, Bordier P: Vitamin D and bone. Metab. Bone Dis. Rel. Res. 1: 7–13, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ornoy A, Goodwin D, Noff D, Edelstein S: 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D is a metabolite of vitamin D essential for bone formation. Nature 276: 517–519, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Henry HL, Taylor AN, Norman AW: Response of chick parathyroid glands to the vitamin D metabolites 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J. Nutr. 107: 1918–1926, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Garabedian M, Lieberherr M, Nguyen TM, Corvol XT, DuBois MB, Balsan S: In vitro production and activity of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in cartilage and calvariua. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 135: 241–248, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Henry HL, Norman AW: Vitamin D: Two dihydroxylated metabolites are required for normal chicken egg hatchability. Science 201: 835–837, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Boris A, Hurley JF, Trmal T, Mallon JP, Matuszewski DS: Evidence for the promotion of bone mineralization by 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the rat unrelated to the correction of deficiencies in serum calcium and phosphorus. J. Nutr. 108: 1899–1906, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Kobayashi Y, Taguchi T, Terada T, Oshida J, Morisaki M, Ikekawa N: Synthesis of 24,24-difluoro- and 24ξ-fluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 2023–2026, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Yamada S, Ohmori M, Takayama H: Synthesis of 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Tetrahedron Lett. 21: 1859–1862, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Halloran BP, DeLuca HF, Barthell E, Yamada S, Ohoori M, Takayama H: An examination of the importance of 24-hydroxylation to the function of vitamin D during early development. Endocrinology 108: 2067–2071, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK, Ikekawa N, Kobayashi Y: 24,24- Difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: In vitro production, isolation, and biological activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 199: 473–478, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Kobayashi Y, Taguchi T, Ikekawa N, Morisaki M: Biological activity of 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Effect of blocking of 24-hydroxylation on the functions of vitamin D. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 7163–7167, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Miller SC, Halloran BP, DeLuca HF, Yamada S, Takayama H, Jee WSS: Studies on the role of 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D in the mineralization of cartilage and bone of vitamin D-deficient rats. Calcif. Tiss. Int. 33: 489–497, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Mathews CHE, Parfitt AM, Brommage R, Jarnagin K, DeLuca HF: Only 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is needed for normal bone growth and mineralization in the rat. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, S66 (Abstract), 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Tanaka Y, Pahuja DN, Wichmann JK, DeLuca HF, Kobayashi Y, Taguchi T, Ikekawa N: 25-Hydroxy-26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluorovitamin D3: Biological activity in the rat. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218: 134–141, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Wichmann J, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Isolation and identification of 24(R)-hydroxyvitamin D3 from chicks given large doses of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 20: 2350–2353, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Wichmann JK, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: 23,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,-keto-25-hydroxyvitaoin D3, and 23-dehydro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3: New in vivo metabolites of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 20: 7385–7391, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Yamada S, Ohmori M, Takayama H, Takasaki Y, Suda T: Isolation and identification of 1α- and 23-hydroxylated metabolites of 25-hydroxy-1980. oxovitamin D3 from in vitro incubates of chick kidney homogenates. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 457–463, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Takasaki Y, Suda T, Yamada S, Ohmori M, Takayam H, Nishii Y: Chemical synthesis, biological activity, and metabolism of 25-hydroxy- 24-oxovitamin D3. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 3732–3738, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Ishizuka S, Ishimoto S, Norman AW: Isolation, identification, and biological activity of 23,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3, an in vitro and in vivo metabolite of vitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 217: 264–272, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Mayer E, Reddy GS, Chandraratna RAS, Okamura WH, Kruse JR, Popjak G, Bishop JE, Norman AW: 23,25-Dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3: A metabolite of vitamin D3 made in the kidney. Biochemistry 22: 1798–1805, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Avioli LV, Lee SW, McDonald JE, Lund J, DeLuca HF: Metabolism of vitamin D3-3H in human subjects: Distribution in blood, bile, feces, and urine. J. Clin. Invest. 46: 983–992, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Ponchon G, DeLuca HF: Metabolism and biological activity of vitamin D. Calcif. Tiss. Res. 4: 43–44, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Bell PA, Kodicek E: Investigations on metabolites of vitamin D in rat bile. Separation and partial identification of a major metabolite. Biochem. J. 115: 663–669, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. LeVan LW, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Isolation and identification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 25-glucuronide: A biliary metabolite of vitamin D2 in the chick. Biochemistry 20: 222–226, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Higaki M, Takahashi M, Suzuki T, Sahashi Y: Metabolic activities of vitamin D in animals. III. Biogenesis of vitamin D sulfate in animal tissues. J. Vitaminol. 11: 261–265, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Martin DL, DeLuca HF: Calcium transport and the role of vitamin D. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 134: 139–148, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Walling MW, Rothman SS: Phosphate-independent, carrier-mediated active transport of calcium by rat intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 217: 1144–1148, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Schachter D: Vitamin D and the active transport of calcium by the small intestine. In: The Transfer of Calcium and Strontium Across Biological Membranes, Wasserman RH (ed), New York, Academic Press, 1963, p 197–210.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Wasserman RH, Kallfelz FA, Comar CL: Active transport of calcium by rat duodenum in vivo. Science 133: 883–884, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Martin DL, DeLuca HF: Influence of sodium on calcium transport by the rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 216: 1351–1359, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Schachter D, Kowarski S, Finkelstein JD, Wang Ma R: Tissue concentration differences during active transport of calcium by intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 211: 1131–1136, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Borle AB: Kinetic studies of calcium movements in intestinal cells: Effects of vitamin D deficiency and treatment. J. Membrane Biol. 16: 207–220, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Halloran BP, DeLuca HF: Intestinal calcium transport: Evidence for two distinct mechanisms of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 208: 477–486, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. DeLuca HF: Some new concepts emanating from a study of the metabolism and function of vitamin D. Nutr. Rev. 38: 169–182, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Corradino RA: Embryonic chick intestine in organ culture: Response to vitamin D3 and its metabolites. Science 179: 402–404, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Zile M, Bunge EC, Barsness L, Yamada S, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Localization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal nuclei in vivo. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 186: 15–24, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Chen TC, Weber JC, DeLuca HF: On the subcellular location of vitamin D metabolites in intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 3776–3780, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Haussler MR, Myrtle JF, Norman AW: The association of a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal mucosa chromatin in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 4055–4064, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Brumbaugh PF, Haussler MR: 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor: Competitive binding of vitamin D analogs. Life Sci. 13: 1713–1746, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Kream BE, Reynolds RD, Knutson JC, Eisman JA, Deluca HF: Intestinal cytosol binders of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176: 779–787, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Kream BE, DeLuca HF: A specific binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat intestinal cytosol. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76: 735–738, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Mellon WS, DeLuca HF: An equilibrium and kinetic study of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding to chicken intestinal cytosol employing high specific activity 1,25-dihydroxy[3H-26,27] vitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 197: 90–95, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Simpson RU, DeLuca HF: Purification of chicken intestinal receptor for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to apparent homogeneity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 79: 16–20, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Walters MR, Hunziker W, Norman AW: Unoccupied 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors. Nuclear/cytosol ratio depends on ionic strength. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 6799–6805, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Halloran BP, DeLuca HF: Calcium transport in the small intestine during early development: The role of vitamin D. Am. J. Physiol. 239: G473–G479, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Halloran BP, DeLuca HF: Appearance of the intestinal cytosolic receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 during neonatal development in the rat. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 7338–7342, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Bell NH, Hamstra AJ, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D-dependent rickets Type II: Resistance of target organs to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. New Engl. J. Med. 298: 996–999, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Rosen JF, Fleischman AR, Finberg L, Hamstra A, DeLuca HF: Rickets with alopecia: An inborn error of vitamin D metabolism. J. Pediatr. 94: 729–735, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Eil C, Lieberaan UA, Rosen JF, Marx SJ: A cellular defect in hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets Type II: Defective nuclear uptake of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in cultured skin fibroblasts. N. Engl. J. Med. 304: 1588–1591, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Brumbaugh PF, Haussler MR: 1 ∝,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol receptors in intestine. II. Temperature-dependent transfer of the hormone to chromatin via a specific cytosal receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 1258–1262, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Franceschi RT, DeLuca HF: Aggregation properties of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor from chick intestinal cytosol. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 11629–11635, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Taylor AN, Wasserroan RH: Vitamin D3-induced calcium-binding protein: Partial purification, electrophoretic visualization, and tissue distribution. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 119: 536–540, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Bishop CW, Kendrick NC, DeLuca HF: Induction of calcium binding protein before 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation of duodenal calcium uptake. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 1305–1310, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Harrison HE, Harrison HC: Intestinal transport of phosphate: Action of vitamin D, calcium, and potassium. Am. J. Physiol. 201: 1007–1012, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Chen TC, Castillo L, Korycka-Dahl, M, DeLuca HF: Role of vitamin D metabolites in phosphate transport of rat intestine. J. Nutr. 104: 1056–1060, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Taylor AN: In vitro phosphate transport in chick ileum: Effect of cholecalciferol, calcium, sodium and metabolic inhibitors. J. Nutr. 104: 489–494, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Walling MW: Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on active intestinal inorganic phosphate absorption. In: Vitamin D: Biochemical, Chemical, and Clinical Aspects Related to Calcium Metabolism, Norman AW, Schaefer K, Coburn JW, DeLuca HF, Fraser D, Grigoleit HG, von Herrath D (eds), Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1977, p 321–330.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Kletzien SWF, Templin VM, Steenbock H, Thomas BH: Vitamin D and the conservation of calcium in the adult. J. Biol. Chem. 97: 265–280, 1932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Nicolaysen R, Eeg-Larsen N, Malm OJ: Physiology of calcium metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 33: 424–444, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Ribovich MI., DeLuca HF: The influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on intestinal calcium transport in rats given vitamin D metabolites. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 170: 529–535, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Carlsson A: Tracer experiments on the effect of vitamin D on the skeletal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Acta Physiol. Scand. 26: 212–220, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Nicolaysen R, Eeg-Larsen N: The mode of action of vitamin D. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium on Bone Structure and Metabolism, Wolstenholme GWE, O’Connor CM (eds), Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1956, p 175–186.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Blunt JW, Tanaka Y, DcLuca HF: The biological activity of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 61: 1503–1506, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Talmage RV: Morphological and physiological considerations in a new concept of calcium transport in bone. Am. J. Anat. 129: 467–476, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Stumpf WE, Sar M, DeLuca HF: Sites of action of 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 identified by thaw-mount autoradiography. In: Hormonal Control of Calcium Metabolism, Cohn DV, Talmage RV, Matthews JL (eds), Amsterdara-Oxford-Princeton, Excerpta Medica, 1981, p 222–229.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Kreara BE, Jose M, Yanada S, DeLuca HF: A specific high-affinity binding macromolecule for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in fetal bone. Science 197: 1086–1088, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Chen TL, Hirst MA, Feldman D: A receptor-like binding macromolecule for 1α, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in cultured mouse bone cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 7491–7494, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Mellon WS, DeLuca HF: A specific 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding macromolecule in chicken bone. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 4081–4086, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: Bone mineral mobilization activity of 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 146: 574–578, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Christakos S, Norman AW: Vitamin D3-induced calcium binding protein in bone tissue. Science 202: 70–71, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Sebreell WH Hr, Harris RS: Vitamin D group. In: The Vitamins, Chapter 6, New York, Academic Press, 1954, p 131–266.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Underwood J, Weinstein R, DeLuca HF: Normal bone growth and minerlization in D-deficient rats with normal plasma calcium and phosphorus. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Fifth Annual Scientific Meeting, A68 (abstract), 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  211. DeLuca HF: Mechanism of action and metabolic fate of vitamin D. Vitamins and Hormones 25: 315–367, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK: Vitamin D: Recent advances. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 52: 411–439, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Bonjour JP, Preston C, Fleisch H: Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on renal handling of Pi in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. J. Clin. Invest. 60: 1419–1428, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Stumpf WE, Sar M, Narbaitz R, Reid FA, DeLuca HF, Tanaka Y: Cellular and subcellular localization of 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 in rat kidney: Comparison with localization of parathyroid hormone and estradiol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 1149–1153, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Simpson RU, Franceschi RT, DeLuca HF: Characterization of a specific, high-affinity binding macrooolecule for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured chick kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 10160–10166, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Colston KW, Feldman D: Demonstration of a 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol cytoplasmic receptor-like binder in mouse kidney. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 798–800, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Sutton RAL, Dirks JH: Renal handling of calcium. Fed. Proc. 37: 2112–2119, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Kleeman CR, Bernstein D, Rockney R, Dowling JT, Maxwell MH: Studies on the renal clearance of diffusible calcium and the role of the parathyroid glands in its regulation. In: The Parathyroids, Greep R0, Talmage RV (eds), Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1961, p 353–387.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Juan D, DeLuca HF: The regulation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in cultures of monkey kidney cells. Endocrinology 101: 1184–1193, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Henry HL: Regulation of the hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D4 in vivo and in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 2722–2729, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Clark SA, Stumpf WE, Sar M, DeLuca HF, Tanaka Y: Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the pancreas. Cell Tissue Res. 209: 515–520, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Abe E, Mayaura C, Sakagami H, Takeda M, Konno K, Yamazaki T, Yoshiki S, Suda T: Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4990–4994, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Abe E, Miyaura C, Sakagami H, Takeda M, Konno K, Yamazaki T, Yoshiki S, Suda T: Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4990–4994, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Tanaka H, be E, Miyaura C, Kuribayashi T, Konno K, Nishii Y, Suda T: 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and a human myeloid leukaemia cell line (HL-60). The presence of a cytosol receptor and induction of differentiation. Biochem. J. 204: 713–719, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Tanaka H, be E, Miyaura C, Kuribayashi T, Konno K, Nishii Y, Suda T: 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and a human myeloid leukaemia cell line (HL-60). The presence of a cytosol receptor and induction of differentiation. Biochem. J. 204: 713–719, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Eisman JA, Martin TJ, Maclntyre I: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitarain D3 receptors in cancer. Lancet 1: 1188, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Omdahl JL, Gray RW, Boyle IT, Knutson J, DeLuca HF: Regulation of metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by kidney tissue in vitro by dietary calcium. Nature New Biol. 237: 63–64, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Garabedian M, Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Boyle IT: Control of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism by the parathyroid glands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 1673–1676, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Fraser DR, Kodicek E: Regulation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity in kidney by parathyroid hormone. Nature New Biol. 241: 163–66, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Haussler MR, Baylink DJ, Hughes MR, Brumbaugh PF, Wegedal JE, Shen FH, Nielsen RL, Counts SJ, Bursac KM, McCain TA: The assay of la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Physiologic and pathologic modulation of circulating hormone levels. Clin. Endocrinol. 5: 1518–1658, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Trechsel U, Eisman JA, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H: Evidence for a calcium-dependent, PTH-independent regulation of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats. In: Vitamin D: Basic Research and its Clinical Application, Norman AW, Schaefer K, von Herrath D, Grigoleit HC, Coburn JW, DeLuca HF, Mawer EB, Suda T, 1979, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, p. 511–513.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Zull JE, Repke DW: The tissue localization of tritiated parathyroid hormone in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 2195–2199, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Forte LR, Nickols GA, Anast CS: Renal adenylate cyclase and the interrelationship between parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in the regulation of urinary phosphate and adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-mono- phosphate excretion. J. Clin. Invest. 57: 559–568, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Brunette MG, Chan M, Ferriere C, Roberts KD: Site of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis in the kidney. Nature 276: 287–289, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Hughes MR, Brumbaugh PF, Haussler MR, Wergedal JE, Baylink DJ: Regulation of serum la, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by calcium and phosphate in the rat. Science 190: 578–580, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Baxter LA, DeLuca HF: Stimulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α- hydroxylase by phosphate depletion. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 3158–3161, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Castillo L, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: The mobilization of bone mineral by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in hypophosphatemic rats. Endocrinol. 97: 995–999, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Tanaka Y, Lorenc RS, DeLuca HF: The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone in the regulation of chick renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 171: 521–526, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Henry HL: Regulation of the hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo and in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 2722–2729, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Trechsel U, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H: Regulation of the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. J. Clin. Invest. 64: 206–217, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Simpson RU, Franceschi RT, DeLuca HF: Characterization of a specific, high-affinity binding macromolecule for 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured chick kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 10160–10166, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Larkins RG, MacAuley SJ, Maclntyre I: Feedback control of vitamin D metabolism by nuclear action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the kidney. Nature 252: 412–414, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Larkins RG, MacAuley SJ, Maclntyre I: Feedback control of vitamin D metabolism by nuclear action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the kidney. Nature 252: 412–414, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Pahuja DN, DeLuca HF: Role of the hypophysis in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 23: 345–350, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Brown DJ, Spanos E, Maclntyre I: Role of pituitary hormones in regulating renal vitamin D metabolism in man. Br. Med. J. 280: 277, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Spanos E, Brown DJ, Stevenson JC, Maclntyre I: Stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol production by prolactin and related peptides in intact renal cell preparations in vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 672: 7–15, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Matsumoto T, Horiuchi N, Suda T, Takahashi H, Shimazawa E, Ogata E: Failure to demonstrate stimulatory effect of prolactin on vitamin D metabolism in vitamin D-deficient rats. Metabolism 28: 925–927, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Tanaka Y, Castillo L, DeLuca HP: Control of the renal vitamin D hydroxylases in birds by the sex hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 73: 2701–2705, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Castillo L, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Sunde ML: The stimulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase by estrogen. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 179: 211–217, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Baksi SN, Kenny AD: Vitamin D3 metabolism in immature Japanese quail: Effects of ovarian hormones. Endocrinology 101: 1216–1220, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Tanaka Y, Castillo L, Mineland MJ, DeLuca HF: Synergistic effect of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol in the stimulation of chick renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase. Endocrinology 103: 2035–2039, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Castillo L, Tanaka Y, Wineland MJ, Jowsey JO, DeLuca HF: Production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and formation of medullary bone in the egg-laying hen. Endocrinology 104: 1598–1601, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Trechsel U, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H: Regulation of the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultures of chick kidney cells. J. Clin. Invest. 64: 206–217, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Harrison HE, Harrison HC: Transfer of Ca45 across intestinal wall in vitro in relation to action of vitamin D and Cortisol. Am. J. Physiol. 199: 265–271, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Favus MJ, Walling MW, Kimberg DV: Effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on intestinal calcium transport in cortisone-treated rats. J. Clin. Invest. 52: 1680–1685, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Lindgren JU, Merchant CR, DeLuca HF: Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on osteopenia induced by prednisolone in adult rats. Calc. Tiss. Intl. 34: 253–257, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Kumar R, Cohen WR, Silva P, Epstein FH: Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plasma levels in normal human pregnancy and lactation. J. Clin. Invest. 63: 342–344, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Halloran BP, Barthell EN, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5549–5553, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Pike JW, Parker JP, Haussler MR, Boass A, Toverud SU: Dynamic changes in circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during reproduction in rats. Science 204: 1427–1429, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Halloran BP, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D deficieny and reproduction in rats. Science 204: 73–74, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Halloran BP, DeLuca HF: Effect of vitamin D deficiency on fertility and reproductive capacity in the female rat. J. Nutr. 110: 1573–1580, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Halloran BP, DeLuca HR: Skeletal changes during pregnancy and lactation: The role of vitamin D. Endocrinology 107: 1923–1929, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Pahuja DN, DeLuca HF: Stimulation of intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization by prolactin in vitamin D-deficient rats. Science 214: 1038–1039, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Halloran BP, DeLuca HF: Effect of vitamin D deficiency on skeletal development during early growth in the rat. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 209: 7–14, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Jones G, DeLuca HF: High-pressure liquid chromatography: separation of the metabolites of vitamin D2 and D3 on small-particle silica columns. J. Lipid Res. 16: 448–453, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Napoli JL, Fivizzani MA, Hamstra AJ, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Synthesis of 25-hydroxy[26,27-3H]vitamin D3 with high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 96: 481–488, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Napoli JL, Mellon WS, Fivizzani MA, Schnoes HK. DeLuca HF: Direct chemical synthesis of la,25-dihydroxy(26,27-3H)vitamin D3 with high specific activity: Its use in receptor studies. Biochemistry 19: 2515–2521, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Yamada S, Schnoes KH, DeLuca HF: Synthesis of 25-hydroxy[23,24-3H] vitamin D3. Anal. Biochem. 85: 34–41, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Clemens TL, Hendy CN, Graham RF, Baggiolini EG, Uskokovic MR, O’Riordan JLH: Production of antibodies to 1α,25-dihydroxychole- calciferol-25-hemisuccinate: Development of a sensitive radioimmunoassay for la,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. J. Endocrinol. 77: 49–50, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Eisman JA, Shepard RM, DeLuca HF: Determination of 25-hydroxyvitarain D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human plasma using high- pressure liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 80: 298–305, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Koshy KT, VanDerSlik AL: High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the bovine liver, kidney, and muscle. J. Agr. Food Chem. 25: 1246–1248, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Horst RL, Shepard RM, Jorgensen NA, DeLuca HF: The determination of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D in plasma from normal and nephrectomized man. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 93: 277–285, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Eisman JA, Hamstra AJ, Kream BE, DeLuca HF: A sensitive, precise, and convenient method for determination of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human plasma. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176: 235–243, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Clemens TL, Hendy GN, Graham RF, Baggioloni EG, Uskokovic MR, O’Riordan JLH: A radioimmunoassay for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 54: 329–332, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Haussler MR, McCain TA: Vitamin D metabolism and action. (Two parts). N. Engl. J. Med. 297:974–983; 1041–1050, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Scriver CR, Reade TM, DeLuca HF, Hamstra AJ: Serum 1,25-(0H)2D3 levels in normal subjects and in patients with hereditary rickets or bone disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 299: 976–979, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Chesney RW, Mazess RB, Rose P, Hamstra AJ, DeLuca HF: Supranormal 24-hydroxyvitamin D and subnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Their role in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Am. J. Dis. Child. 134: 140–143, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Barbour GL, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky E, Norman AW, Horst RL: Hypercalcemia in an anephric patient with sarcoidosis: Evidence for extrarenal generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 440–443, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Papapoulos SE, Fraher LJ, Clemens TL, Gleed J, O’Riordan JLH: Metabolites of vitamin D in human vitamin D deficiency: Effects of vitamin D2 or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Lancet 612–615, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Haddad JG Jr, Hahn TJ: Natural and synthetic sources of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man. Nature 244: 515–517, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Haddad JG, Stamp TCB: Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man. Am. J. Med. 57: 57–62, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Arnaud SB, Matthusen M, Gilkinson JB, Goldsmith RS: Components of 2000. hydroxyvitamin D in serum of young children in upper mid-western United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30: 1082–1086, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Arnaud SB, Stickler BG, Haworth JC: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infantile rickets. Pediatrics 57: 221–225, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Stamp TCB, Round JM, Rowe DJF, Haddad JG: Plasma levels and therapeutic effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in epileptic patients taking anticonvulsant drugs. Br. Med. J. 4: 9–12, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Meyer M, Wecksler S, Shibolet S, Jedwab M, Harell A, Edelstein S: Malabsorption of vitamin D in man and rat with liver cirrhosis. J. Mol. Med. 3: 29–37, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Haussler MR, Manolagas SC, Dcftos LJ: Glucocorticoid receptor in clonal osteosarcoma cell lines. A novel system for investigating bone active hormones. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 94: 373–380, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. DeLuca HF, Avioli LV: Renal osteodystrophy. In: Renal Disease, Black D, Jones NY (eds), 1979, London, Blackwell Scientific Publications, p 766–803.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Slatopolsky E, Rutherford WE, Hoffsten PE, Elkan IO, Butcher HR, Bricker NS: Non-suppressible secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic progressive renal disease. Kidney Intl. 1: 38–46, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Chan JCM, Oldham SB, DeLuca HF: Effectiveness of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D in children with renal osteodystrophy associated with hemodialysis. J. Pediatrics 90: 820–824, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Chan JCM, DeLuca HF, Calcium and parathyroid disorders in children. Chronic renal failure and treatment with calcitrioi. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 241: 1242–1244, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Chesney RW, Hamstra A, Jax DK, Mazess RB, DeLuca HF: Influence of long-term oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in childhood renal osteodystrophy. Contr. Nephrol. 18: 55–71, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Silverberg D, Bettcher KB, Dossetor JB, Overton TR, Holick MF, DcLuca HF: Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 112: 190–195, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Brickman AS, Coburn JW, Norman AW: Action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a potent, kidney-produced metabolite of vitamin D3 in uremic man. N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 891–895, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Brickman AS, Sherrard DJ, Jowsey J, Singer FR, Baylink KJ, Maloney N, Massry SG, Norman AW, Coburn JW: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: Effect on skeletal lesions and plasma parathyroid hormone levels in uremic osteodystrophy. Arch. Intern. Med. 134: 883–888, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Neer RM, Holick MF, DeLuca HF, Potts JT Jr: Effects of 1α-hydroxyvitarain D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hypoparathyroidism. Metabolism 24: 1403–1413, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Kooh SW, Fraser D, DeLuca HF, Holick MF, Belsey RE, Clark MB, Murray TM: Treatment of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism with metabolites of vitamin D: Evidence for impaired conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. N. Engl. J. Med. 293: 840–844, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Russell RG, Smith R, Walton RJ, Preston C, Basson R, Henderson RG, Norman AW: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 in hypoparathyroidism. Lancet 2: 14–17, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Chesney RW, Horowitz SD, Kream BE, Eisman JA, Hong R, DeLuca HF: Failure of conventional doses of la,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to correct hypocalcemia in a girl with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med. 297: 1272–1275, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Kooh SW, Fraser D, Toon R, DeLuca HF: Response of protracted neonatal hypocalcemia to la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Lancet 2: 1105–1107, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Chan GM, Tsang RC, Chen IW, DeLuca HF, Steichen JJ: The effect of l,25(OH)2 vitamin D supplementation in premature infants. J. Pediatrics 93: 91–96, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Fraser D, Kooh SW, Kind HP, Holick MF, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: Pathogenesis of hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets: An inborn error of vitamin D metabolism involving defective conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. N. Engl. J. Med. 289: 817–822, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Glorieux F, Scriver CR: Loss of a parathyroid-sensitive component of phosphate transport in X-linked hypophosphatemia. Science 175: 997–1000, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Glorieux FH, Marie PJ, Pettifor JM, Delvin EE: Bone response to phosphate salts, ergocalciferol, and calcitriol in hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets. N. Engl. J. Med. 303: 1023–1031, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Chesney RW, Mazess RB, Rose P, Hamstra AJ, DeLuca HF, Breed AL: Long-term infuence of calcitriol (1,25(OH)2-vitamin D) and supplemental phosphate in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Pediatrics 71: 559–567, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Eggers M, Salinas A, Beas F: Response to treatment with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalcipherol in children with different types of resistant rickets. Pediatr. Res. 14: 73, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Crilly R, Horsman A, Marshall DH, Nordin BEC: Prevalance, pathogenesis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Aust. N.Z.J. Med. 9: 24–30, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Gallagher JC, Riggs BL, Eisman J, Hamstra A, Arnaud SB, DeLuca HF: Intestinal calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects and osteoporotic patients. Effects of age and dietary calcium. J. Clin. Invest. 64: 729–736, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Nordin BEC: The clinical significance and pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Brit. Med. J. 1: 571–576, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Okano K, Nakai R, Harasawa M: Endocrine factors in senile osteoporosis. Endocrinol. Jpn. 1: 23, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  310. Lawoyin S, Zerwekh JE, Glass K, Pak CYC: Ability of 25-hydroxy- vitarain D3 therapy to augment serum 1,25- and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 593, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Callagher JC, Jerpbak CM, Jee WSS, Johnson KA, DeLuca HF, Riggs, B.L.: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 3325–3329, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Kream BE, Jose MJL, DeLuca HF: The chick intestinal cytosol binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitaain D3: A study of analog binding. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 179: 462–468, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Eisman JA, DeLuca HF: Intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding protein: Specificity of binding. Steroids 30: 245–257, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Holick MF, Semmler EJ, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: la-hydroxy derivative of vitamin D3: A highly potent analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science 180: 190–191, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Pierides AM, Kerr DNS, Ellis HA, Peart KM, O’Riordan JLH, DeLuca HF: 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol in hemodialysis renal osteodystrophy. Adverse effects of anticonfulsant therapy. Clin. Nephrol. 5: 189–196, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Lam YH, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: la-hydroxyvitamin D£: A potent synthetic analog of vitamin D2. Science 186: 1038–1040, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Paaren HE, Hamer DE, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Direct C-l-hydroxylation of vitamin D compounds: Convenient preparation of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1α-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 1α-hydroxyvitamin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 75: 2080–2081, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Reeve LE, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Biological activity of la-hydroxyvitamin D2 in the rat. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 186: 164–167, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Morisaki M, Koizumi N, Ikekava N, Takeshita T, Ismioto S: Synthesis of active forms of vitamin D. Part IV. Synthesis of 1α,24-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Ji. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1: 1421–1424, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Smith CM, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF: Biological activity of 1,25(R)- dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,24(S)-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 170: 53–58, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  321. Napoli JL, Mellon WS, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Evidence for the metabolism of 24R-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 and 17α-hydroxy- 25-fluorovitamin D3 to 1α, 24R-dihydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 197: 193–198, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Onisko BL, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: 25-Axavitarain D3, an inhibitor of vitamin D metabolism and action. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 3493–3496, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Onisko BL, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: Inhibitors of the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in the rat. Bioorg. Chem. 9: 187–198, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Paaren HE, Moriarty RM, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: In vivo and in vitro inhibition of rat liver vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase activity by 19- hydroxy-10(S), 19-dihydrovitamin D3. Biochemistry 19: 5335–5339, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Mourino A, Okamura WH: Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 14. On the 10,19-dihydrovitamins related to vitamin D2 including dihydrotachysterol2. J. Org. Chem. 43: 1653–1656, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Napoli JL, Fivizzani MA, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: 1-Fluorovitamin D3: A vitamin D3 analog more active on bone-calcium mobilization than intestinal-calcium transport. Biochemistry 18: 1641–1646, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Paaren HE, Fivizzani MA, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF: 1α, 25-difluorovitamin D3: An inert vitamin D analog. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 209: 579–583, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Hector F. Deluca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Rajiv Kumar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston/The Hague/Dordrecht/Lancaster

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Deluca, H.F. (1984). The Metabolism, Physiology, and Function of Vitamin D. In: Kumar, R. (eds) Vitamin D. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2839-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2839-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9793-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2839-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation