Terminology and Foundations of Movement Science
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a technical foundation in movement science. This involves addressing five areas: (1) key terminology (i.e., the “language” of movement science) (Sections 2–3); (2) key aspects of neuromotor physiology, with a primary focus on the interaction between neural circuits and muscles (Section 4); (3) key terminology associated with making measurements and processing experimental data, especially as related to motion analysis systems (Section 5); (4) key concepts in mechanics and control that impact on the study of movement science (Section 6); and (5) basic implications of living tissues, such as tissue remodeling, adaptation, and sensorimotor learning (Section 7).
Keywords
Motor Neuron Motor Unit Muscle Force Muscle Spindle Muscle LengthPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Abbott, B.C. and Wilkie, D.R. (1953). The relation between velocity of shortening and the tension-length curve of skeletal muscle. J. Physiol., 120:214–223.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Alexander, R.McN. (1988). Elastic Mechanisms in Animal Movement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
- Alexander, R.McN. and Ker, R.F. (1990). The architecture of leg muscles. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 36, pp. 568–577, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Bernstein, N.A. (1967). The Coordination and Regulation of Movement. Pergamon Press, London.Google Scholar
- Binder, M.D., Heckman, C.J., and Powers, R.K. (1996). The physiological control of motoneuron activity. In: Handbook of Physiology. Section 12, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. Rowell, L.B. and Shepherd, J.T. (eds.), American Physiological Society, New York: Oxford, pp. 3–53.Google Scholar
- Bizzi, E., Accomero, N., Chapple, W., and Hogan, N. (1984). Posture control and trajectory formation during arm movement. J. Neurophys., 4:2738–2744.Google Scholar
- Cavagna, G.A. (1970). Elastic bounce of the body. J. Appl. Physiol., 29:279–282.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Crago, P.E., Lemay, M.A., and Liu, L. (1990). External control of limb movements involving environmental interactions. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 21, pp. 343–359, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Crisco, J.J. and Panjabi, M. (1990). Postural biomechanical stability and gross muscle architecture in the spine. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 26, pp. 438–450, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Denier van der Gon, J.J., Coolen, A.C.C., Erkelens, C.J., and Jonker, H.J.J. (1990). Self-organizing neural mechanisms possibly responsible for movement coordination. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 20, pp. 335–342, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Fenn, W.O. and Marsh, B.S. (1935). Muscular force at different speeds of shortening. J. Physiol., 85:277–297.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Flash, T. (1990). The organization of human arm trajectory control. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 17, pp. 282–301, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Fuller, J.J. and Winters, J.M. (1993). Joint loading during stretching exercises recommended for osteoarthritis: a biomechanical analysis. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 21:277–288.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fung, Y.C. (1993). Biomechanics. Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues (2nd ed). Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Gielen, S., van Ingen Schenau, G.J., Tax, T., and Theeuwen, M. (1990). The activation of mono- and bi-articular muscles in multi-joint movements. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 18, pp. 302–311, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Gottlieb, G.L., Corcos, D.M., Agarwal, G.C., and Latash, M.L. (1990). Principles underlying single-joint movement strategies. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 14, pp. 236–250, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Granit, R. (1975). The functional role of the muscle spindles—facts and hypotheses. Brain, 98:531–556.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grillner, S. (1975). Locomotion in vertebrates: Central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol. Rev., 55:247–304.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hebb, D.O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
- Henneman, E. and Mendell, L.M. (1981). Functional organization of motoneuron pool and its inputs. Handbook of Physiol. The Nervous System, Vol. II, pt. 1, Chapter 11.Google Scholar
- Henneman, E., Bomjen, G. and Carpenter, D.O. (1965). Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J. Neurophys., 28:560–580.Google Scholar
- Hill, A.V. (1922). The maximum work and mechanical efficiency of human muscles, and their economical speed. J. Physiol., 56:19–45.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hill, A.V. (1938). The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc. Roy. Soc., 126B: 136–195.Google Scholar
- Hill, A.V. (1950). The series elastic component of muscle. Proc. Roy. Soc., 137B:399–420.Google Scholar
- Hill, A.V. (1970). First and Last Experiments in Muscle Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
- Hodgkin, A.L. and Huxley, A.F. (1952). A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J. Physiol. 117:500–544.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hogan, N. (1984). An organizing principle for a class of voluntary movements. J. Neurosci., 4:2745–2754.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hogan, N. (1990). Mechanical impedance of single- and multi-articular systems. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 9, pp. 149–164, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Hogan, N. and Winters, J.M. (1990). Principles underlying movement organization: upper limb. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 11, pp. 182–194, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Huxley, A.F. (1957). Muscle structure and theories of contraction. Prog. Biophys., 7:257–318.Google Scholar
- Huxley, H.E. and Hanson, J. (1954). Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation. Nature, 173:973–976.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huxley, A.F. and Niedergerke, R. (1954). Structural changes in muscle during contraction. Nature, 173:971–973.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huxley, A.F. and Simmons, R.M. (1971). Proposed mechanism of force generation in striated muscle. Nature, 233:533–538.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kane, T.R. and Levinson, D.A. (1985). Dynamics: Theory and Applications. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
- Kawato, M. (1990). Computational schemes and neural network models for formation and control of multi-joint arm trajectory. In Neural Networks for Control. (Miller, W.T., Sutton, R.S., and Werbos, P.J., (eds.), pp. 197–228. The MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
- Levin, A. and Wyman, J. (1927). The viscous elastic properties of muscle. Proc. Roy Soc., B101:218–243.Google Scholar
- Liddel, E.G.T. and Sherington, C.S. (1924). Reflexes in response to stretch (myotatic reflexes). Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B, 96:212–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Loeb, G. (1984). The control and responses of mamalian muscle spindles during normally executed motor tasks. Exer. Sport Rev., 12:157–204.Google Scholar
- Loeb, G.E. and Gans, C. (1986). Electromyography for Experimentalists. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
- Loeb, G.E. and Levine, W.S. (1990). Linking musculoskeleal mechanics to sensorimotor neurophysiology. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 10, pp. 165–181, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Matthews, P.B.C. (1981). Muscle spindles: their messages and their fusimotor supply. In Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Kandel, E.R., (ed.), Vol. II, pt. 1, Chapter 6, pp. 189–228.Google Scholar
- McMahon, T. (1990). Spring-like properties of muscles and reflexes in running. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 37, pp. 578–590, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Morgan, D. (1990). Modeling of lengthening muscle: the role of inter-sacromere dynamics. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 3, pp. 46–56, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Mungiole, M. and Winters, J.M. (1990). Overview: Influence of muscle on cyclic and propulsive movements involving the lower limb. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 35; pp. 550–567, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Pandy, M. (1990). An analytical framework for quantifying muscular action during human movement. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 42, pp. 653–662, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Seif-Naraghi, A.H. and Winters, J.M. (1990). Optimized strategies for scaling goal directed dynamic limb movements. In Multiple Muscle Systems, Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 19, pp. 312–334, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Sherrington, C.S. (1910). Flexion-reflex of the limb, cross extension-reflex, and reflex stepping and standing. J. Physiol., 40:28–121.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Van der Helm, F.C.T. and Veenbass, R. (1991). Modelling the mechancial effect of muscles with large attachment sites: application to the shoulder mechanism. J. Biomech., 24:1151–1163.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Ingen Schenau, G.J. (1984). An alternative view of the concept of utilization of elastic energy in human movement. Hum Mov. Sci., 3:301–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Ingen Schenau, G.J. (1990). The unique action of bi-articular muscles in leg extensions. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 41, pp. 639–652, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Wilkie, D.R. (1950). The relation betwen force and velocity in human muscle. J. Physiol., 110:248–280.Google Scholar
- Winters, J.M. (1990). Hill-based muscle models: a systems engineering perspective. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 5, pp. 69–93, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Winters, J.M. and Kleweno, D.G. (1993). Effect of initial upper limb alignment on muscle contributions to isometric strength curves. J. Biomech., 26:143–153.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Winters, J.M. and Stark, L. (1985). Analysis of fundamental movement patterns through the use of in-depth antagonistic muscle models. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., BME-32:826–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Winters, J.M. and Stark, L. (1987). Muscle Models: what is gained and what is lost by varying model complexity. Biol. Cybern., 55:403–420.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (1990). Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Winters, J.M., Stark, L., and Seif-Naraghi, A.H. (1988). “An analysis of the sources of muscle-joint system impedance. J. Biomech., 12:1011–1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Woo, S.L-Y., Gomez, M.A., Woo, Y.-K., and Akeson, W.H. (1982). Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments: II. The relationships of immobilization and exercise on tissue remodeling. Biorheology., 19:397–408.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zahalak, G.I. (1981). A distribution-moment approximation for kinetic theories of muscular contraction. Math Biosci., 55:89–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zahalak, G.I. (1990). Modeling muscle mechanics (and energetics). In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 1, pp. 1–23, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
- Zajac, F. and Winters, J.M. (1990). Modeling musculoskeletal movement systems: joint and body-segment dynamics, musculotendinous actuation, and neuromuscular control. In Multiple Muscle Systems. Biomechanics and Movement Organization. Winters, J.M. and Woo, S.L-Y. (eds.), Chapter 8, pp. 121–148, Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar