Abstract
A healthy forest is comprised of trees and the plant, animal, and microbial communities with which they are normally associated. Native insect herbivores and pathogens of forest trees perform important functions in natural ecosystems, killing decadent trees, recycling nutrients, and creating gaps for regeneration. These insects and diseases are defined as pests when their activities interfere with management objectives for a stand. Such activities may cause tree mortality, injury, or debilitation.
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Pronos, J., Merrill, L., Dahlsten, D. (1999). Insects and Pathogens in a Pollution-Stressed Forest. In: Miller, P.R., McBride, J.R. (eds) Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California. Ecological Studies, vol 134. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1436-6_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1436-6_15
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