Leaf Growth and Differentiation

  • V. Raghavan
Chapter

Abstract

Leaves are among the most specialized of all plant organs, devoting most of their activity to the production of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBISCO). This key protein is mentioned here to introduce the chapter on leaves not only because of its importance as a primary enzyme for carbon fixation in the initial reaction of photosynthesis, but also to emphasize that all of the, structural and developmental adaptations of leaves are geared to maximize the production of RuBISCO.

Keywords

Guard Cell Shoot Apex Mesophyll Cell Shoot Apical Meristem Bundle Sheath 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Further Reading

  1. Brutnell, T.P., and Langdale, J.A. 1998. Signals in leaf development. Adv. Bot. Res. 28: 161–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Dale, J.E. 1988. The control of leaf expansion. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 267–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Poethig, R.S. 1997. Leaf morphogenesis in flowering plants. Plant Cell 9: 1077–1087.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Smith, L.G., and Hake, S. 1992. The initiation and determination of leaves. Plant Cell 4: 1017–1027.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Sylvester, A.W., Smith L., and Freeling, M. 1996. Acquisition of identity in the developing leaf. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12: 257–304.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Tsukaya H. 1995. Developmental genetics of leaf morphogenesis in dicotyledous plants J. Plant Res. 108 407–416Google Scholar

References

  1. Battey, N.H., and Lyndon, R.F. 1984. Changes in apical growth and phyllotaxis on flowering and reversion in Impatiens balsaminaL. Ann. Bot. 54: 553–567.Google Scholar
  2. Battey, N.H., and Lyndon, R.F. 1988. Determination and differentiation of leaf and petal primordia in Impatiens balsamina. Ann. Bot. 61: 9–16.Google Scholar
  3. Becraft, P.W., Bongard-Pierce, D.K., Sylvester, A.W., Poethig, R.S., and Freeling, M. 1990. The liguleless-1gene acts tissue specifically in maize leaf development. Dev. Biol. 141: 220–232.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Becraft, P.W., and Freeling, M. 1994. Genetic analysis of rough sheath1developmental mutants of maize. Genetics 136: 295–311.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Becraft, P.W., Stinard, P.S., and McCarty, D.R. 1996. CRINKLY4: a TNFR-like receptor kinase involved in maize epidermal differentiation. Science 273: 1406–1409.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Boetsch J., Chin J., and Croxdale, J. 1995. Arrest of stomatal initials in Tradescantiais linked to the proximity of neighboring stomata and results in the arrested initials acquiring properties of epidermal cells. Dev. Biol. 168: 28–38.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bohmert K., Camus I., Bellini, C, Bouchez D., Caboche M., and Benning, C. 1998. AGO1defines a novel locus of Arabidopsiscontrolling leaf development. EMBO J. 17: 170–180.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Bongard-Pierce, D.K., Evans, M.M.S., and Poethig, R.S. 1996. Heteroblastic features of leaf anatomy in maize and their genetic regulation. Int. J. Plant Sci. 157: 331–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Bowler C., Neuhaus G., Yamagata H., and Chua, N.-H. 1994. Cyclic GMP and calcium mediate phytochrome phototransduction. Cell 77: 73–81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Buchanan-Wollaston, V. 1997. The molecular biology of leaf senescence, J. Exp. Bot. 48: 181–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Buchanan-Wollaston V., and Ainsworth, C. 1997. Leaf senescence in Brassica napus:cloning of senescence related genes by subtractive hybridisation. Plant Mol. Biol. 33: 821–834.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Cabrera y Poch, H.L., Peto, C.A., and Chory, J. 1993. A mutation in the Arabidopsis DET3gene uncouples photoregulated leaf development from gene expression and chloroplast biogenesis. Plant J. 4: 671–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Callos, J.D., DiRado M., Xu, B., Behringer, F.J., Link, B.M., and Medford, J.I. 1994. The forever younggene encodes an oxidoreductase required for proper development of the Arabidopsisvegetative shoot apex. Plant J. 6: 835–847.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Cerioli S., Marocco A., Maddaloni M., Motto M., and Salamini, F 1994. Early event in maize leaf epidermis formation as revealed by cell lineage studies. Development 120: 2113–2120.Google Scholar
  15. Chen, J.-J., Janssen, B.-J., Williams A., and Sinha, N. 1997. A gene fusion at a homeobox locus: alterations in leaf shape and implications for morphological evolution. Plant Cell 9: 1289–1304.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Chin J., Wan Y., Smith J., and Croxdale, J. 1995. Linear aggregations of stomata and epidermal cells in Tradescantialeaves: evidence for their group patterning as a function of the cell cycle. Dev. Biol. 168: 39–46.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Chory J., and Peto, C.A. 1990. Mutations in the DET1gene affect cell-type-specific expression of light-regulated genes and chloroplast development in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 87: 8776–8780.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Chory J., Peto, C.A., Ashbaugh M., Saganich R., Pratt L., and Ausubel, F. 1989a. Different roles for phytochrome in etiolated and green plants deduced from characterization of Arabidopsis thalianamutants. Plant Cell 1: 867–880.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Chory J., Peto C., Feinbaum R., Pratt, L. and Ausubel, F. 1989b. Arabidopsis thalianamutant that develops as a light-grown plant in the absence of light. Cell 58: 991–999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Chory J., Reinecke D., Sim S., Washburn T., and Brenner, M. 1994. A role for cytokinins in de-etiolation in Arabidopsis. detmutants have an altered response to cytokinins. Plant Physiol. 104: 339–347.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Chuck G., Lincoln C., and Hake, S. 1996. KNAT1induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 8: 1277–1289.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Croxdale J., Smith J., Yandell B., and Johnson, J.B. 1992. Stomatal patterning in Tradescantia:an evaluation of the cell lineage theory. Dev. Biol. 149: 158–167.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Deng, X.-W., Caspar T., and Quail, P.H. 1991. cop1:a regulatory locus involved in light-controlled development and gene expression in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 5: 1172–1182.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Deschamp, P.A., and Cooke, T.J. 1983. Leaf dimorphism in aquatic angiosperms: significance of turgor pressure and cell expansion. Science 219: 505–507.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Deschamp, P.A., and Cooke, T.J. 1985. Leaf dimorphism in the aquatic angiosperm Callitriche heterophylla. Am. J. Bot. 72: 1377–1387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Dolan L., and Poethig, R.S. 1991. Genetic analysis of leaf development in cotton. Development Suppl. 1: 39–46.Google Scholar
  27. Dudley M., and Poethig, R.S. 1991. The effect of a heterochronic mutation, teopod2, on the cell lineage of the maize shoot. Development 111: 733–739.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Esch, J.J., Oppenheimer, D.G., and Marks, M.D. 1994. Characterization of a weak allele of the GL2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 24: 203–207.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Evans, M.M.S., Passas, H.J., and Poethig, R.S. 1994. Heterochronic effects of glossy15mutations on epidermal cell identity in maize. Development 120: 1971–1981.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Feldman, L.J., and Cutter, E.G. 1970a. Regulation of leaf form in Centaurea solstitialisL.I. Leaf development on whole plants in sterile culture. Bot. Gaz. 131: 31–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Feldman, L.J., and Cutter, E.G. 1970b. Regulation of leaf form in Centaurea solstitialisL. II. The developmental potentialities of excised leaf primordia in sterile culture. Bot. Gaz. 131: 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Fleming, A.J., McQueen-Mason S., Mandel T., and Kuhlemeier, C. 1997. Induction of leaf primordia by the cell wall protein expansin. Science 276: 1415–1418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Foard, D.E. 1971. The initial protrusion of a leaf primordium can form without concurrent periclinal cell divisions. Can. J. Bot. 49: 1601–1603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Freeling M., and Hake, S. 1985. Developmental genetics of mutants that specify knotted leaves in maize. Genetics 111: 617–634.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Frydman, V.M., and Wareing, RF. 1973. Phase change in Hedera helixL.I. Gibberellin-like substances in the two growth phases. J. Exp. Bot. 24: 1131–1138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Gan S., and Amasino, R.M. 1995. Inhibition of leaf senescence by autoregulated production of cytokinin. Science 270: 1986–1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Gan S., and Amasino, R.M. 1996. Cytokinins in plant senescence: from spray and pray to clone and play. Bioessays 18: 557–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Goliber, T.E. 1989. Endogenous abscisic acid content correlates with photon fluence rate and induced leaf morphology in Hippuris vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 89: 732–734.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Goliber T.E. and Feldman L.J. 1989. Osmotic stress endogeus abscisic acid and the control of leaf morphology in Hippuris vulgarisL. Plant Cell Environ. 12 163–171Google Scholar
  40. Green, P.B. 1985. Surface of the shoot apex: a reinforcement-field theory for phyllotaxis. J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 2: 181–201.Google Scholar
  41. Hake S. 1992. Unraveling the kts in plant development. Trends Genet. 8 109–114Google Scholar
  42. Hake S., Vollbrecht E., and Freeling, M. 1989. Cloning Knotted, the dominant morphological mutant in maize using Ds2as a transposon tag. EMBO. J. 8: 15–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Hardham, A.R., Green, P.B., and Lang, J.M. 1980. Reorganization of cortical microtubules and cellulose deposition during leaf formation in Graptopetalum paraguayense. Planta 149: 181–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Hareven D. Gutfinger T. Parnis A. Eshed Y. and Lifschitz E. 1996. The making of a compound leaf genetic manipulation of leaf architecture in tomato. Cell 84 735–744Google Scholar
  45. Harper L., and Freeling, M. 1996. Interactions of liguleless1and liguleless2function during ligule induction in maize. Genetics 144: 1871–1882.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Hensel L., Grbić, V., Baumgarten, D.A., and Bleecker, A.B. 1993. Developmental and age-related processes that influence the longevity and senescence of photosynthetic tissues in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 5: 553–564.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Hofer J., Turner L., Hellens R., Ambrose M., Matthews P., Michael A., and Ellis, N. 1997. UNIFOLIATAregulates leaf and flower morphogenesis in pea. Curr. Biol. 7: 581–587.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Horton, R.F., and Osborne, D.J. 1967. Senescence, abscission and cellulase activity in Phaseolus vulgaris. Nature214: 1086–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Hülskamp M., Miséra S., and Jürgens, G. 1994. Genetic dissection of trichome cell development in Arabidopsis. Cell 76: 555–566.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Irish, V.F., and Sussex, I.M. 1992. A fate map of the Arabidopsisembryonic shoot apical meristem. Development 115: 745–753.Google Scholar
  51. Jackson D., Veit B., and Hake, S. 1994. Expression of maize KNOTTED1related homeobox genes in the shoot apical meristem predicts patterns of morphogenesis in the vegetative shoot. Development 120: 405–413.Google Scholar
  52. Jacobs, W.P. 1979. Plant Hormones and Plant Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  53. Janssen, B.-J., Lund L., and Sinha, N. 1998. Overexpres-sion of a homeobox gene, LeT6, reveals indeterminate features in the tomato compound leaf. Plant Physiol. 117: 771–786.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Jesuthasan S., and Green, P.B. 1989. On the mechanism of decussate phyllotaxis: biophysical studies on the tunica layer of Vinca major. Am. J. Bot. 76: 1152–1166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Jiang, C.-Z., Rodermel, S.R., and Shibles, R.M. 1993. Photosynthesis, Rubisco activity and amount, and their regulation by transcription in senescing soybean leaves. Plant Physiol. 101: 105–112.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Kim, G.-T., Tsukaya H., and Uchimiya, H. 1998. The ROTUNDIFOLIA3gene of Arabidopsis thalianaencodes a new member of the cytochrome P-450 family that is required for the regulated polar elongation of leaf cells. Genes Dev. 12: 2381–2391.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Langdale, J.A., and Kidner, C.A. 1994. bundle sheath defective, a mutation that disrupts cellular differentiation in maize leaves. Development 120: 673–681.Google Scholar
  58. Langdale, J.A., Lane B., Freeling M., and Nelson, T. 1989. Cell lineage analysis of maize bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Dev. Biol. 133: 128–139.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Langdale, J.A., Rothermel, B.A., and Nelson, T. 1988. Cellular pattern of photosynthetic gene expression in developing maize leaves. Genes Dev. 2: 106–115.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Langdale, J.A., Zelitch I., Miller E., and Nelson, T. 1988. Cell position and light influence C4 versus C3 patterns of photosynthetic gene expression in maize. EMBO J. 7: 3643–3651.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Larkin, J.C., Marks, M.D., Nadeau J., and Sack, F. 1997. Epidermal cell fate and patterning in leaves. Plant Cell 9: 1109–1120.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Larkin, J.C., Oppenheimer, D.G., Lloyd, A.M., Paparozzi, E.T., and Marks, M.D. 1994. Roles of the GLABROUS1and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRAgenes in Arabidopsistrichome development. Plant Cell 6: 1065–1076.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Larkin, J.C., Oppenheimer, D.G., Pollock S., and Marks, M.D. 1993. Arabidopsis GLABROUS1gene requires downstream sequences for function. Plant Cell 5: 1739–1748.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Larkin, J.C., Young N., Prigge M., and Marks, M.D. 1996. The control of trichome spacing and number in Arabidopsis. Development 122: 997–1005.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Li, H.-M., Culligan K., Dixon, R.A., and Chory, J. 1995. CUE1:a mesophyll cell-specific positive regulator of light-controlled gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 7: 1599–1610.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Lincoln C., Long J., Yamaguchi J., Serikawa K., and Hake, S. 1994. A knotted1-likehomeobox gene in Arabidopsisis expressed in the vegetative meristem and dramatically alters leaf morphology when overexpressed in transgenic plants. Plant Cell 6: 1859–1876.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Liu, B.L. 1984. Abscisic acid induces land form characteristics in Marsilea quadrifoliaL. Am.J. Bot. 71: 638–644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Lloyd, A.M., Walbot V., and Davis, R.W. 1992. Arabidopsisand Nicotianaanthocyanin production activated by maize regulators Rand C1. Science 258: 1773–1775.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Lohman, K.N., Gan S., John, M.C., and Amasino, R.M. 1994. Molecular analysis of natural leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol. Plant. 92: 322–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Lowe B., Mathern J., and Hake, S. 1992. Active Mutatorelements suppress the knotted phenotype and increase recombination at the Kn1-Otandem duplication. Genetics 132: 813–822.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. Lu B., Villani, P.J., Watson, J.C., DeMason, D.A., and Cooke, T.J. 1996. The control of pinna morphology in wild type and mutant leaves of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). Int. J. Plant Sci. 157: 659–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. McConnell, J.R., and Barton, M.K. 1998. Leaf polarity and meristem formation in Arabidopsis. Development 125: 2935–2942.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. McHale, N.A. 1993. LAM-1and FATgenes control development of the leaf blade in Nicotiana sylvestris. Plant Cell 5: 1029–1038.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. Moose, S.P., and Sisco, P.H. 1996. Glossyl5, an APETALA2-like gene from maize that regulates leaf epidermal cell identity. Genes Dev. 10: 3018–3027.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Moreno, M.A., Harper, L.C., Krueger, R.W., Dellaporta, S.L., and Freeling, M. 1997. liguleless1encodes a nuclear-localized protein required for induction of ligules and auricles during maize leaf organogenesis. Genes Dev. 11: 616–628.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Neuhaus G., Bowler C., Kern R., and Chua, N.-H. 1993. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent and-independent phytochrome signal transduction pathways. Cell 73: 937–952.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Oppenheimer, D.G., Herman, P.L., Sivakumaran S., Esch J., and Marks, M.D. 1991. A mybgene required for leaf trichome differentiation in Arabidopsisis expressed in stipules. Cell 67: 483–493.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Osborne, D.J. 1989. Abscission. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 8: 103–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Parnis A., Cohen O., Gutfinger T., Hareven D., Zamir D., and Lifschitz, E. 1997. The dominant developmental mutants of tomato, mouse-earand curl, are associated with distinct modes of abnormal transcriptional regulation of a knottedgene. Plant Cell 9: 2143–2158.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Poethig, R.S. 1988a. Heterochronic mutations affecting shoot development in maize. Genetics 119: 959–97PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Poethig, S. 1988b. A non-cell-autonomous mutation regulating juvenility in maize. Nature 336: 82–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Poethig, R.S. 1990. Phase change and the regulation of shoot morphogenesis in plants. Science 250: 923–930.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Poethig, R.S., and Sussex, I.M. 1985a. The developmental morphology and growth dynamics of the tobacco leaf. Planta 165: 158–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Poethig, R.S., and Sussex, I.M. 1985b. The cellular parameters of leaf development in tobacco: a clonal analysis. Planta 165: 170–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Poethig, R.S., and Szymkowiak, E.J. 1995. Clonal analysis of leaf development in maize. Maydica 40: 67–76.Google Scholar
  86. Poovaiah, B.W. 1974. Formation of callose and lignin during leaf abscission. Am. J. Bot. 61: 829–834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Reinhardt D., Wittwer, E, Mandel, T., and Kuhlemeier, C. 1998. Localized upregulation of a new expansin gene predicts the site of leaf formation in the tomato meristem. Plant Cell 10: 1427–1437.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. Rerie, W.G., Feldmann, K.A., and Marks, M.D. 1994. The GLABRA2gene encodes a homeo domain protein required for normal trichome development in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 8: 1388–1399.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Robbins, W.J. 1957. Gibberellic acid and the reversal of adult Hederato a juvenile state. Am. J. Bot. 44: 743–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Robbins, W.J. 1960. Further observations on juvenile and adult Hedera. Am. J. Bot. 47: 485–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Roth R., Hall, L.N., Brutnell, T.P., and Langdale, J.A. 1996. Bundle sheath defective2, a mutation that disrupts the coordinated development of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in the maize leaf. Plant Cell 8: 915–927.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Sachs, T. 1969. Regeneration experiments on the determination of the form of leaves. Israel J. Bot. 18: 21–30.Google Scholar
  93. Scanlon, M.J., and Freeling, M. 1997. Clonal sectors reveal that a specific meristematic domain is not utilized in the maize mutant narrow sheath. Dev. Biol. 182: 52–66.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Scanlon, M.J., Schneeberger, R.G., and Freeling, M. 1996. The maize mutant narrow sheathfails to establish leaf margin identity in a meristematic domain. Development 122: 1683–1691.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. Schneeberger R., Tsiantis M., Freeling M., and Langdale, J.A. 1998. The rough sheath2gene negatively regulates homeobox gene expression during maize leaf development. Development 125: 2857–2865.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. Schneeberger R.G. Becraft P.W. Hake S. and Freeling M. 1995. Ectopic expression of the knoxhomeo box gene rough sheathlalters cell fate in the maize leaf. Genes Dev. 9: 2292–2304Google Scholar
  97. Schnittger A., Grini, P.E., Folkers U., and Hülskamp, M. 1996. Epidermal fate map of the Arabidopsisshoot meristem. Dev. Biol. 175: 248–255.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Schnittger A., Jürgens G., and Hülskamp, M. 1998. Tissue layer and organ specificity in trichome formation are regulated by GLABRA1and TRIPTYCHONin Arabidopsis. Development 125: 2283–2289.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. Selker, J.M.L., Steucek, G.L., and Green, P.B. 1992. Biophysical mechanisms for morphogenetic progressions at the shoot apex. Dev. Biol. 153: 29–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Sinha N., and Hake, S. 1990. Mutant characters of Knottedmaize leaves are determined in the innermost tissue layers. Dev. Biol. 141: 203–210.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Sinha N., and Hake, S. 1994. The Knottedleaf blade is a mosaic of blade, sheath, and auricle identities. Dev. Genet. 15: 401–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Sinha N., Williams, R.E., and Hake, S. 1993. Overexpression of the maize homeo box gene, KNOTTED-1, causes a switch from determinate to indeterminate cell fates. Genes Dev. 7: 787–795.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Smith, L.G., Greene B., Veit B., and Hake, S. 1992. A dominant mutation in the maize homeobox gene, Knotted-1, causes its ectopic expression in leaf cells with altered fates. Development 116: 21–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. Smith, L.G., Hake S., and Sylvester, A.W. 1996. The tangled-1mutation alters cell division orientations throughout maize leaf development without altering leaf shape. Development 122: 481–489.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. Steeves, T.A. 1961. A study of the developmental potentialities of excised leaf primordia in sterile culture. Phytomorphology 11: 346–359.Google Scholar
  106. Steeves, T.A., and Sussex, I.M. 1957. Studies on the development of excised leaves in sterile culture. Am. J. Bot. 44: 665–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Steeves, T.A., and Sussex, I.M. 1989. Patterns in Plant Development, 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Sylvester, A.W., Cande, W.Z., and Freeling, M. 1990. Division and differentiation during normal and liguleless-1maize leaf development. Development 110: 985–1000.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. Sylvester, A.W., Smith L., and Freeling, M. 1996. Acquisition of identity in the developing leaf. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12: 257–304.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. Timmermans, M.C.P., Schultes, N.P., Jankovsky, J.P., and Nelson, T. 1998. Leafbladeless1is required for dorsoventrality of lateral organs in maize. Development 125: 2813–2823.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Tsuge T., Tsukaya H., and Uchimiya, H. 1996. Two independent and polarized processes of cell elongation regulate leaf blade expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heynh. Development 122: 1589–1600.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Tucker, M.L., Baird, S.L., and Sexton, R. 1991. Bean leaf abscission: tissue-specific accumulation of a cellulase mRNA. Planta 186: 52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. Veit B., Briggs, S.P., Schmidt, R.J., Yanofsky, M.F., and Hake, S. 1998. Regulation of leaf initiation by the terminal earlgene of maize. Nature 393: 166–168.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Veit B., Vollbrecht E., Mathern J., and Hake, S. 1990. A tandem duplication causes the Knl-Oallele of Knotted, a dominant morphological mutant of maize. Genetics 125: 623–631.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. Waites R., and Hudson, A. 1995. phantastica:a gene required for dorsoventrality of leaves in Antirrhinum majus. Development 121: 2143–2154.Google Scholar
  116. Waites R., Selvadurai, H.R.N., Oliver, I.R., and Hudson, A. 1998. The PHANTASTICAgene encodes a MYB transcription factor involved in growth and dorsiventrality of lateral organs in Antirrhinum. Cell 93: 779–789.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. Yang M., and Sack, ED. 1995. The too many mouthsand four lipsmutations affect stomatal production in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 7: 2227–2239.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. Young, J.P.W. 1983. Pea leaf morphogenesis: a simple model. Ann. Bot. 52: 311–316.Google Scholar
  119. Zeiger E., and Stebbins, G.L. 1972. Developmental genetics in barley: a mutant for stomatal development. Am. J. Bot. 59: 143–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2000

Authors and Affiliations

  • V. Raghavan
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Plant BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA

Personalised recommendations