Spinal Cord Disease pp 275-295 | Cite as
Craniocervical Anomalies and Non-traumatic Syringomyelia
Abstract
The majority of cases of syringomyelia are associated with abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum but the reverse is not so and the true prevalence of structural anomalies in this region is unknown. It is difficult and somewhat artificial to analyse these disorders separately for many are found together in the same patient. There is also little genuine consensus of opinion about the cause of the anomalies or of related syringomyelia. In this review we have attempted to shed a little light by considering first the anomalies themselves and then proceeding to a more detailed discussion of syringomyelia and its surgical management.
Keywords
Fourth Ventricle Chiari Malformation Cerebellar Tonsil Foramen Magnum Lower Cranial NervePreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Aboulezz AO, Sartor K, Geyer CA, Gado MH (1985) Position of cerebellar tonsils in the normal population and in patients with the Chiari malformation: a quantitative approach with MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9(6):1033–1036PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Appleby A, Foster JB, Hankinson J, Hudgson P (1968) The diagnosis and management of the Chiari anomalies in adult life. Brain 91:131–140PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Arnold J (1894) Myelocyste, Transposition von Gewebskeimen und Sympodie. Beitr Path Anat 16:1Google Scholar
- Baker HL (1963) Myelographic examination of the posterior fossa with a positive contrast medium. Radiology 81:791Google Scholar
- Balk RA, Hiller FC, Lucas EA, Scrima L, Wilson FJ, Wooten V (1985) Sleep apnoea and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Am Rev Respir Dis 132(4):929–930PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ball MJ, Dayan AD (1972) Pathogenesis of syringomyelia. Lancet 2:799PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Banerji NK, Millar JHD (1974) Chiari malformation presenting in adult life - its relationship to Syringomyelia. Brain 97:157–168PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Barkovich AJ, Wippold FJ, Sherman JL, Citrin CM (1986) Significance of cerebellar tonsillar position on MR. AJNR 7:795–799PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Barkovich AJ, Bent OK, Norman D, Edwards MS (1989) Revised classification of posterior fossa cysts and cystlike malformations based on the results of multiplanar MR imaging. AJNR 10:977–988Google Scholar
- Barnett HJM, Foster JB, Hudgson P (1973) Syringomyelia. Saunders, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Battersby RDE, Williams B (1982) Birth injury: a possible contributory factor in the aetiology of primary basilar impression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45:879–883PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bosley TM, Cohen DA, Schatz NJ, et al. (1985) Comparison of metrizamide computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of lesions at the cervicomedullary junction. Neurology 35:485–492PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brown JR (1977) The Dandy-Walker syndrome. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology vol 30. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 623–646Google Scholar
- Bullock R, Todd NV, Easton J, Hadley D (1988) Isolated central respiratory failure due to syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Br Med J 297:1448–1449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiari H (1891) Über Veränderungen des Kleinhirns infolge Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns. Dtsch Med Wschr 17:1172–1175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiari H (1896) Über Veränderungen des Kleinhirns, des Pons and Medulla oblongata infolge von kongenitaler Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns. Denkschr Akad Wiss Wien 63:71Google Scholar
- Cleland J (1883) Contribution to the study of spina bifida, encephalocoele and anencephalus. J Anat Physiol 17:257PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cogan DG (1968) Downbeating nystagmus. Arch Ophthalmol 80:757PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Conway LW (1967) Hydrodynamic studies in syringomyelia. J Neurosurg 27:501–514PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coria F, Quintana F, Rebollo M, Combarros O, Berciano J (1983) Occipital dysplasia and Chiari type I deformity in a family. Clinical and radiological study of three generations. J Neurol Sci 62: 147–158PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dandy WE, Blackfan KD (1914) Internal hydrocephalus: an experimental, clinical and pathological study. Amer J Dis Child 8:406–482Google Scholar
- De Barros MC, Farias W, Ataide L, Lins S (1968) Basilar impression and Arnold Chiari malformation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 31:596–605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Foster JE, Hudgson P (1973) The pathogenesis of communicating syringomyelia. In: Barnett HJM, Foster JB, Hudgson P (eds) Syringomyelia. Saunders, London, pp 104–123Google Scholar
- Gardner WJ (1965) Hydrodynamic mechanisms of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:247–256PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gardner WJ (1967) Myelocele: rupture of the neural tube? Clin Neurosurg 15:57Google Scholar
- Gardner WJ (1973) The Dandy Walker malformation. The dysraphic states from syringomyelia to anencephaly. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 127–143Google Scholar
- Gardner WJ, Smith JL, Padget DH (1972) The relationship of Arnold-Chiari and Dandy-Walker malformations. J Neurosurg 36:481–486PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gilbert JN, Jones KL, Rorke LB, Chernoff GF, James HE (1986) Central nervous system anomalies associated with meningomyelocoele, hydrocephalus and the Arnold-Chiari malformation: reappraisal of theories regarding the pathogenesis of posterior neural tube closure defects. Neurosurgery 18(5):559–564PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grant R, Hadley DM, Lang D, et al. (1987a) MRI measurement of syrinx size before and after operation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:1685–1687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grant R, Hadley DM, Macpherson P, et al. (1987b) Syringomyelia: cyst measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and comparison with symptoms, signs and disability. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:1008–1014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hampton F, Williams B, Loizou LA (1982) Syncope as a presenting feature of hindbrain herniation with syringomyelia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45:919–922PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ikata T, Masaki A, Kashiwaguchi S (1988) Clinical and experimental studies on permeability of tracers in normal spinal cord and syringomyelia. Spine 13:737–741PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lee JC, Olszewski J (1960) Penetration of radioactive bovine albumen from cerebrospinal fluid into brain tissue. Neurology 10:814–822PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Leigh JR, Zee DS (1983) Diagnosis of central disorders of ocular motility. The neurology of eye movement. Davis, Philadelphia, pp 216–217Google Scholar
- Marin-Padilla M, Marin-Padilla TM (1981) Morphogenesis of experimentally induced Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurol Sci 50:29–55PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Matsumoto T, Symon L (1989) Surgical management of syringomyelia - current results. Surg Neurol 32:258–265PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McManus D, Bartlett P (1986) The role of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of the Arnold Chiari malformation. Radiography 52:275–80Google Scholar
- McRae DL (1953) Bony abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum: correlation of the anatomic and neurological findings. Acta Radiol [Stockh] 40:335–354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mohr PD, Strang FA, Sambrook M, Boddie HG (1977) The clinical and surgical features of 40 patients with primary cerebellar ectopia (adult Chiari malformation). Quart J Med 181:85–96Google Scholar
- Moreton RD (1943) Basilar invagination: so-called platybasia. Proc Mayo Clin 18:353Google Scholar
- Newman PK, Terenty TR, Foster JB (1981) Some observations on the pathogenesis of syringomyelia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 44:964–969PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nightingale S, Williams B (1987) Hindbrain hernia headache. Lancet 1:731–734PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oldfield EH, Muraszko K, Shawker TH, Patronas NJ (1994) Pathophysiology of syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation of the cerebellar tonsils. J Neurosurg 80:3–15PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Paul KS, Lye RH, Strang FA, Dutton J (1983) Arnold Chiari malformation - review of 71 cases. J Neurosurg 58:183–187PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roth M (1986) Cranio-cervical growth collision: another explanation of the Arnold-Chiari malformation and of basilar impression. Neuroradiology 28:187–194PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Saez RJ, Onofrio BM, Yangihara T (1976) Experience with Arnold-Chiari malformation 1960–1970. J Neurosurg 45:416–422PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Salam MZ, Adams RD (1978) The Arnold-Chiari malformation. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology vol 32. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 99–110Google Scholar
- Schady W, Metcalfe RA, Butler P (1987) The incidence of craniocervical bony anomalies in the adult Chiari malformation. J Neurol Sci 82:193–203PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schliep G (1978) Syringomyelia and syringobulbia. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology vol 32. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 255–327Google Scholar
- Schmidt H, Sartor K, Heckl RW (1978) Bone malformations of the craniocervical region. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology vol 32. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1–98Google Scholar
- Sgouros S, Williams B (1995) A critical appraisal of drainage in syringomyelia. J Neurosurg 82:1–10PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sherman JL, Barkovich AJ, Citrin CM (1986) The MR appearances of syringomyelia: new observations. AJNR 7:985–995Google Scholar
- Spillane JD, Pallis C, Jones AM (1957) Developmental abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum. Brain 80:11PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Taggert JK, Walker AE (1942) Congenital atresia of the foramens of Luschka and Magendie. Arch Neurol Psychiatry (Chic) 48:583–612CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Calenbergh F, van Denburgh R (1993) Syringo-peritoneal shunting: results and problems in a consecutive series. Acta Neurochir 123:203–205Google Scholar
- Wilkinson M (1978) The Klippel-Feil syndrome. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology vol 32. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 111–122Google Scholar
- Williams B (1969) Hypothesis: the distending force in the production of “communicating syringomyelia”. Lancet 2:189PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Williams B (1970) Current concepts of syringomyelia. Br J Hosp Med 4:331Google Scholar
- Williams B (1972) Combined cisternal and lumbar pressure recordings in the sitting position using differential manometry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35:142Google Scholar
- Willams B (1977) Difficult labour as a cause of communicating syringomyelia. Lancet 2:51–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Williams B (1981) Simultaneous cerebral and spinal fluid pressure recordings. 2. Cerebrospinal dissociation with lesions at the foramen magnum post-op. Acta Neurochir 59:123–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wolpert SM, Scott RM, Platenberg C, Runge VM (1988) The clinical significance of hindbrain herniation and deformity as shown on MR images of patients with Chiari II malformation. AJNR 9(6):1075–1080PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zimmerman CF, Roach ES, Troost BT (1986) See-saw nystagmus associated with the Chiari malformation. Arch Neurol 43(3):299–300PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar