Neuroendovascular Interventions

  • Jacques E. Dion
  • Lucian M. Maidan
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

In the last two decades, the field of surgical interventional neuroradiology witnessed tremendous progress due to the introduction of new embolic materials, catheters, and, equally important, a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the intracranial vascular malformations. This chapter is a succinct review of the most common endovascular neurointerventions: embolization of intracranial aneurysms, treatment of intracranial vasospasm, embolization of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), angioplasty and stenting of intracranial and cervical stenosis, and acute stroke treatment.

Keywords

surgical interventional neuroradiology intracranial aneurysms arteriovenous malformations acute stroke treatment 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Schievink WI: Intracranial aneurysms, N Engl J Med 336:28–40, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J III et al.: Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment, Lancet 362:103–110, 2003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Yanaka K, Nagase S, Asakawa H, Matsumaru Y, Koyama A, Nose T: Management of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients with polycystic kidney disease, Surg Neurol 62:538–545, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Brisman JL, Song JK, Newell DW: Cerebral aneurysms, N Engl J Med 355(9):928–939, August 31, 2006.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    The Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Relatives of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study Group. Risks and benefits of screening for intracranial aneurysms in first-degree relatives of patients with sporadic subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 341:1344–1350, 1999.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Ostergaard JR, Hog E: Incidence of multiple intracranial aneurysms, J Neurosurg 63:49–55, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Wijdicks EF, Kallmes DF, Manno EM, Fulgham JR, Piepgras DG: Subarachnoid hemorrhage: neurointensive care and aneurysm repair, Mayo Clin Proc 80:550–559, 2005.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Bederson JB, Awad IA, Wiebers DO et al.: Recommendations for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a statement for healthcare professionals from the stroke council of the American heart association, Stroke 31:2742–2750, 2000.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR: The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurology 50:1413–1418, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Greenberg MS: SAH and aneurysms. In Greenberg MS, editors: Handbook of neurosurgery, ed. 5, New York, 2001, Thieme Medical Publishers, pp. 754–803.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Medele RJ, Stummer W, Mueller AJ, Steiger HJ, Reulen HJ: Terson’s syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage and severe brain injury accompanied by acutely raised intracranial pressure, J Neurosurg 88(5):851–854, May 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Unruptured intracranial aneurysms—risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. International study of unruptured intracranial aneurysms investigators. N Engl J Med 339(24):1725–1733, December 10, 1998.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Juvela S, Porras M, Poussa K: Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: probability and risk factors for aneurysm rupture, Neurosurg Focus 8(5):Preview 1, 2000.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Leach A: Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage, Stroke 25:1342–1347, 1994.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Naidech AM, Janjua N, Kreiter KT, Ostapkovich ND, Fitzsimmons BF, Parra A, Commichau C, Connolly ES, Mayer SA: Predictors and impact of aneurysm rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Arch Neurol 62:410–416, 2005.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Leipzig TJ, Redelman K, Horner TG: Reducing the risk of rebleeding before early aneurysm surgery: a possible role for antifibrinolytic therapy, J Neurosurg 86:220–225, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Hillman J, Fridriksson S, Nilsson O, Zhengquan Y, Saveland H, Jakobsson KE: Immediate administration of tranexamic acid and reduced incidence of early rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized study, J Neurosurg 97:771–778, 2002.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Kouskouras C, Charitanti A, Giavroglou C et al.: Intracranial aneurysms: evaluation using CTA and MRA: correlation with DSA and intraoperative findings, Neuroradiology 46:842–850, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Okahara M, Kiyosue H, Yamashita M et al.: Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography for cerebral aneurysms in correlation with 3D-digital subtraction angiographic images: a study of 133 aneurysms, Stroke 33:1803–1808, 2002.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Heiserman JE, Dean BL, Hodak JA et al.: Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15:1401–1407, 1994.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Dion JE, Gates PC, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ, Blom RJ: Clinical events following neuroangiography: a prospective study, Stroke 18:997–1004, 1987.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Anxionnat R, Bracard S, Ducrocq X et al.: Intracranial aneurysms: clinical value of 3D digital subtraction angiography in the therapeutic decision and endovascular treatment, Radiology 218:799–808, 2001.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Wang H, Fraser K, Wang D, Lanzino G: The evolution of endovascular therapy for neurosurgical disease, Neurosurg Clin N Am 16:223–229, 2005.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Guglielmi G, Vinuela F, Dion J, Duckwiler G: Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach. Part 2: preliminary clinical experience, J Neurosurg 75:8–14, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I et al.: International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial, Lancet 360(9342):1267–1274, October 26, 2002.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    CARAT Investigators. Rates of delayed rebleeding from intracranial aneurysms are low after surgical and endovascular treatment, Stroke 37:1437–1442, 2006.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Mitchell P, Kerr R, Mendelow AD et al.: could late rebleeding overturn the superiority of cranial aneurysm coil embolization over clip ligation seen in the international subarachnoid aneurysm trial? J Neurosurg 108(3):437–442, March 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Solomon RA, Mayer SA, Tarmey JJ: Relationship between the volume of craniotomies for cerebral aneurysm performed at New York state hospitals and in-hospital mortality, Stroke 27:13–17, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Harry J: Cloft have you been smoking something that is biologically active? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:240–242, 2006.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Raymond J, Guilbert F, Weill A et al.: Safety, science, and sales: a request for valid clinical trials to assess new devices for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1128–1130, 2004.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    White PM, Raymond J: Endovascular coiling of cerebral aneurysms using “bioactive” or coated-coil technologies: a systematic Review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, first published on Oct 8, 2008 as doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1324.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Friedman DP, Maitino AJ: Endovascular interventional neuroradiologic procedures: who is performing them, how often, and where? A survey of academic and nonacademic radiology practices, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:1772–1777, 2003.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Khan J et al.: Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms by using Guglielmi detachable coils in awake patients: safety and feasibility, J Neurosurg 94:880–885, 2001.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Moret J, Cognard C, Weill A, Castaings L, Rey A: Reconstruction technic in the treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms: long-term angiographic and clinical results: apropos of 56 cases, J Neuroradiol 24:30–44, 1997.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Sluzewski M, van Rooij WJ, Beute GN et al.: Balloon-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms: incidence, complications, and angiography results, J Neurosurg 105:396–399, 2006.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Derdeyn CP, Cross DT, Moran CJ et al.: Postprocedure ischemic events after treatment of intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils, J Neurosurg 96:837–843, 2002.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Lefkowitz MA, Gobin YP, Akiba Y et al.: Balloon assisted Guglielmi detachable coiling of widenecked aneurysms, Part II—clinical results, Neurosurgery 45(3):531–538, 1999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Henkes H, Fischer S, Weber W et al.: Endovascular coil occlusion of 1811 intracranial aneurysms: early angiographic and clinical results, Neurosurgery 54:268–280, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Meyer FB: Balloon-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms, J Neurosurg 105:392, 2006PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Heros RC: Complications of balloon-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms, J Neurosurg 105:393–395, 2006.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Park HK, Horowitz M, Jungreis C et al.: Periprocedural morbidity and mortality associated with endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:506–514, 2005.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Shapiro M, Babb J, Beckse T, Nelson PK: Safety and Efficacy of adjunctive balloon remodeling during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a literature review, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1777–1781, 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Howington JU, Hanel RA, Harrigan MR et al.: The Neuroform stent, the first microcatheter delivered stent for use in the intracranial circulation, Neurosurgery 54(1):2–5, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Benitez RP, Silva MT, Klem J et al.: Endovascular occlusion of wide-necked aneurysms with a new intracranial microstent (Neuroform) and detachable coils, Neurosurgery 54(6):1359–1368, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Fiorella D, Thiabolt L, Albuquerque F, Deshmukh V, McDougall C, Rasmussen P: Antiplatelet therapy in neuroendovascular therapeutics, Neurosurg Clin North Am 16:517–540, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Fiorella D, Albuquerque FC, Han P, McDougall CG: Preliminary experience using the neuroform stent for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms, Neurosurgery 54:6–17, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Peluso JPP, van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Beute GN: A new self-expandable nitinol stent for the treatment of wide-neck aneurysms: initial clinical experience, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1405–1408, 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Lopes DK, Ringer AJ, Boulos AS et al.: Fate of branch arteries after intracranial stenting, Neurosurgery 52(6):1275–1279, 2003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Levy EI, Boulos AS, Hanel RA et al.: In vivo model of intracranial stent implantation: a pilot study to examine the histological response of cerebral vessels after randomized implantation of heparin-coated and uncoated endoluminal stents in a blinded fashion, J Neurosurg 98(3):544–553, 2003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Tumialan L, Zhang J, Cawley M, Dion J, Barrow D: Intracranial hemorrhage associated with stent-assisted coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms: a cautionary report, J Neurosurg 108:1122–1129, 2008Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Mandai S, Kinugasa K, Ohmoto T: Direct thrombosis of aneurysms with cellulose acetate polymer, Part I: results of thrombosis in experimental aneurysms, J Neurosurg 77(4):497–500, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Murayama Y, Vinuela F, Tateshima S et al.: Endovascular treatment of experimental aneurysms by use of a combination of liquid embolic agents and protective devices, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(9):1726–1735, 2000.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Mawad ME, Cekirge S, Ciceri E et al.: Endovascular treatment of giant and large intracranial aneurysms by using a combination of stent placement and liquid polymer injection, J Neurosurg 96(3):474–482, 2002.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Molyneux AJ, Cekirge S, Saatci I et al.: Cerebral Aneurysm Multicenter European Onyx (CAMEO) trial: results of a prospective observational study in 20 European centers, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25(1):39–51, 2004.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Murayama Y, Vinuela F, Ulhoa A et al.: Nonadhesive liquid embolic agent for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: preliminary histopathological studies in swine rete mirabile, Neurosurgery 43(5):1164–1175, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Ricolfi F, Le Guerinel C, Blustajn J et al.: Rupture during treatment of recently ruptured aneurysms with Guglielmi electrodetachable coils, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(9):1653–1658, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Vinuela F, Duckwiler G, Mawad M: Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of acute intracranial aneurysm: perioperative anatomical and clinical outcome in 403 patients, J Neurosurg 86(3):475–482, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF: Cerebral aneurysm perforations complicating therapy with guglielmi detachable coils: a meta-analysis, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:1706–1709, 2002.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Doerfler A, Wanke I, Egelhof T, Dietrich U, Asgari S, Stolke D, Forsting M: Aneurysmal rupture during embolization with guglielmi detachable coils: causes, management, and outcome, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1825–1832, 2001.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Levy E, Koebbe CJ, Horowitz MB et al.: Rupture of intracranial aneurysms during endovascular coiling: management and outcomes, Neurosurgery 49(4):807–813, 2001.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Qureshi AI, Luft AR, Sharma M et al.: Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic and ischemic complications associated with endovascular procedures: Part II—clinical aspects and recommendations, Neurosurgery 46(6):1360–1376, 2000.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Alexander MJ, Duckwiler GR, Gobin YP et al.: Management of intraprocedural arterial thrombus in cerebral aneurysm embolization with abciximab: technical case report, Neurosurgery 50(4):899–902, 2002.Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Rordorf G, Bellon RJ, Budzik RE Jr et al.: Silent thromboembolic events associated with the treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms by use of Guglielmi detachable coils: prospective study applying diffusion-weighted imaging, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(1):5–10, 2001.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Fiorella D, Albuquerque FC, Han P et al.: Strategies for the management of intraprocedural thromboembolic complications with abciximab (ReoPro), Neurosurgery 54(5):1089–1098, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Cronqvist M, Pierot L, Boulin A et al.: Local intraarterial fibrinolysis of thromboemboli occurring during endovascular treatment of intracerebral aneurysm: a comparison of anatomic results and clinical outcome, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(1):157–165, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Qureshi AI, Dawson R, Frankel MR et al.: Recent advances in the management of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurologist 2:53–65, 1996.Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Rabinstein AA, Pichelmann MA, Friedman JA et al.: Symptomatic vasospasm and outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison between surgical repair and endovascular coil occlusion, J Neurosurg 98:319–325, 2003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Colohan ART et al.: Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Stroke 16:562–572, 1985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Sundt TM Jr, Kobayashi S, Fode NC et al.: Results and complications of surgical management of 809 intracranial aneurysms in 722 cases. Related and unrelated to grade of patient, type of aneurysm, and timing of surgery, J Neurosurg 56(6):753–765, 1982.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM: Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning, Neurosurgery 6(1):1–9, 1980.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Weir BK, Kongable GL, Kassell NF et al.: Cigarette smoking as a cause of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and risk for vasospasm: a report of the cooperative aneurysm study, J Neurosurg 89(3):405–411, 1998.Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Zubkov YN, Nikiforov BM, Shustin VA: Balloon catheter technique for dilatation of constricted cerebral arteries after aneurysmal SAH, Acta Neurochir (Wien) 70:65–79, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Honma Y, Fujiwara T, Irie K et al.: Morphological changes in human cerebral arteries after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurosurgery 36:1073–1080, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Rosenwasser RH, Armonda RA, Thomas JE et al.: Therapeutic modalities for the management of cerebral vasospasm: timing of endovascular options, Neurosurgery 44(5):975–980, 1999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Polin RS, Coenen VA, Hansen CA et al.: Efficacy of transluminal angioplasty for the management of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage, J Neurosurg 92:284–290, 2000.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Rabinstein AA, Friedman JA, Nichols DA et al.: Predictors of outcome after endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1778–1782, 2004.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Linskey ME, Horton JA, Rao GR et al.: Fatal rupture of the intracranial carotid artery during transluminal angioplasty for vasospasm induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case report, J Neurosurg 74:985–990, 1991.Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Hanel RA, Lopes DK, Wehman JC, Savageau E, Levy EI, Guterman L, Hopkins LN: Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms and vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurosurg Clin North Am 16:317–353, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Badjatia N, Topcuoglu MA, Pryor JC et al.: Preliminary experience with intra-arterial nicardipine as a treatment for cerebral vasospasm, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:819–826, 2004.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Hänggi D, Turowski B, Beseoglu K, Yong M: Steiger intra-arterial nimodipine for severe cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: influence on clinical course and cerebral perfusion, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1053–1060, June 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Feng L, Fitzsimmons BF, Young WL, Berman MF, Lin E, Aagaard BD, Duong H, Pile-Spellman J: Intraarterially administered verapamil as adjunct therapy for cerebral vasospasm: safety and 2-year experience, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:1284–1290, September 2002.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Brown RD, Wiebers DO, Forbes GS et al.: The natural history of unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations, J Neurosurg 68:352–357, 1988.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Mast H, Mohr JP, Osipov A et al.: “Steal” is an unestablished mechanism for the clinical presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Stroke 26:1215–1220, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Ondra S, Troupp H, George E et al.: The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: a 24-year follow-up assessment, J Neurosurg 73:387–391, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Hartmann A, Mast H, Mohr JP et al.: Morbidity of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Stroke 29:931–934, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Nataf F, Meder JF, Roux FX et al.: Angioarchitecture associated with haemorrhage in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a prognostic statistical model, Neuroradiology 39:52–58, 1997.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Brown RD, Wiebers DO, Forbes GS: Unruptured intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and relationship of lesions, Neurosurgery 73:859–863, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Cockroft KM, Thompson RC, Steinberg GK: Aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations, Neurosurg Clin N Am 9:565–576, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Thompson RC, Steinberg GK, Levy RP et al.: The management of patients with arteriovenous malformations and associated intracranial aneurysms, Neurosurgery 43:202–211, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Spetzler RF, Martin NA: A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations, J Neurosurg 65:476–483, 1986.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Luessenhop AJ, Spence WT: Artificial embolization of cerebral arteries: report of use in a case of arteriovenous malformation, JAMA 172:1153–1155, 1960.Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Zanetti PH, Sherman FE: Experimental evaluation of a tissue adhesive as an agent for the treatment of aneurysms and arteriovenous anomalies, J Neurosurg 36:72–79, 1972.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Rauch RA, Vinuela F, Dion J et al.: Preembolization functional evaluation in brain arteriovenous malformations: the superselective Amytal test, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 13(1):303–308, 1992.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    The N-BCA Trial Investigators. N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: results of a prospective, randomized, multi-center trial, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(5):748–755, 2002.Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Cromwell LD, Kerber CW: Modification of cyanoacrylate for therapeutic embolization: preliminary experience, AJR Am J Roentgenol 132(5):799–801, 1979.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Stoesslein F, Ditscherlein G, Romaniuk PA: Experimental studies on new liquid embolization mixtures (histoacryl-lipiodol, histoacryl-panthopaque), Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 5(5):264–267, 1982.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Taki W, Yonekawa Y, Iwata H, Uno A, Yamashita K, Amemiya H: A new liquid material for embolization of arteriovenous malformations, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11(1):163–168, 1990.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Jahan R, Murayama Y, Gobin YP, Duckwiler GR, Vinters HV, Vinuela F: Embolization of arteriovenous malformations with Onyx: clinicopathological experience in 23 patients, Neurosurgery 48(5):984–997, 2001.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Niemann DB, Molyneux AJ: Embolization of brain AVMs with ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer dissolved in DMSO (Onyx-liquid embolic system): evidence in a prospective series of 31 patients [abstract], J Neurosurg 96:171A, 2002.Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Gobin YP, Laurent A, Merienne L et al.: Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations by embolization and radiosurgery, J Neurosurg 85:19–28, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Valavanis A, Yasargil MG: The endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations, Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 24:131–214, 1998.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Akin ED, Perkins E, Ross IB: Surgical handling characteristics of an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer compared with N-butyl cyanoacrylate used for embolization of vessels in an arteriovenous malformation resection model in swine, J Neurosurg 98(2):366–370, 2003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Gobin YP, Laurent A, Merienne L et al.: Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations by embolization and radiosurgery, J Neurosurg 85:19–28, 1996.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Frizzel RT, Fisher WS: Cure, morbidity, and mortality associated with embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations: a review of 1246 patients in 32 series over a 35-year period, J Neurosurg 37:1031–1040, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Nishijima M, Takaku A, Endo S, Kuwayama N, Koizumi F, Sato H et al.: Etiological evaluation of dural arteriovenous malformations of the lateral and sigmoid sinuses based on histopathological examinations, J Neurosurg 76(4):600–606, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Awad IA, Little JR, Akarawi WP et al.: Intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations: factors predisposing to an aggressive neurological course, J Neurosurg 72:839–850, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Borden JA, Wu JK, Shucart WA: A proposed classification for spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulous malformations and implications for treatment, J Neurosurg 82(2):166–179, 1995.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Davies MA, Ter Brugge K, Willinski R et al.: The natural history and management of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae. Part 2: aggressive lesions, Intervent Neuroradiol 3:303–311, 1997.Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Davies MA, Saleh J, Ter Brugge K et al.: The natural history and management of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae. Part 1: benign lesions, Intervent Neuroradiol 3:295–302, 1997.Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Soderman M, Edner G, Ericson K et al.: Gamma knife surgery for dural arteriovenous shunts: 25 years of experience, J Neurosurg 104:867–875, 2006.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Malek A, Halbach V, Higashida R, Phatouros C, Meyers P, Dowd C: Treatment of dural arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, Neurosurg Clin N Am 11(1):147–166, 2000.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Dawson RC 3rd, Joseph GJ, Owens DS et al.: Transvenous embolization as the primary therapy for arteriovenous fistulas of the lateral and sigmoid sinuses, Am J Neuroradiol 19:571–576, 1998.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Reicher M, Norman D, Newton TH: Dural fistulas involving the cavernous sinus: results of treatment in 30 patients, Radiology 163(2):437–442, 1987.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    McDougall C, Halbach V, Higashida R: Treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas, Neurosurg Q 7:110–134, 1997.Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Wilson CB, Barnwell SL, Dowd CF: Dural arteriovenous fistulas supplied by ethmoidal arteries, Neurosurgery 26(5):816–823, 1990.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Kurl S, Saari T, Vannine R et al.: Dural arteriovenous fistulas of superior sagittal sinus: case report and review of literature, Surg Neurol 45:250–255, 1996.Google Scholar
  117. 117.
    Fukai J, Terada T, Kuwata T et al.: Transarterial intravenous coil embolization of dural arteriovenous fistula involving the superior sagittal sinus, Surg Neurol 55:353–358, 2001.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Barnwell SL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF et al.: A variant of arteriovenous fistulas within the wall of dural sinuses. Results of combined surgical and endovascular therapy, J Neurosurg 74:199–204, 1991.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Cognard C, Januel AC, Silva NA Jr, Tall P: endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas with cortical venous drainage: new management using onyx, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:235–241, February 2008PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 333(24):1581–1587, 1995.Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    Jansen O, Schellinger P, Fiebach J et al.: Early revascularization in acute ischemic stroke saves tissue at risk defined by MRI, Lancet 353:2036–2037, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Saqqur M, Uchino K, Demchuk A, Molina C, Garami Z, Calleja S, Akhtar N, Orouk F, Salam A, Shuaib A, Alexandrov A, and for CLOTBUST investigators: site of arterial occlusion identified by transcranial doppler predicts the response to intravenous thrombolysis for stroke, Stroke 38:948–954, 2007.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Rha J, Saver J: The impact of recanalization on ischemic stroke outcome: a meta-analysis, Stroke 38:967–973, 2007.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Molina C, Alexandrov A, Demchuk A, Saqqur M, Uchino K, Alvarez-Sabín J: Improving the predictive accuracy of recanalization on stroke outcome in patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator, Stroke 35:151–156, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. 125.
    Wolpert S, Bruckmann H, Greenlee R, Wechsler L, Pessin M, del Zoppo G, and the rt-PA Acute Stroke Study Group. Neuroradiologic evaluation of patients with acute stroke treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14:3–13, 1993.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    Alexandrov AV, Grotta JC: Arterial reocclusion in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, Neurology 59:862–867, 2002.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al.: Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II Study: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA 282:2003–2011, 1999.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Adams HP, Adams RJ, Brott T et al.: Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: a scientific statement from the stroke council of the American stroke association, Stroke 34:1056–1083, 2003.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    IMS Trial Investigators. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial revascularization for acute ischemic stroke: the interventional management of stroke study, Stroke 35:904–911, 2004.Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S et al.: Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial, Stroke 36:1432–1438, 2005.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. 131.
    Smith WS: Safety of mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Results of the multi Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trial, part I, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1177–1182, 2006.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. 132.
    Bose A, Henkes H, Alfke K, Reith W, Mayer TE, Berlis A, Branca V, Sit SP, for the Penumbra Phase 1 Stroke Trial Investigators: the penumbra system: a mechanical device for the treatment of acute stroke due to thromboembolism, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1409–1413, 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. 133.
    IMS II Trial Investigators. The interventional management of stroke (IMS) II study, Stroke 38:2127–2135, 2007.Google Scholar
  134. 134.
    Ringer AJ, Qureshi AI, Fessler RD et al.: Angioplasty of intracranial occlusion resistant to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke, Neurosurgery 48:1282–1288, 2001.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. 135.
    Lum C, Stys PK, Hogan MJ, Nguyen TB, Srinivasan A, Goyal M: Acute anterior circulation stroke: recanalization using clot angioplasty, Can J Neurol Sci 33(2):217–222, 2006.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  136. 136.
    Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, Stern BJ, Hertzberg VS, Frankel MR, Levine SR, Chaturvedi S, Kasner SE, Benesch CG, Sila CA, Jovin TG, Romano JG, for the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Trial Investigators: Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis, N Engl J Med 352:1305–1316, 2005.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. 137.
    Sundt TM Jr, Smith HC, Campbell JK, Vliestra RE, Cucchiara RF, Stanson AW: Transluminal angioplasty for basilar artery stenosis, Mayo Clin Proc 55:673–680, 1980.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  138. 138.
    O’Leary DH, Clouse ME: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the cavernous carotid artery for recurrent ischemia, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 5:644–645, 1984.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  139. 139.
    Mazighi M, Yadav J, Abou-Chebl A: Durability of endovascular therapy for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis, Stroke 39:1766–1769, 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. 140.
    SSYLVIA Study Investigators. Stenting of Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Vertebral or Intracranial Arteries (SSYLVIA): study results, Stroke 35:1388–1392, 2004.Google Scholar
  141. 141.
    Bose A, Hartmann M, Henkes H, Liu HM, Teng MM, Szikora I, Berlis A, Reul J, Yu SC, Forsting M, Lui M, Lim W, Sit SP: A novel, selfexpanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses: the wingspan study, Stroke 38:1531–1537, 2007.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. 142.
    Fiorella D, Levy EI, Turk AS, Albuquerque FC, Niemann DB, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Hanel RA, Woo H, Rasmussen PA, Hopkins LN, Masaryk TJ, McDougall CG: US multicenter experience with the wingspan stent system for the treatment of intracranial atheromatous disease: periprocedural results, Stroke 38:881–887, 2007.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. 143.
    Levy EI, Turk AS, Albuquerque FC, Niemann DB, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Pride L, Purdy P, Welch B, Woo H, Rasmussen PA, Hopkins LN, Masaryk TJ, McDougall CG, Fiorella DJ: Wingspan in-stent restenosis and thrombosis: incidence, clinical presentation and management, Neurosurgery 61:644–650, 2007.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. 144.
    Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) ClinicalTrials.govGoogle Scholar
  145. 145.
    Bonita R: Epidemiology of stroke, Lancet 339:342–344, 1992.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  146. 146.
    North Am Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis, N Engl J Med 32(5):445–453, 1991.Google Scholar
  147. 147.
    European Carotid Surgery Trial. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST), Lancet 35(1):1379–1387, 1998.Google Scholar
  148. 148.
    Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis, JAMA 27(3):1421–1428, 1995.Google Scholar
  149. 149.
    CAVATAS Investigators. Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomized trial, Lancet 357:1729–1737, 2001.Google Scholar
  150. 150.
    CARESS Steering Committee. Carotid revascularization using endarterectomy or stenting systems (CARESS): phase I clinical trial, J Endovasc Ther 10:1021–1030, 2003.Google Scholar
  151. 151.
    Yadav JS, Wholey MD, Kuntz RE et al.: Stenting and angioplasty with protection in patients at high risk for endarterectomy investigators. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients, N Engl J Med 351:1493–1501, 2004.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. 152.
    Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B et al.: EVA-3S Investigators. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis, N Engl J Med 355:1660–1671, 2006.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. 153.
    Ringleb PA, Allenberg J, Bruckmann H et al.: SPACE collaborative group. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial, Lancet 368:1239–1247, 2006.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  154. 154.
    CREST. Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs Stent Trial. The Internet Stroke Center.Google Scholar
  155. 155.
    Pelz DM, Levy EI, Hopkins LN: Advances in interventional neuroradiology 2007, Stroke 39:268–272, 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  156. 156.
    Gandhi D, Gemmete JJ, Ansari SA, Gujar SK: Mukherji interventional neuroradiology of the head and neck, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1806–1815, November 2008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. 157.
    Choi IS, Tantivatana J: Neuroendovascular management of intracranial and spinal tumors, Neurosurg Clin N Am 11:167–185, 2000.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  158. 158.
    Abramowitz J, Dion JE, Jensen ME, Lones M, Duckwiler GR, Vinuela F, Bentson JR: Angiographic diagnosis and management of head and neck schwannomas, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12:977–984, September 1991.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  159. 159.
    Bendszus M, Monoranu CM, Schütz A, Nölte I, Vince GH, Solymosi L: Neurologic complications after particle embolization of intracranial meningiomas, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1413–1419, June 2005.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. 160.
    Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L, Bailly AL, Houdart E, Casasco A et al.: Cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage, Radiology 194(3):671–680, 1995.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  • Jacques E. Dion
    • 1
  • Lucian M. Maidan
    • 2
  1. 1.Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of RadiologyEmory University HospitalAtlantaUSA
  2. 2.Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional NeuroradiologyEmory University HospitalAtlantaUSA

Personalised recommendations