Abstract
The measurement of viscosity is of significant importance in both industry and academia. Accurate knowledge of viscosity is necessary for various industrial processes. Various theories that are developed for prediction or estimation of viscosity must be verified using experimental data. Instruments used to measure the viscosity of liquids can be broadly classified into seven categories:
Keywords
Outer Cylinder Capillary Viscometer Transparent Liquid Viscosity Range Efflux Time
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
REFERENCES
- 1.A. Dinsdale and F. Moore, Viscosity and its measurement, Chapman and Hall, London (1962).Google Scholar
- 2.M. R. Cannon and M. R. Fenske, Viscosity measurement, Ind. Eng. Chem. Analytical Edition. 10(6), 297–301 (1938).Google Scholar
- 3.M. R. Cannon and M. R. Fenske, Viscosity measurement, Ind. Eng. Chem. Analytical Edition. 13(5), 299–300 (1938).Google Scholar
- 4.M. R. Cannon, R. E. Manning, and J. D. Bell, Viscosity measurement, the kinetic-energy correction and a new iscometer, Anal. Chem. 32, 355–358 (1960).Google Scholar
- 5.Y. A. Pinkevich, New viscometer for the determination of the viscosity of petroleum products at low temperatures, Petroleum (London), 8, 214–215 (1945).Google Scholar
- 6.E. H. Zeitfuchs, An accurate kinematic viscometer for refinery-control laboratories, Proc. Am. Petroleum Inst 9th Mid-Year Meeting, Sect. III, 20, 104–114 (1939a).Google Scholar
- 7.E. H. Zeitfuchs, Modified Ostwald viscometer for routine control tests [at petroleum refineries], National Petroleum News, 31(24), 262–3 (1939b).Google Scholar
- 8.E. H. Zeitfuchs, Speeds viscosity measurement in capillary-type viscometer, National Petroleum News, 33(16), R-121–124 (1941).Google Scholar
- 9.E. L. Ruh, R. W. Walker, and E. W. Dean, The S.I.L. viscometer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 13(5), 346–349 (1941).Google Scholar
- 10.IPT (Institution of Petroleum technologists, London), Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and Its Products, 3rd ed 171–177 (1935).Google Scholar
- 11.L. Ubbelohde, The suspended-level viscometer, J. Inst. Petro. 22, 32–41 (1936).Google Scholar
- 12.L. Ubbelohde, The viscometer with suspended level. (The elimination of the influence of the surface tension by the suspended spheric level.), J. Inst. Petro. 23, 427–51 (1937).Google Scholar
- 13.O. Fitzsimons, A rapid precision viscometer, Ing. Eng. Chem Anal. Ed. 7, 345–347 (1935).Google Scholar
- 14.J. J. Watt and C. E. Headington, New viscometer solves old problems, Petroleum Refiner, 33(10), 121–125 (1954).Google Scholar
- 15.M. R. Cannon and M. R. Fenske, Viscosity measurement, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 13, 299–300 (1941).Google Scholar
- 16.E. H. Zeitfuchs, Kinematic viscometer for opaque and very viscous liquids, Oil and Gas J. 44(36), 99–102 (1946).Google Scholar
- 17.J. F. Johnson, R. L. LeTourneau, and R. Matteson, All-Purpose Capillary Viscometer, 24(9), 1505–1508 (1952).Google Scholar
- 18.A. W. Nash and A. R. Bowen, The principles and Practice of Lubrication, Chapman and Hall, London (1929).Google Scholar
- 19.T. B. Stillman, The Examination of Lubrication Oils, The Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, PA, USA (1914).Google Scholar
- 20.A. H. Gill, Oil Analysis, J.B. Lippicott Company, PA, USA (1927).Google Scholar
- 21.E. A. Zahn, New viscometer measures viscosity quickly and accurately, Chem Industries, 51(2), 220 (1942).Google Scholar
- 22.E. E. Klaus, F. M. Angeloni, and M. R. Fenske, Development and Application of the PRL Single Pass Capillary Viscometer, ASTM STP NO. 299 (1962).Google Scholar
- 23.S. W. Rein and D. L. Alexander, Development of a high shear rate capillary viscometer, SAE Paper No. 800363 (1980).Google Scholar
- 24.E. E. Graham, E. E. Klaus, and R. S. Badgley, Determination of the viscosity shear behavior of polymer containing fluids using a single pass, high shear capillary viscometer, SAE Paper No. 841391 (1984).Google Scholar
- 25.R. E. Manning and W. A. Lloyd, Multicell high temperature high shear capillary viscometer, SAE Paper No. 861562 (1986).Google Scholar
- 26.M. Couette, Études sur le frottement des liquids, Ann. Chim. (Phys), 21,433–510 (1890).Google Scholar
- 27.E. Hatschek, The General Theory of the Viscosity of Two-phase Systems. Trans. Faraday Sco. 9, 80–93 (1913).Google Scholar
- 28.A. Mallock, Determination of the viscosity of water, Proc. Roy. Soc. 45, 126–132 (1888).Google Scholar
- 29.C. H. Lindsley and E. K. Fisher, End-effect in rotational viscometers, J. Appl. Phys. 18, 988–996 (1947).Google Scholar
- 30.D. J. Highgate and R. W. Whorlow, Migration of particles in a polymer solution during cone and plate viscometry, Polym. Syst Proc. Annu. Conf. Brit. Soc. Rheol. Ed, Wetton, R. E. Macmillan, London, UK, 251–261 (1968). D. J. Highgate and R. W. Whorlow, End effects and particle migration effects in concentric cylinder rheometry, Rheologica Acta, 8(2), 142–151 (1969).Google Scholar
- 31.H. Kobayashi, T. Nashima, Y. Okamoto, and F. Kaminaga, End effect in a coaxial cylindrical viscometer, Rev. Sci. instrum. 62(11), 2748–2750 (1991).Google Scholar
- 32.O. Wein and V. V. Tovchigrechko, Rotational viscometry under presence of apparent wall slip, J. Rheology, 36(5), 821–844 (1992).Google Scholar
- 33.G. Palma, G. Pezzin, and L. Busulini, Viscous heating in coaxial cylinder viscometers, Rheologica Acta, 6(3), 259–264 (1967).Google Scholar
- 34.D. C. H. Cheng., The calibration of coaxial cylinder viscometers for Newtonian and non-Newtonian viscosity measurement, Theor. Appl. Rheol. Proc. Int. Congr. Rheol. 11th, 2, 902–903 (1992).Google Scholar
- 35.J. C. Harper, Coaxial cylinder viscometer for non-Newtonian fluids, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 32, 425–428 (1961).Google Scholar
- 36.E. W. Merrill, Coaxial-cylinder viscometer for non-Newtonian fluids, ISA J. 3, 124–128 (1956).Google Scholar
- 37.T. Nagy and K. Koczo, Correction of data measured with a rotational viscometer in the case of non-Newtonian liquids, 31(4), 221–231 (1987).Google Scholar
- 38.N. Adams, and A. S. Lodge, Rheological properties of concentrated polymer solutions II. A cone-and-plate and parallel-plate pressure distribution apparatus for determining normal stress differences in steady shear flow, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. (London). Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 256(1068), 149–184 (1964).Google Scholar
- 39.K. Walters, Rheometry, Chapman and Hall, London (1975).Google Scholar
- 40.M. J. Miller and E. B. Christiansen, The stress state of elastic fluids in viscometric flow, AIChE J. 18(3), 600–608 (1972).Google Scholar
- 41.W. M. Kulicke, G. Kiss, and R. S. Porter, Inertial normal-force corrections in rotational rheometry, Rheologica Acta, 16(5), 568–572 (1977).Google Scholar
- 42.P. J. Whitcomb and C. W. Macosko, Rheology of xanthan gum, J. Rheology, 22(5), 493–505 (1978).Google Scholar
- 43.R. M. Turian, Perturbation solution of the steady Newtonian flow in the cone and plate and parallel plate systems, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 11(3), 361–368 (1972).Google Scholar
- 44.J. S. Vrentas, P. C. Venerus, and C. M. Vrentas, An exact analysis of reservoir effects for rotational viscometers, Chem. Eng. Sci. 46(1), 33–37 (1991).Google Scholar
- 45.R. I. Tanner, Trans. Soc. Rheol. 14, 483–507 (1970).Google Scholar
- 46.O. Olabisi and M. C. Williams, Secondary and primary normal stresses, hole error, and reservoir edge effects in cone-and-plate flow of polymer solutions, Trans. Soc. Rheol. 16(4), 727–769 (1972).Google Scholar
- 47.R. B. Bird and R. M. Turian, Viscous heating effects in a cone-and-plate viscometer, Chem. Eng. Sci. 17, 331–334 (1962).Google Scholar
- 48.R. M. Turian and R. B. Bird, Viscous heating in the cone-and-plate viscometer. II. Newtonian fluids with temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity, Chem. Eng. Sci. 18 689–896 (1963).Google Scholar
- 49.R. M. Turian, Viscous heating in the cone-and-plate viscometer. Non-Newtonian fluids with temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity, Chem. Eng. Sci. 20, 771–781 (1965).Google Scholar
- 50.T. C. Ho, Viscous heating effects of a torsional flow between two circular plates, J. Chinese Inst. Chem. Eng. 2(1), 75–77 (1971).Google Scholar
- 51.F. Rieger, Viscous heating effect in a cone and plate viscometer, Chem. Eng. Sci. 25(1), 219–220 (1970).Google Scholar
- 52.B. Liu, Secondary Flow and Misalignment in Cone-and-Plate Rheometry, Ph.D. Dissertation, Diss. Abstr. Int B 2003, 64(3), 1371 (2003).Google Scholar
- 53.D. C. H. Cheng, Effect of secondary flow of the viscosity measurement using the coneand-plate-viscometer, Chem. Eng. Sci. 23(8), 895–899 (1968).Google Scholar
- 54.K. R. Sharma, Tangential stress corrections to the cone and plate viscometer calculations, Abstracts of Papers, 223rd ACS National Meeting, April 7–11, 2002, Orlando, FL, USA (2002).Google Scholar
- 55.H. Shankaran and S. Neelamegham, Nonlinear flow affects hydrodynamic forces and neutrophil adhesion rates in cone-plate viscometers, Biophysical J. 80(6), 2631–2648 (2001).Google Scholar
- 56.D. J. Highgate, Particle migration in cone-plate viscometry of suspensions, Nature, 211(5056), 1390–1391 (1966).Google Scholar
- 57.S. Oka, Theory of a cone-plate viscometer for non-Newtonian liquids, Jap J. Appl. Phys. 6(2), 258–262 (1967).Google Scholar
- 58.E. O. Forster and H. H. Horowitz, Application of the cone-plate viscometer to non-Newtonian systems, Am. Soc. Testing Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. No. 299, 85–95 (1962).Google Scholar
- 59.R. J. Brungraber, T. E. Stelson, and H. G. Wenzel, Modification of cone-plate viscometer to eliminate slip caused by wall effects, Rev. Sci. Instr. 37(5), 669–570 (1966).Google Scholar
- 60.M. Mooney and R. H. Ewart, The conicylindrical viscometer, Physica (The Hague), D5, 350–354 (1934).Google Scholar
- 61.G. H. Piper and J. R. Scott, Rubber plastometer with uniform rate of shear -shearingcone plastometer, J. Sci. Instrum. 22, 206–210 (1945).Google Scholar
- 62.R. S. Higginbotham, A cone and plate viscometer, J. Sci. Instrum. 27, 139–141 (1950).Google Scholar
- 63.R. S. Higginbotham and J. J. Benbow, Two viscometers for rapid measurements at definite shearing stresses, J. Sci. Instrum. 29, 221–224 (1952).Google Scholar
- 64.H. Markovitz, L. J. Elyash, F. J. Padden, and T. W. deWitt, A cone-and-plate viscometer, J. Collid. Sci. 10, 165–173 (1955).Google Scholar
- 65.A. Jobling and J. E. Roberts, An investigation, with the Weissenberg Rheogoniometer, of the stress distribution in flowing polyisobutylene solutions at various concentrations and molecular weights, J. Polym. Sci. 36, 433–441 (1959).Google Scholar
- 66.K. A. Lammiman and J. E. Roberts, Notes on the measurements of viscoelasticity in materials of high viscosity, Lab. Pract. 10, 816–824 (1961).Google Scholar
- 67.R. J. Russell, Ph.D. Dissertation, London University (1946).Google Scholar
- 68.R McKennell, Versatile cone and plate viscometer with automatic flow curve recording, Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Rheology; Ed. V. G. W. Harrison, Butterworths, London, 350–358 (1954).Google Scholar
- 69.J. C. Chang, F. F. Lange, and D. S. Pearson, Viscosity and yield stress of alumina slurries containing large concentrations of electrolyte, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77(1), 19–26 (1994).Google Scholar
- 70.L. Wang, W. Sigmund, and F. Aldinger, Systematic approach for dispersion of silicon nitride powder in organic media, ii, dispersion of the powder, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83(4), 697–702 (2000).Google Scholar
- 71.M. Mooney, A shearing disk plastometer for unvulcanized rubber, Ind. Eng. Chem. Analy. Ed. 6(2), 147–151 (1934).Google Scholar
- 72.D. M. Ball, Rotational Viscosity Measurement Apparatus, US Patent No. 5987970 (1999).Google Scholar
- 73.J. P. Dickerson, L. M. Flesher, and R. D. Hester, A high Reynolds number rotating disk rheometer, J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 53(2), 151–159 (1994).Google Scholar
- 74.A. F. Borghesani and M. Santini, Magnetic rotating disk viscometer, Inter. J. Thermophys. 10(5), 917–27 (1989).Google Scholar
- 75.L. Bruschi, M. Santini, G. Torzo, Rotating disk viscometer, J. Physics E, Scientific Instruments 17(4), 312–16 (1984).Google Scholar
- 76.F. C. Goodrich and A. K. Chatterjee, Theory of absolute surface shear viscosity. II. Rotating disk problem, J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 34(1), 36–42 (1970).Google Scholar
- 77.M. M. Cross and A. Kaye, Simple procedures for obtaining viscosity/shear rate data from a parallel disc viscometer, Polymer, 28(3), 435–340 (1987).Google Scholar
- 78.S. J. Perry, J. M. Castro, and C. W. Macosko, A viscometer for fast polymerizing systems, J. of Rheology, 29(1), 19–36 (1985).Google Scholar
- 79.O. Wein, Viscometric flow under apparent wall slip in parallel-plate geometry, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 126(2–3), 105–114 (2005).MATHGoogle Scholar
- 80.A. Oztekin and R. A. Brown, Instability of a viscoelastic fluid between rotating parallel disk. Analysis for the Oldroyd-B fluid, J. Fluid Mech. 255, 473–502 (1993).MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 81.Y. I. Cho, The study of non-Newtonian flows in the falling ball viscometer, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA. Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 41(1), 304–305 (1980).Google Scholar
- 82.Y. I. Cho, J. P. Hartnett, and E. Y. Kwack, A study of wall effect for viscoelastic fluids in the falling ball viscometer, Chem. Eng. Comm. 6(1–3), 141–149 (1980).Google Scholar
- 83.H. Faxen, Die bewegung einer starren kugel langs der achse eines mit zaherer fussigkeit gefullten rohres, Arkiv. Mat. Astronom. Fys. 17(1), 45–46 (1923).Google Scholar
- 84.T. Bohlin, On the drag on a rigid sphere moving in a viscous liquid inside a cylindrical tube, Trans. R. Inst. Tech. (Stockholm), 155, 1–63 (1960).MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 85.W. L. Haberman and R. M. Sayre, David Taylor Model Basin, Report No. 1143, U.S. Navy Department, Washington DC. (1958).Google Scholar
- 86.H. Brenner, and H. Happel, Slow viscous flow past a sphere in a cylindrical tube, J. Fluid Mech. 4, 195–213 (1958).MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 87.S. Feng, A. L. Graham, P. T. Reardon, J. Abbot, and L. Mondy, Improving Falling Ball Tests for Viscosity Determination, J. Fluids Eng. 128(1), 157–163 (2006).Google Scholar
- 88.M. Brizard, M. Megharfi, E. Mahe, and C. Verdier, Design of a high precision fallingball viscometer, Rev. Sci. Instr. 76(2), 1–6 (2005).Google Scholar
- 89.J. Wang, F. Reitz, T. Donaldson, and L. Pagliaro, A computer-interfaced falling ball viscometer, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 28(4), 251–261 (1994).Google Scholar
- 90.S. Sicars, U. Hesse, and W. K. Snelson, A new falling ball viscometer for measurement of the viscosity of refrigerants and mixtures, Actes Congr. Int. Froid, 18th, 2, 418–422.Google Scholar
- 91.C. B. Lindemann and R. Rikmenspoel, Simple viscometer for samples less than 1 ml, J. Physics E, Scientific Instruments, 5(2), 178–179 (1972).Google Scholar
- 92.R. M. Hubbard and G. G. Brown, The rolling ball viscometer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 15, 212–218 (1943).Google Scholar
- 93.A. E. Flowers, Viscosity measurement and a new viscosimeter, Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials, 14(II), 565–616 (1914).Google Scholar
- 94.M. D. Hersey, The theory of the torsion and rolling-ball viscosimeters, and their use in measuring the effect of pressure on viscosity, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6, 525–530 (1916).Google Scholar
- 95.B. H. Sage, Measurement of Viscosities of Liquids Saturated with Gases at High Pressures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 5, 261–263 (1933).Google Scholar
- 96.F. Hoeppler, The eccentric fall of spheres through liquids or gases in cylinders, Z. Tech. Physik, 14, 165–169 (1933).Google Scholar
- 97.S. Sawamura, N. Takeuchi, K. Kitamura, and Y. Taniguchi, High pressure rolling-ball viscometer of a corrosion-resistant type, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61(2), 871–873 (1990).Google Scholar
- 98.M. Izuchi and K. Nishibata, A high pressure rolling-ball viscometer up to 1 GPa, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1, Regular Papers, Short Notes & Review Papers, 25(7), 1091–1096 (1986).Google Scholar
- 99.K. Nishibata and M. Izuchi, A rolling ball viscometer for high pressure use, Physica B+C, Physics of Condensed Matter + Atomic, Molecular and Plasma Physics, Optics (Amsterdam), 139–140(1–3), 903–906 (1986).Google Scholar
- 100.E. M. Stanley and R. C. Batten, Rolling-ball viscometer for measuring viscosity of fluids at high pressures and moderate temperatures, Anal. Chem. 40(11), 1751–1753 (1968).Google Scholar
- 101.D. E. Harrison and R. B. Gosser, Rolling ball viscometer for use at temperatures to 400 K under pressures to 5 kilobar, Rev Sci. Instru. 36(12), 1840–1843 (1965).Google Scholar
- 102.R. B. Bird and R. M. Turian, Non-Newtonian flow in a rolling-ball viscometer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundm. 3(1), 87 (1964).Google Scholar
- 103.M. Carreira and E. Becerro, Theory of inclined-tube and rolling-ball viscometers. I. Hydrodynamic treatment, Anales de Quimica. 64(3), 263–274 (1968a).Google Scholar
- 104.Carreira, M and Becerro, E, Theory of inclined-tube and rolling-ball viscometers. II. Dimensional análisis, Anales de Quimica, 64(3), 275–282 (1968b).Google Scholar
- 105.M. A. Hasan, Calibration of rolling ball viscometer in the intermediate Reynolds number region, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 61(4), 607–611 (1983).Google Scholar
- 106.B. J. Briscoe, P. F. Luckham, S. R. Ren, An assessment of a rolling-ball viscometer for studying non-Newtonian fluids, Colloids and Surfaces, 62(1–2), 153–162 (1992).Google Scholar
- 107.P. W. Bridgman, Effect of pressure on the viscosity of 43 pure liquids, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 61, 57–99 (1926).Google Scholar
- 108.R. K. Y. Chan and D. A. Jackson, An automated falling-cylinder high pressure laser-Doppler viscometer, J. Physics E: Scientific Instruments. 18(6), 510–515 (1985).Google Scholar
- 109.A. G. Ovcharenko and L. N. Glemba, Falling cylinder viscosimeter for studying viscosity of liquids for a wide range of conditions, in Teplofiz. Svoistva Uglevodorodov Nefteprod, Ed. G. I. Cherednichenko, 115–121 (1983).Google Scholar
- 110.N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr., Falling cylinder viscometer end correction factor, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66(7), 3982–3984 (1995).Google Scholar
- 111.E. G. Wehbeh, T. J. Ui, and R. G. Hussey, End effects for the falling cylinder viscometer, Phys. Fluids A, Fluid Dynamics, 5(1), 25–33 (1993).Google Scholar
- 112.M. C. S. Chen and G. W. Swift, Analysis of entrance and exit effects in a falling cylinder viscometer, AIChE J. 18(1), 146–149 (1972).Google Scholar
- 113.J. A. Lescarboura and G. W. Swift, Effect of eccentricity on the terminal velocity of the cylinder in a falling cylinder viscometer. Experimental verification for Newtonian fluids, AIChE J. 14(4), 651–652 (1968).Google Scholar
- 114.M. C. S. Chen, J. A. Lescarboura, and G. W. Swift, Effect of eccentricity on the terminal velocity of the cylinder in a falling-cylinder viscometer, AIChE J. 14(1), 123–127 (1968).Google Scholar
- 115.F. J. Eichstadt and G. W. Swift, Theoretical analysis of the falling-cylinder viscometer for power law and Bingham plastic fluids, AIChE J. 12(6), 1179–1183 (1966).Google Scholar
- 116.E. Ashare, B. R. Bird, and J. A. Lescarboura, Falling cylinder viscometer for non-Newtonian fluids, AIChE J. 11(5), 910–916 (1965).Google Scholar
- 117.V. B. Borisov, The equation for a falling-cylinder viscometer, High Temperature (Translation of Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur), 36(2), 293–298 (1998).Google Scholar
- 118.F. Gui and T. F. Irvine, Jr Theoretical and experimental study of the falling cylinder viscometer, Inter. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 37(1), 41–50 (1994).Google Scholar
- 119.J. Lohrenz, Experimentally Verified Theoretical Analysis of the Falling-Cylinder Viscometer, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA, Dissertation Abstract, 21, 2650 (1961).Google Scholar
- 120.N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr., The falling needle viscometer -A new technique for viscosity measurements, Warme und Stoffubertragung, 18, 201–206 (1984).Google Scholar
- 121.N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr., Measurement of rheological fluid properties with the falling needle viscometer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59(9), 2051–2058 (1988a).Google Scholar
- 122.N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr., The falling needle viscometer -A new technique for viscosity measurements, American Laboratory, 20(11), 57–60, 62–63 (1988b).Google Scholar
- 123.N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr., A multipurpose falling needle viscometer to measure thermophysical properties of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, American Laboratory, 21(12-A), 8–9 (1989).Google Scholar
- 124.N. A. Park Y. I. Cho, and T. F. Irvine, Jr., Steady shear viscosity measurements of viscoelastic fluids with the falling needle viscometer, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 34(3), 351–357 (1990).Google Scholar
- 125.N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr., Multifunctional falling needle viscometer to measure thermophysical properties of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Applications in Surface Phenomena and Additives in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology, Ed. M. K. Sharma, Plenum Press, New York, 241–253 (1991).Google Scholar
- 126.T. F. Irvine, Jr N. A. Park, F. L. Gui, and S. S. Park, A high pressure falling needle viscometer, in Theor. Appl. Rheol Proc. Int. Congr. Rheol 11th, Editor(s), Moldenaers, P. and Keunings, R Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2, 985–987 (1992).Google Scholar
- 127.I. Kim, T. F. Irvine, Jr., and N. A. Park, Experimental study of the velocity field around a falling needle viscometer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65(1), 224–228 (1994).Google Scholar
- 128.D. B. Thiessen and W. B. Krantz, Bimodal terminal velocities using the falling needle viscometer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63(9), 4200–4204 (1992).Google Scholar
- 129.Z. S. Sha, The improvement on the falling needle viscometer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68(4), 1809–1811 (1997).MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 130.A. M. J. Davis and H. Brenner, The falling-needle viscometer, Physics of Fluids, 13(10), 3086–3088 (2001).Google Scholar
- 131.A. M. J. Davis, Limitation on the use of slender-body theory in Stokes flow, Falling needle viscometer, Physics of Fluids, 16(11), 4204–4205 (2004).Google Scholar
- 132.J. F. Steffe, Rheological Methods in Food Process Engineering, Freeman Press, East Lansing, MI, USA (1996).Google Scholar
- 133.A. Sieben, A recording bridge viscometer, Anal. Biochem. 63(1), 220–230 (1975).MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 134.W. Roth and S. R. Rich, A new method for continuous viscosity measurement. General theory of the ultra-viscoson, J. Appl. Phys., 24, 940–950 (1953).Google Scholar
- 135.I. N. Kogan, L. I. Menes, and N. Y. Parlashkevich, Continuous viscosity measurement with an ultrasonic viscometer, Veshchestva, 10, 33–45 (1960).Google Scholar
- 136.N. Y. Parlashkevich and I. N. Kogan, Determining the viscosity of concentrated polymer solutions with an ultrasonic viscometer, Plasticheskie Massy, 1, 49–52 (1965).Google Scholar
- 137.S. G. R. Ruttle and M. I. Stephenson, A high-pressure ultrasonic viscometer, in Ultrason. Int. Conf. Proc. Ed. L. J. Browne, I, 224–227, IPC Sci. Technol. Press, Guildford, England (1975).Google Scholar
- 138.K. Burdova and M. Porubska, New method for measuring the viscosities of dilute solutions using an ultrasonic viscometer, Makrotest, 67–69 (1980).Google Scholar
- 139.V. N. Bindal, M. Chandra, and J. N. Som, An ultrasonic viscometer for the measurement of dynamic shear viscosity of liquids, Indian J. Pure and Appl. Phys., 21(3), 176–179 (1983).Google Scholar
- 140.S. H. Sheen, H. T. Chien, and A. C. Raptis, An ultrasonic instrument for measuring density and viscosity of tank waste, in Science and Technology for Disposal of Radioactive Tank Wastes, Proceedings of the American Chemical Society Symposium on Science and Technology for Disposal of Radioactive Tank Wastes, Ed. W. W. Schulz and N. J. Lombardo, 439–447, Plenum, New York, N. Y. (1998).Google Scholar
- 141.M. S. Greenwood and J. A. Bamberger, Ultrasonic sensor to measure the density of a liquid or slurry during pipeline transport, Ultrasonics, 40(1), 413–417 (2002).Google Scholar
- 142.M. S. Greenwood and J.C. Lail, Ultrasonic Fluid Densitometry and Densitometer, US Patent 5,708,191 (1998).Google Scholar
- 143.M. S. Greenwood and R.V Harris, Pitch-catch Only Ultrasonic Fluid Densitometer, US Patent 5,886,250 (1999).Google Scholar
- 144.M. S. Greenwood, J. R. Skorpik, J. A. Bamberger, and R. V. Harris, On-line ultrasonic density sensor for process control of liquids and slurries, Ultrasonics, 37, 159–171 (1999).Google Scholar
- 145.D. J. Highgate and R. W. Whorlow, End effects and particle migration effects in concentric cylinder rheometry, Rheologica Acta, 8(2), 142–151 (1969).Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer 2007