Over the last century, ecosystems with large herbivores have been increasingly threatened by land conversion, land use intensification, resource extraction, and artificial barriers. These ecosystems are threatened by these changes, because many, if not most, of the expansive and spatially heterogeneous habitats that large herbivore species evolved in have been increasingly compressed, subdivided, fragmented, and homogenized, disrupting the movements of these species. There are many reasons why large herbivores are adapted to move over scales of meters to hundreds of kilometers; there are many consequences if they cannot, not only for the herbivores but for ecosystems.
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Coughenour, M.B. (2008). Causes and Consequences of Herbivore Movement in Landscape Ecosystems. In: Galvin, K.A., Reid, R.S., Jr, R.H.B., Hobbs, N.T. (eds) Fragmentation in Semi-Arid and Arid Landscapes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4906-4_3
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