Abstract
An active debate has developed over the nature of the process of European unification, in particular the extent to which it represented the work of states, as against the work of campaigning organizations, such as the European Movement and its subsidiary organizations.1 The role of publicity and propaganda is an essential component of this subject. Yet unlike many other twentieth-century movements, the propaganda dimension of the European Movement remains relatively uninvestigated and certainly poorly understood.
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Notes
Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 14–17.
On these two parallel organizations see in particular Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York: Free Press, 1990):
P. Gremion, Intelligence de l’anticommuniste: le Congress pour la liberté de la culture d Paris (1950–1975) (Paris: Fayard, 1995).
Some of the most useful estimations of American expenditure on covert action are contained in Gregory Treverton, Covert Action: The Limits of Intervention on the Post War World (New York: Basic Books, 1987), pp. 14, 18, 41.
Rebattet, ‘European Movement’, pp. 449–50; Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy, The Making of the American Establishment (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), pp. 345–58.
See Joseph Buckholder Smith, Portrait of the Cold Warrior: Second Thoughts of a Top CIA Agent (New York: Putnam, 1975), pp. 161–5.
On the CIA and student movements see, Joel Kotek, Students and the Cold War (London: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 200–20.
Stephen Koch, Double Lives: Willi Münzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals (London: HarperCollins, 1994).
Cord Meyer, Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA (Landham, Md.: University Press of America, 1982).
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© 1999 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
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Aldrich, R.J. (1999). The Struggle for the Mind of European Youth: the CIA and European Movement Propaganda, 1948–60. In: Rawnsley, G.D. (eds) Cold-War Propaganda in the 1950s. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27082-8_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27082-8_11
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