Abstract
Any attempt to come to grips with the nature of the Soviet state must necessarily involve some explanation of the phenomenon of national identity. As the Soviet Union enters its sixtieth year, it remains a multinational state, and one in which national beliefs are strongly held. The hopes of certain Marxists that national identity would slip from the historical agenda remain a project for the distant future, rather than a description of the present.
I would like to thank all those who took part in the September 1981 Conference of the Political Studies Association Communist Politics Study Group, and Dr A. Shtromas in particular, for helping me to clarify my principal line of argument, and for convincing me of the strength of nationalist feelings. Mary McAuley and Archie Brown also made some illuminating comments on the final draft.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
The following is a sample of recent work: T. Rakowska-Harmstone, ‘The Dialectics of Nationalism in the USSR’, Problems of Communism, vol. 23 (1974) pp. 1–22;
I. Kamenetsky (ed.), Nationalism and Human Rights (Littleton, USA, 1977);
R. Szporluk, ‘The Nations of the USSR in 1970’, Survey, vol. 16 (1971) pp. 67–91, also ‘Nationalities and the Russian Problem in the USSR’, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 27 (1973) pp. 23–40;
Z. Katz et al. (eds), Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities (New York, 1975);
G. W. Simmond (ed.), Nationalism in the USSR and Eastern Europe (Detroit, 1977).
See P. Brock, ‘Polish Nationalism’, in P. F. Sugar and J. Lederer (eds), Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle, 1969) p. 362.
General Sir John Hackett et al, The Third World War: A Future History (London, 1978).
For debate of these issues see A. D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism (London, 1971);
N. Glazer and D. P. Moynihan (eds), Ethnicity (Cambridge, Mass., 1975).
J. V. Stalin, ‘Marxism and the National Question’, in Collected Works, 13 vols (Moscow, 1952–5) vol. 2, p. 307. Emphasis in original.
For example, A. F. Dashdamirov, Natsiya i lichnost’ (Baku, 1976) pp. 26–7. The Stalin definition is criticised for its use of ‘national character’ by
A. Kosing, Nation in Geschlichte Und Gegenwart (Berlin, 1976): Russian translation, Natsiya v istorii i sovremennosti (Moscow, 1978) p. 219.
H. Carrère d’Encausse, L’Empire Éclaté: La Revolte des Nations en URSS (Paris, 1978). See p. 89 of that work for a specific prediction, confirmed by
J. R. Azrael, ‘Emergent Nationality Problems in the USSR’, in J. R. Azrael (ed.), Soviet Nationalities Problems and Practices (New York, 1978) ch. 12. A. Bennigsen and S. E. Wimbush argue that it will be between 16 and 30 per cent by the year 2000 — Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1979) appendix F, pp. 178–80.
I. Dzyuba, Internationalisation or Russification? (London, 1968) pp. 53–5.
M. N. Kulichenko (ed.), Osnovnye napravleniya izucheniya natsional nykh otnoshenii v SSSR (Moscow, 1979) pp. 250–1.
A. Cobban, The Nation State and National Self Determination (London, 1969) p. 125.
E. Gellner, Spectacles and Predicaments (Cambridge, 1979) p. 173.
For example, K. R. Minogue, Nationalism (London, 1967) ch. 1;
E. H. Carr, Nationalism and After (London, 1945);
J. Dunn, Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future (Cambridge, 1979) ch. 3.
S. White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics (London, 1979) p. 144.
G. Jahoda, ‘The Development of Children’s Ideas About Nationality’, British Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 33 (1963) pp. 47–60.
E. Gellner, ‘Ethnicity and Anthropology in the Soviet Union’, European Journal of Sociology, vol. 18 (1977) p. 215. See also
A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge, 1981) ch. 6.
V. Moroz, Report From the Beria Reserve (Toronto, 1974) p. 80.
T. F. Pettigrew, ‘Ethnicity in American Life’, in A. Dashefsky (ed.), Ethnic Identity in Society (Chicago, 1976) pp. 13–23.
For example, P. N. Fedoseev et al. (eds), Leninism and the National Question (Moscow, 1977). (Originally published in Russian in Moscow, 1974.)
On the economic side — I. Wallerstein (ed.), World Inequality (Montreal, 1975), esp. pp. 98–111: J. Piel, ‘The Current Role of the Nation State’. The classic political text is
K. W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge, Mass., 1966).
See, for example, W. R. Beer, The Unexpected Rebellion: Ethnic Activism in Contemporary France (New York, 1980) pp. 114–16.
C. Saikovski and L. Grulion (eds), Current Soviet Policies Volume Four: Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (New York, 1962). The fullest account of the period is to be found in
G. Hodnett, ‘The Debate on Soviet Federalism’, Soviet Studies, vol. 18 (1967) pp. 458–81.
K. Marx and F. Engels, ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’, in Collected Works, vol. 16 (London, 1976) p. 71.
V. I. Lenin, ‘The Right of Nations to Self Determination’, in Collected Works, in 45 vols (Moscow, 1960–70) vol. 16, p. 71.
M. G. Kirichenko, Edinoe soyuznoe mnogonatsionalnoe gosudarstvo (Moscow, 1978) p. 15.
For general commentary, see Gellner, ‘Ethnicity’; also Yu. V. Bromlei (ed.), Sovremennye etnicheskie protsessy v SSSR (Moscow, 1975);
I. R. Grigulevich and S. Ya. Kozlov (eds), Ethnocultural Processes and National Problems in the Modern World (Moscow, 1981). The sociological researches are summarised in Kulichenko, Osnovnye napravleniya, pp. 246–77.
Dashdamirov, Natsiya, p. 34. The functional theme is echoed in many works — for example, M. Kim and V. Sherstobitov (eds), Sovetskii narod — novaya istoricheskaya obshchnost lyudey (Moscow, 1975) p. 408.
R. Conquest, The Nation Killers (London, 1970).
S. I. Bruk, ‘Ethnodemographic Processes in the USSR’, Soviet Sociology, vol. 10 (1972) p. 357. (Taken from Sovetskaya etnografiya, 1971, no. 4.)
A. I. Kholmogorov, Internatsionalnye cherty sovetskikh natsii (Moscow, 1970). (Translated in Soviet Sociology, vols 11 and 12, 1972 and 1973.)
A. McAuley, Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union (Hemel Hempstead, 1979) pp. 114–15.
NATO Colloquium, Regional Development in the USSR (Newtownville, Mass., 1979) pp. 7 and 15.
V. Zaslavsky, ‘Socioeconomic Inequality and Changes in Soviet Ideology’, Theory and Society, vol. 9 (1980) p. 397;
A. Zinoviev, The Yawning Heights (New York, 1979);
R. Hingley, The Russian Mind (London, 1979).
M. N. Guboglo, ‘Socioethnic Consequences of Bilingualism’, Soviet Sociology, vol. 13 (1974) pp. 93–114; Kim and Sherstobitov, Sovetskii narod, part 1, ch. 7; S. I. Bruk and M. N. Guboglo, ‘Bilingualism and Multilingualism’, in Grigulevich and Kozlov (eds), Ethnocultural Processes, pp. 51–90.
Cited in Kim and Sherstobitov, Sovetskii narod, p. 242. For an example of heavily politicised linguistics, see the proceedings of a Tashkent conference, in F. G. Panachin (ed.), Russkiy yazyk — yazyk druzhby i sotrudnichestva narodov SSSR (Moscow, 1979).
Carrère d’Encausse, L’Empire, pp. 192–3; E. G. Lewis, Multilingualism in the Soviet Union (The Hague, 1972).
W. Forwood, in G. Schöpflin (ed.), Handbook on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (London, 1976) p. 204.
A. Nove, ‘History, Hierarchy and Nationalities’, Soviet Studies, vol. 26 (1969–70) pp. 83–4; and S. F. Staar, ‘Tsarist Government: the Imperial Dimension’, in Azrael, Soviet Nationalities, pp. 3–38.
G. Wheeler, ‘Islam and the Soviet State’, in M. Hayward and W. C. Fletcher (eds), Religion and the Soviet State (London, 1969) p. 196.
M. Rywkin, ‘Religion, Modern Nationalism and Political Power in Soviet Central Asia’, in Kamenetsky, Nationalism, p. 189; confirmed by D. R. Staats, ‘The Minorities of Inner Asia’, Problems of Communism, vol. 27 (1978) p. 71.
N. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia (Berkeley, 1961);
H. Seton Watson, Nations and States (London, 1977) pp. 84, 148;
S. V. Utechin, Russian Political Thought (London, 1964) p. 72.
A. Amalrik, ‘Ideologies in Soviet Society’, Survey, vol. 22 (1976) pp. 1–12;
A. Yanov, The Russian New Right: Right Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR (Berkeley, 1978); Y. Bilinsky, ‘Russian Dissenters and the Nationality Question’, in Kamenetsky, Nationalism, pp. 78–90;
D. Pospielovsky, ‘The Resurgence of Russian Nationalism in Samizdat’, Survey, vol. 19 (1973) pp. 52–70.
One nationalist writer expressly aware of the interdependence between Russia and the minority nations is I. Shafarevich, ‘Socialism in Our Past and Our Future’, in A. Solzhenitsyn (ed.), From Under the Rubble (London, 1975) pp. 26–67.
Smith, Theories of Nationalism, p. 48; B. C. Shafer, Nationalism: Myth and Reality (London, 1965) ch. 10.
R. Clawson, ‘The Political Socialisation of Children in the USSR’, Political Science Quarterly, vol. 88 (1973) pp. 684–712;
I. Volgyes (ed.), Political Socialisation in Eastern Europe (New York, 1975);
F. O’Dell, Socialisation Through Children’s Literature: the Soviet Example (Cambridge, 1978);
V. P. Agafonova (ed.), Patrioticheskoe i internatsional’noe vospitanie studentov (Moscow, 1979).
D. J. A. Held, Introduction to Critical Theory (London, 1980) pp. 285 ff. For an application to the USSR see
D. Lane, ‘The Soviet Industrial Worker: the Lack of a Legitimation Crisis?’, in B. Denitch (ed.), Legitimation of Regimes (London, 1979) ch. 10.
E. Cassirer, The Myth of the State (New Haven, 1946);
C. H. Hamburg, Symbol and Reality (The Hague, 1956);
M. Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana, Illinois, 1964) and Political Language: Words that Succeed and Policies that Fail (New York, 1977).
These themes are rigorously explored in T. Parsons, The Social System (London, 1951).
E. Gellner, Legitimation of Belief (Cambridge, 1974) p. 26.
For general introductions, see E. Leach, Lévi-Strauss (London, 1970);
R. Firth, Symbols: Public and Private (London, 1973);
P. Guiraud, Semiology (London, 1975).
For example, G. L. Moses, ‘Mass Politics and the Political Liturgy of Nationalism’, in E. Kamenka (ed.), Nationalism (London, 1976) pp. 39 ff.
C. Lane, The Rites of Rulers: Ritual in Industrial Society — the Soviet Case (Cambridge, 1981).
Examples of the systems approach: E. P. Hoffman, ‘Role Conflict and Ambiguity in the CPSU’, in R. E. Kanet (ed.), The Behavioural Revolution and Communist Studies (New York, 1971) ch. 9; in similar vein see J. Staniszkis, who voices exasperation with the elusiveness of political language — ‘the land of the slogan is the land of the blind’: p. 246 in ‘Adaptational Superstructure: the Problem of Negative Self Regulation’, in National Deviancy Conference, Capitalism and the Rule of Law (London, 1979).
R. C. Tucker, The Soviet Political Mind (London, 1972) pp. 144, 162 ff on Stalin’s linguistic theories.
V. Zaslavsky and J. Bryn, ‘The Function of Elections in the Soviet Union’, Soviet Studies, vol. 30 (1978) pp. 363–71;
A. L. Unger, ‘Political Participation in the USSR: YCL and CPSU’, Soviet Studies, vol. 33 (1981) pp. 107–24. (See also elements of the controversy in John Hoffman’s chapter in the present volume.)
F. Znaniecki, Modern Nationalism (Westport, Conn., 1972) ch. 4.
V. N. Ilinsky, Geraldi trudovoi slavy (Moscow, 1979) p. 147.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1984 St Antony’s College, Oxford
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rutland, P. (1984). The ‘Nationality Problem’ and the Soviet State. In: Harding, N. (eds) The State in Socialist Society. St Antony’s/Macmillan Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17408-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17408-9_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-36014-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-17408-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)