The Role of Adsorbents in the Wearable Artificial Kidney

  • J. M. Walker
  • S. C. Jacobsen
  • R. L. Stephen
  • W. J. Kolff
  • D. Rose
Chapter
Part of the Strathclyde Bioengineering Seminars book series (KESE)

Summary

Conventional haemodialysis systems are large, complex, costly to buy and operate, require numerous adjustments of operational parameters during dialysis resulting in the patient having little mobility. The artificial kidney which has been developed at the University of Utah is fully portable and only requires intermittent connection to a 20 1 dialysate tank during two-thirds of the dialysis period. This paper will briefly describe the operation of the ‘wearable’ artificial kidney and will discuss the present method of removing uraemic toxins from the dialysate side using activated carbon and a 20 1 dialysate tank. The research in progress to find alternative methods of urea and potassium removal in order to dispense with the 201 tank will also be discussed.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Asher, W. J., Bovee, K. C., Hamilton, R. W., Holtzapple, P. G., Frankenfeld, J. W. and Volger, T. C. (1975). Liquid Membrane capsule system for treatment of chronic uremia. NIH- NIAMDD- NO1-AM-3–2224.Google Scholar
  2. Doniat, D., Porta, A. and Mosetti, J. (1974). Method for purifying ionically conducting solutions. United States Patent Office 3 827 961, patented August 6, 1974.Google Scholar
  3. Giordano, C. (1972). Diet and amino acids in uremia. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transpl. Assoc., 9, 419–435.Google Scholar
  4. Giordano, C., Esposito, R. and Pluvio, M. (1975). Oxycellulose and ammonia treated oxystarch as insoluble polyaldehydes in uraemia. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transpl. 7, S 380–382.Google Scholar
  5. Greenbaum, M. A. and Gordon A. (1972). A regenerative dialysis supply system. Dial. Transpl., 1, 18Google Scholar
  6. Gregor, H. D., Starnberg, J. S., Brennen, K. R., Chlanda, F. C., Gryte, C., Danitz, M. and Rohrer, E. (1969). Specific extracorporeal absorbents. NIAMDD contract no. PH-43-68-708.Google Scholar
  7. Jacobsen, S. C., Stephen, R. L., Bulloch, E. C., Smith, H. R. and Kolff, W. J. (1975a). A wearable artificial kidney, design and application. Abstract to the Sixth International Congress of Nephrology, Florence, Italy, June 1975.Google Scholar
  8. Jacobsen, S. C., Stephen, R. L., Bulloch, E. C., Luntz, R. D. and Kolff, W. J. (1975b). A wearable artificial kidney: functional description of hardware and clinical results. Clinical Dialysis and Transplant Forum of the National Kidney Foundation, New York, November 22–23, 1975.Google Scholar
  9. John, A., Isaacson, H. R. and Bryant, M. P. (1974). Isolation and characteristics of a urealytic strain of Selenomonasiruminantium. J. Dairy Science, 57, 1003–1014. 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Kolff, W. J. (1952). Forced high caloric, low protein diet and the treatment of uremia. Amer. J. Med., 12 (6), 667–679.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Kolff, W. J., Jacobsen, S. C., Stephen, R. L. and Rose, D. (1975). Towards a wearable artificial kidney (WAK). Conference on Sorbents in Uraemia,Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York, November 3–4, 1975. (To be published in Kidney International.)Google Scholar
  12. Kolff, W. J. (1975). Longitudinal perspectives on sorbents in uraemia. Conference on Sorbents in Uraemia, Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York, November 3–4, 1975. (To be published in Kidney International.)Google Scholar
  13. Meriwether, L. S. and Kramer, H. M. (1975). In vitro activity of oxystarch and oxycellulose. Conference on Sorbents in Uraemia Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York, November 3–4,1975. (To be published in Kidney International.)Google Scholar
  14. Mehall, J. R., Koenig, K. L., Lindan, O. and Sparks, R. E. (1969). Screening Study of adsorbents for urea removal from artificial kidney dialysing fluid. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 3, 529–543.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Rutherford, E., Mercado. A., Hruska, E., Harter, H., Mason, N., Sparks, R., Klahr, S. and Slatopolsky, E. (1973). An evaluation of a new and effective phosphorus binding agent. Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, 19, 446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Sargent, J. A., Gotch, F. A., Olson, R. S., Evano, M. C., Sturkey, L., Herr, J. W.,Keen, M. and Seid, M. (1972). Research on improved hollow fibre artificial kidney. NIAMDD Second Annual Progress Report, December 31, 1972. AK-2-70-2302.Google Scholar
  17. Setala, K. (1970). A haemodialyser. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transpl. Assoc., 7, 419.Google Scholar
  18. Setala, K., Heinonen, H. and Schreck-Purola, I. (1972). Uraemic waste recovery II: In vitro studies. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transpl Assoc., 9, 514–520. 1.Google Scholar
  19. Stephen, R. L., Jacobsen, S. C., Atkin-Thor, E. and Kolff, W. J. (1975). Portable/wearable artificial kidney (WAK) - initial evaluation. 12th Congress, European Dialysis and Transplant Association, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 26–29, 1975.Google Scholar
  20. Van Wagenen, R., Steggall, M., Lentz, D. J. and Andrade, J. E. (1975). Activated carbons for medical applications. In vitro microparticle characterisation and solute adsorption. Biomat. Med. Dev. Artif. Organs 3, (3), 319–364.Google Scholar
  21. Walitt, A. L. and Jones, H. L. (1969). Development of urea adsorbents for use in artificial kidneys. NIAMDD Contract no. PH-43-68-1016.Google Scholar
  22. Walker, J. M. (1973). Feasibility study of electrochemical deureation. Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Internal report August 1973.Google Scholar
  23. Walker, J. M., Denti, E., Van Wagenen, R. and Andrade, J. D. (1975). Evaluation and selection of activated carbon for haemoperfusion. Conference on Sorbents in Uraemia, Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York, November 3–4, 1975. (To be published in Kidney International.)Google Scholar
  24. Walser, M., Coulter, A. W., Dighe, S. and Crantz, F. R. (1973). The effect of keto analogues of essential amino acids in chronic uremia. J. Clin. Invest, 52, 3,678–690.Google Scholar
  25. Yao, S. J. and Wolfson, S. K. (1972). Detoxification by electrochemico-auto oxidation. 1: Deammonation. Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif Int. Organs, 18, 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde 1977

Authors and Affiliations

  • J. M. Walker
  • S. C. Jacobsen
  • R. L. Stephen
  • W. J. Kolff
  • D. Rose

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations