Perspectives in Analysis, Geometry, and Topology pp 169-197 | Cite as
On Continuity of Quasimorphisms for Symplectic Maps
Abstract
We discuss C0-continuous homogeneous quasimorphisms on the identity component of the group of compactly supported symplectomorphisms of a symplectic manifold. Such quasimorphisms extend to the C0-closure of this group inside the homeomorphism group. We show that for standard symplectic balls of any dimension, as well as for compact oriented surfaces other than the sphere, the space of such quasimorphisms is infinite-dimensional. In the case of surfaces, we give a user-friendly topological characterization of such quasimorphisms. We also present an application to Hofer’s geometry on the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of the ball.
Keywords
Symplectomorphism Quasimorphism Calabi homomorphism Hofer metricNotes
Acknowledgments
This text started as an attempt to understand a remark of Dieter Kotschick. We thank him for stimulating discussions and in particular for communicating to us the idea of getting the continuity from the C0-fragmentation, which appeared in a preliminary version of [29]. The authors would like to thank warmly Frédéric Le Roux for his comments on this work and for the thrilling discussions we had during the preparation of this article, Felix Schlenk for critical remarks on the first draft of this paper, as well as Dusa McDuff for a useful discussion. The third author would like to thank Tel-Aviv University for its hospitality during the spring of 2008, when this work began. The second author expresses his deep gratitude to Oleg Viro for generous help and support at the beginning of his research in topology.
Finally, the authors would like to thank warmly the anonymous referee for his careful reading and for finding several inaccuracies in the first version of the text.
Michael Entov was partially supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant # 881/06. Leonid Polterovich was partially supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant # 509/07. Pierre Py was partially supported by the NSF (grant DMS-0905911).
References
- 1.M. Akveld and D. Salamon, Loops of Lagrangian submanifolds and pseudoholomorphic discs, Geom. and Funct. Analysis 11, No. 4, (2001), 609–650.Google Scholar
- 2.A. Banyaga, Sur la structure du groupe des difféomorphismes qui préservent une forme symplectique, Comm. Math. Helv. 53 (1978), 174–227.CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 3.A. Banyaga, Formes-volume sur les variétés à bord, Enseignement Math. (2) 20 (1974), 127–131.Google Scholar
- 4.A. Banyaga, The structure of classical diffeomorphism groups, Mathematics and its applications 400, Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Dordrecht, 1997.CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 5.J. Barge and É. Ghys, Cocycles d’Euler et de Maslov, Math. Ann. 294 (1992), 235–265.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 6.C. Bavard, Longueur stable des commutateurs, Enseign. Math. (2) 37, No. 1-2 (1991), 109–150.Google Scholar
- 7.G. Ben Simon, The Nonlinear Maslov index and the Calabi homomorphism, Commun. Contemp. Math. 9, No. 6 (2007), 769–780.Google Scholar
- 8.P. Biran, Connectedness of spaces of symplectic embeddings, Internat. Math. Res. Notices 10 (1996), 487–491.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 9.P. Biran, M. Entov, and L. Polterovich, Calabi quasimorphisms for the symplectic ball, Commun. Contemp. Math. 6, No. 5 (2004), 793–802.Google Scholar
- 10.A. Bounemoura, Simplicité des groupes de transformations de surfaces, Ensaios Matemáticos 14 (2008), 1–143.MATHGoogle Scholar
- 11.R. Brooks, Some remarks on bounded cohomology, in Riemann Surfaces and Related Topics: Proceedings of the 1978 Stony Brook Conference (State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, N.Y., 1978), 53–63, Ann. of Math. Stud. 97, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1981.Google Scholar
- 12.D. Burago, S. Ivanov, and L. Polterovich, Conjugation-invariant norms on groups of geometric origin, in Groups of Diffeomorphisms: In Honor of Shigeyuki Morita on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Advanced Studies in Pure Mathematics 52, Math. Society of Japan, Tokyo, 2008.Google Scholar
- 13.E. Calabi, On the group of automorphisms of a symplectic manifold, in Problems in analysis, 1–26, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1970.MATHGoogle Scholar
- 14.D. Calegari, scl, MSJ Memoirs 20, Mathematical Society of Japan, Tokyo (2009).Google Scholar
- 15.C.J. Earle and J. Eells, The diffeomorphism group of a compact Riemann surface, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 73 (1967), 557–559.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 16.C.J. Earle and J. Eells, A fibre bundle description of Teichmüller theory, J. Differential Geometry 3 (1969), 19–43.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 17.M. Entov, Commutator length of symplectomorphisms, Comment. Math. Helv. 79, No. 1 (2004), 58–104.Google Scholar
- 18.M. Entov and L. Polterovich, Calabi quasimorphism and quantum homology, Int. Math. Res. Not. 30 (2003), 1635–1676.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 19.M. Entov and L. Polterovich, Symplectic quasi-states and semi-simplicity of quantum homology, in Toric Topology, 47–70, Contemporary Mathematics 460, AMS, Providence, 2008.MATHGoogle Scholar
- 20.A. Fathi, Structure of the group of homeomorphisms preserving a good measure on a compact manifold, Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4) 13, No. 1 (1980), 45–93.Google Scholar
- 21.J.-M. Gambaudo and É. Ghys, Enlacements asymptotiques, Topology 36, No. 6 (1997), 1355–1379.MATHGoogle Scholar
- 22.J.-M. Gambaudo and É. Ghys, Commutators and diffeomorphisms of surfaces, Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems 24, No. 5 (2004), 1591–1617.Google Scholar
- 23.É. Ghys, Knots and dynamics, in International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. I, 247–277, Eur. Math. Soc., Zürich, 2007.Google Scholar
- 24.R. E. Greene and K. Shiohama, Diffeomorphisms and volume-preserving embeddings of noncompact manifolds, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 255 (1979), 403–414.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 25.M. Gromov, Pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectic manifolds, Invent. Math. 82 (1985), 307–347.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 26.H. Hofer, On the topological properties of symplectic maps, Proc. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh 115A, No. 1-2 (1990), 25–28.Google Scholar
- 27.H. Hofer, Estimates for the energy of a symplectic map, Comment. Math. Helv. 68, No. 1 (1993), 48–72.Google Scholar
- 28.D. Kotschick, What is…a quasi-morphism? Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 51, No. 2 (2004), 208–209.Google Scholar
- 29.D. Kotschick, Stable length in stable groups, in Groups of Diffeomorphisms: In Honor of Shigeyuki Morita on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Advanced Studies in Pure Mathematics 52, Math. Society of Japan, Tokyo, 2008.Google Scholar
- 30.F. Lalonde, Isotopy of symplectic balls, Gromov’s radius and the structure of ruled symplectic 4-manifolds, Math. Ann. 300 (1994), 273–296.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 31.F. Lalonde and D. McDuff, The geometry of symplectic energy, Ann. of Math. 141, No. 2 (1995), 349–371.Google Scholar
- 32.F. Lalonde and D. McDuff, Hofer’s L∞ -geometry: energy and stability of Hamiltonian flows I, Invent. Math. 122, No. 1 (1995), 1–33.Google Scholar
- 33.F. Lalonde and L. Polterovich, Symplectic diffeomorphisms as isometries of Hofer’s norm, Topology 36, No. 3 (1997), 711–727.MATHGoogle Scholar
- 34.F. Le Roux, Six questions, a proposition and two pictures on Hofer distance for Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms on surfaces, in Symplectic topology and measure preserving dynamical systems, 33–40, Contemp. Math., 512, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2010.Google Scholar
- 35.F. Le Roux, Simplicity of \(\mathrm{Homeo}({\mathbb{D}}^{2},\partial {\mathbb{D}}^{2},\mathrm{Area})\) and fragmentation of symplectic diffeomorphisms, J. Symplectic Geom. 8 (2010), no. 1, 73–93.Google Scholar
- 36.D. McDuff, Remarks on the uniqueness of symplectic blowing up, in Symplectic geometry, D.Salamon ed., 157–167, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., 192, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993.Google Scholar
- 37.D. McDuff, From symplectic deformation to isotopy, in Topics in symplectic 4-manifolds (Irvine, CA, 1996), 85–99, First Int. Press Lect. Ser., I, Int. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998.Google Scholar
- 38.D. McDuff and D. Salamon, Introduction to symplectic topology, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.MATHGoogle Scholar
- 39.J. Moser, On the volume elements on a manifold, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 120 (1965), 288–294.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 40.Y.-G. Oh, C0 -coerciveness of Moser’s problem and smoothing area preserving homeomorphisms, preprint, 2006, arXiv:math 0601183.Google Scholar
- 41.Y. Ostrover, Calabi quasi-morphisms for some non-monotone symplectic manifolds, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 6 (2006), 405–434.MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 42.L. Polterovich, Symplectic displacement energy for Lagrangian submanifolds, Ergodic Th. and Dynam. Syst. 13, No. 2 (1993), 357–367.Google Scholar
- 43.L. Polterovich, The geometry of the group of symplectic diffeomorphisms, Lectures in Mathematics, ETH Zürich, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2001.CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 44.L. Polterovich, Floer homology, dynamics and groups, in Morse theoretic methods in nonlinear analysis and in symplectic topology, 417–438, NATO Sci. Ser. II Math. Phys. Chem. 217, Springer, Dordrecht, 2006.Google Scholar
- 45.P. Py, Quasi-morphismes et invariant de Calabi, Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4) 39, No. 1 (2006), 177–195.Google Scholar
- 46.P. Py, Quasi-morphismes de Calabi et graphe de Reeb sur le tore, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris 343, No. 5 (2006), 323–328.Google Scholar
- 47.A. Shtern, Remarks on pseudocharacters and the real continuous bounded cohomology of connected locally compact groups, Ann. Global Anal. Geom. 20, No. 3 (2001), 199–221.Google Scholar
- 48.J.-C. Sikorav, Approximation of a volume-preserving homeomorphism by a volume-preserving diffeomorphism, preprint, 2007, available at http://www.umpa.ens-lyon.fr/~symplexe/publications.php.
- 49.S. Smale, Diffeomorphisms of the 2-sphere, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 10 (1959), 621–626.MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
- 50.T. Tsuboi, The Calabi invariant and the Euler class, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 352, No. 2, (2000), 515–524.Google Scholar