Principles of Bacterial Detection: Biosensors, Recognition Receptors and Microsystems pp 83-108 | Cite as
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensors for the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens
Abstract
Modern biosensor technologies can provide rapid quantification of bacterial pathogens. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are an optical platform capable of highly sensitive and specific measuring of biomolecular interactions in real-time. This label-free technology can quantify the kinetics, affinity and concentration of surface interactions. SPR sensors have been used to detect bacterial pathogens in clinical and food-related samples. This chapter discusses the fundamental theory behind SPR sensors and state-of-the-art SPR instrumentation, surface chemistries, molecular recognition elements and detection strategies, as well as specific challenges associated with bacterial detection using SPR sensors. SPR-based detections of bacterial cells, genetic markers and antibody biomarkers are reviewed and discussed.
Keywords
Surface Plasmon Resonance Apple Juice Domoic Acid Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Staphylococcal EnterotoxinPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Adam P, Dostalek J and Homola J (2006) Multiple surface plasmon spectroscopy for study of biomolecular systems. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 113:774–781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Angenendt P, Glokler J, Murphy D, Lehrach H and Cahill DJ (2002) Toward optimized antibody microarrays: a comparison of current microarray support materials. Analytical Biochemistry 309:253–260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Asano K, Ono A, Hashimoto S, Inoue T and Kanno J (2004) Screening of endocrine disrupting chemicals using a surface plasmon resonance sensor. Analytical Sciences 20:611–616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Balamurugan S, Obubuafo A, Soper SA, McCarley RL and Spivak DA (2006) Designing highly specific biosensing surfaces using aptamer monolayers on gold. Langmuir 22:6446–6453CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boardman AD (1982) Electromagnetic surface modes. Wiley, Chichester, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Bokken G, Corbee RJ, van Knapen F and Bergwerff AA (2003) Immunochemical detection of Salmonella group B, D and E using an optical surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Fems Microbiology Letters 222:75–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boozer C, Yu QM, Chen SF, Lee CY, Homola J, Yee SS and Jiang SY (2003) Surface functionalization for self-referencing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors by multi-step self-assembly. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 90:22–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boozer C, Ladd J, Chen SF, Yu Q, Homola J and Jiang SY (2004) DNA directed protein immobilization on mixed ssDNA/oligo(ethylene glycol) self-assembled monolayers for sensitive biosensors. Analytical Chemistry 76:6967–6972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Boozer C, Ladd J, Chen SF and Jiang ST (2006) DNA-directed protein immobilization for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes by surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Analytical Chemistry 78:1515–1519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Born M and Wolf E (1999) Principles of optics : electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
- Center for Food Safety and Nutrition and United States Food and Drug Administraton (2007) “Bad Bug Book” Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼mov/badbug.zipGoogle Scholar
- Chen SF, Liu LY, Zhou J and Jiang SY (2003) Controlling antibody orientation on charged self-assembled monolayers. Langmuir 19:2859–2864CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chen SF, Zheng J, Li LY and Jiang SY (2005) Strong resistance of phosphorylcholine self-assembled monolayers to protein adsorption: Insights into nonfouling properties of zwitterionic materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society 127:14473–14478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Choi JW, Park KW, Lee DB, Lee W and Lee WH (2005) Cell immobilization using self-assembled synthetic oligopeptide and its application to biological toxicity detection using surface plasmon resonance. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 20:2300–2305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dostalek J, Homola J and Miler M (2005) Rich information format surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on array of diffraction gratings. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 107:154–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Evenson ML, Hinds MW, Bernstein RS and Bergdoll MS (1988) Estimation of Human Dose of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-a from a Large Outbreak of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Involving Chocolate Milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology 7:311–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fleminger G, Hadas E, Wolf T and Solomon B (1990) Oriented Immobilization of Periodate-Oxidized Monoclonal-Antibodies on Amino and Hydrazide Derivatives of Eupergit-C. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 23:123–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fratamico PM, Strobaugh TP, Medina MB and Gehring AG (1998) Detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Biotechnology Techniques 12:571–576CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fratamico PM, Strobaugh TP, Medina MB and Gehring AG (1999) A Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Real-Time Immunologic Detection of Escherichia Coli O157:H7. In: Tunick M, Fratamico PM, Palumbo SA (eds) New Techniques in the Analysis of Foods. Kluwer Academic, New York, pp 103–111Google Scholar
- Gobi KV and Miura N (2004) Highly sensitive and interference-free simultaneous detection of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at parts-per-trillion levels using a surface plasmon resonance immunosensor. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 103:265–271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gobi KV, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y and Miura N (2005) Highly sensitive regenerable immunosensor for label-free detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at ppb levels by using surface plasmon resonance imaging. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 111:562–571CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gouvea V, Glass RI, Woods P, Tanguchi K, Clark HF, Forrester B and Fang ZY (1990) Polymerase Chain-Reaction Amplification and Typing of Rotavirus Nucleic-Acid from Stool Specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:276–282Google Scholar
- Harris RD, Luff BJ, Wilkinson JS, Piehler J, Brecht A, Gauglitz G and Abuknesha RA (1999) Integrated optical surface plasmon resonance immunoprobe for simazine detection. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 14:377–386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hearty S, Leonard P, Quinn J and O’Kennedy R (2006) Production, characterisation and potential application of a novel monoclonal antibody for rapid identification of virulent Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Microbiological Methods 66:294–312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Homola J (1995) Optical-Fiber Sensor-Based on Surface-Plasmon Excitation. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 29:401–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Homola J, Pfeifer P and Brynda E (1997) Optical biosensing using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Proc. SPIE 3105Google Scholar
- Homola J, Lu HB and Yee SS (1999) Dual-channel surface plasmon resonance sensor with spectral discrimination of sensing channels using dielectric overlayer. Electronics Letters 35:1105–1106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Homola J, Dostalek J, Chen SF, Rasooly A, Jiang SY and Yee SS (2002) Spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology 75:61–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Homola J (2003) Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 377:528–539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Homola J, Vaisocherová H, Dostálek J and Piliarik M (2005) Multi-analyte surface plasmon resonance biosensing. Methods 37:26–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hsieh HV, Stewart B, Hauer P, Haaland P and Campbell R (1998) Measurement of Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin production by surface plasmon resonance immunoassay. Vaccine 16:997–1003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jackson WC, Kuckuck F, Edwards BS, Mammoli A, Gallegos CM, Lopez GP, Buranda T and Sklar LA (2002) Mixing small volumes for continuous high-throughput flow cytometry: Performance of a mixing Y and peristaltic sample delivery. Cytometry 47:183–191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jongerius-Gortemaker BGM, Goverde RLJ, van Knapen F, and Bergwerff AA (2002) Surface plasmon resonance (BIACORE) detection of serum antibodies against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. Journal of Immunological Methods 266:33–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jorgenson RC and Yee SS (1993) A Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance. Sensors and Actuators B 12:213–220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jory MJ, Vukusic PS and Sambles JR (1994) Development of a Prototype Gas Sensor Using Surface-Plasmon Resonance on Gratings. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 17:203–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jory MJ, Bradberry GW, Cann PS and Sambles JR (1995) A Surface-Plasmon-Based Optical Sensor Using Acoustooptics. Measurement Science & Technology 6:1193–1200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jyoung JY, Hong SH, Lee W and Choi JW (2006) Immunosensor for the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 using surface plasmon resonance. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 21:2315–2319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kai E, Sawata S, Ikebukuro K, Iida T, Honda T and Karube I (1999) Detection of PCR products in solution using surface plasmon resonance. Analytical Chemistry 71:796–800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kai E, Ikebukuro K, Hoshina S, Watanabe H and Karube I (2000) Detection of PCR products of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in human stool samples using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology 29:283–288CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kanda V, Kitov P, Bundle DR and McDermott MT (2005) Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of the inhibition of Shiga-like toxin by synthetic multivalent inhibitors. Analytical Chemistry 77:7497–7504CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Karlsson R and Stahlberg R (1995) Surface-Plasmon Resonance Detection and Multispot Sensing for Direct Monitoring of Interactions Involving Low-Molecular-Weight Analytes and for Determination of Low Affinities. Analytical Biochemistry 228:274–280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Koubova V, Brynda E, Karasova L, Skvor J, Homola J, Dostalek J, Tobiska P and Rosicky J (2001) Detection of foodborne pathogens using surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 74:100–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kukanskis K, Elkind J, Melendez J, Murphy T, Miller G and Garner H (1999) Detection of DNA hybridization using the TISPR-1 surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Analytical Biochemistry 274:7–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladd J, Boozer C, Yu QM, Chen SF, Homola J and Jiang S (2004) DNA-directed protein immobilization on mixed self-assembled monolayers via a Streptavidin bridge. Langmuir 20:8090–8095CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Leonard P, Hearty S, Quinn J and O’Kennedy R (2004) A generic approach for the detection of whole Listeria monocytogenes cells in contaminated samples using surface plasmon resonance. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 19:1331–1335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Leonard P, Hearty S, Wyatt G, Quinn J and O’Kennedy R (2005) Development of a surface plasmon resonance-Based immunoassay for Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection 68:728–735Google Scholar
- Liedberg B, Lundstrom I and Stenberg E (1993) Principles of Biosensing with an Extended Coupling Matrix and Surface-Plasmon Resonance. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 11:63–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lotierzo M, Henry OYF, Piletsky S, Tothill I, Cullen D, Kania M, Hock B and Turner APF (2004) Surface plasmon resonance sensor for domoic acid based on grafted imprinted polymer. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 20:145–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Matsubara K, Kawata S and Minami S (1988) Optical Chemical Sensor Based on Surface-Plasmon Measurement. Applied Optics 27:1160–1163Google Scholar
- Medina MB (2005) A biosensor method for a competitive immunoassay detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in milk. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology 13:37–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Medina MB (2006) A biosensor method for detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A in raw whole egg. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology 14:119–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Meeusen CA, Alocilja EC and Osburn WN (2005) Detection of E-coli O157: H7 using a miniaturized surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Transactions of the Asae 48:2409–2416Google Scholar
- Minunni M and Mascini M (1993) Detection of Pesticide in Drinking-Water Using Real-Time Biospecific Interaction Analysis (Bia). Analytical Letters 26:1441–1460Google Scholar
- Miyachi H, Yano K, Ikebukuro K, Kono M, Hoshina S and Karube I (2000) Application of chimeric RNA-DNA oligonucleotides to the detection of pathogenic microorganisms using surface plasmon resonance. Analytica Chimica Acta 407:1–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mouvet C, Harris R, Maciag C, Luff B, Wilkinson J, Piehler J, Brecht A, Gauglitz G, Abuknesha R and Ismail G (1997) Determination of simazine in water samples by waveguide surface plasmon resonance. Analytica Chimia Acta 338:109–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mullett WM, Lai EPC and Yeung JM (2000) Surface plasmon resonance-based immunoassays. Methods 22:77–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Naimushin A, Soelberg S, Bartholomew D, Elkind J and Furlong C (2003) A portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor system with temperature regulation. Sensors and Actuators B 96:253–260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Naimushin AN, Soelberg SD, Nguyen DK, Dunlap L, Bartholomew D, Elkind J, Melendez J and Furlong CE (2002) Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B at femtomolar levels with a miniature integrated two-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 17:573–584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nedelkov D, Rasooly A and Nelson RW (2000) Multitoxin biosensor-mass spectrometry analysis: a new approach for rapid, real-time, sensitive analysis of staphylococcal toxins in food. International Journal of Food Microbiology 60:1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nedelkov D and Nelson RW (2003). Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B via Biomolecular interaction analysis mass spectrometry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69:5212–5215CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nelson BP, Liles MR, Frederick KB, Corn RM and Goodman RM (2002) Label-free detection of 16S ribosomal RNA hybridization on reusable DNA arrays using surface plasmon resonance imaging. Environmental Microbiology 4:735–743CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nelson KE, Gamble L, Jung LS, Boeckl MS, Naeemi E, Golledge SL, Sasaki T, Castner DG, Campbell CT and Stayton PS (2001) Surface characterization of mixed self-assembled monolayers designed for streptavidin immobilization. Langmuir 17:2807–2816CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nenninger GC, Clendenning JB, Furlong CE and Yee SS (1998) Sensors and Actuators B 51:38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nice EC and Catimel B (1999) Instrumental biosensors: new perspectives for the analysis of biomolecular interactions. Bioessays 21:339–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nishimura T, Hifumi E, Fujii T, Niimi Y, Egashira N, Shimizu K and Uda T (2000) Measurement of Helicobacter pylori using anti its urease monoclonal antibody by surface plasmon resonance. Electrochemistry 68:916–919Google Scholar
- Oh BK, Kim YK, Bae YM, Lee WH and Choi JW (2002) Detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 using immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 12:780–786Google Scholar
- Oh BK, Kim YK, Lee W, Bae YM, Lee WH and Choi JW (2003a) Immunosensor for detection of Legionella pneumophila using surface plasmon resonance. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 18:605–611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oh BK, Lee W, Lee WH and Choi JW (2003b) Nano-scale probe fabrication using self-assembly technique and application to detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 8:227–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oh BK, Kim YK, Park KW, Lee WH and Choi JW (2004a) Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 19:1497–1504CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oh BK, Lee W, Kim YK, Lee WH and Choi JW (2004b) Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor using self-assembled protein G for the detection of Salmonella paratyphi. Journal of Biotechnology 111:1–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oh BK, Lee W, Chun BS, Bae YM, Lee WH and Choi JW (2005a) Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for the detection of Yersinia enterocolitica. Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 257–58:369–374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Oh BK, Lee W, Chun BS, Bae YM, Lee WH and Choi JW (2005b) The fabrication of protein chip based on surface plasmon resonance for detection of pathogens. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 20:1847–1850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Perkins EA and Squirrell DJ (2000) Development of instrumentation to allow the detection of microorganisms using light scattering in combination with surface plasmon resonance. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 14:853–859CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Phillips KS, Han JH, Martinez M, Wang ZZ, Carter D and Cheng Q (2006) Nanoscale glassification of gold substrates for surface plasmon resonance analysis of protein toxins with supported lipid membranes. Analytical Chemistry 78:596–603CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Piliarik M, Homola J, Manikova Z and Ctyroky J (2003) Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a single-mode polarization-maintaining optical fiber. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 90:236–242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Raether H (1988) Surface-Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics 111:1–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ramotar K, Waldhart B, Church D, Szumski R and Louie TJ (1995) Direct-Detection of Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia-Coli in Stool Samples by Pcr. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33:519–524Google Scholar
- Rasooly L and Rasooly A (1999) Real time biosensor analysis of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food. International Journal of Food Microbiology 49:119–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rich RL and Myszka DG (2005a) Survey of the year 2003 commercial optical biosensor literature. Journal of Molecular Recognition 18:1–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rich RL and Myszka DG (2005b) Survey of the year 2004 commercial optical biosensor literature. Journal of Molecular Recognition 18:431–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shankaran DR, Matsumoto K, Toko K and Miura N (2006). Development and comparison of two immunoassays for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) based on surface plasmon resonance. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 114:71–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shimomura M, Nomura Y, Zhang W, Sakino M, Lee KH, Ikebukuro K and Karube I (2001) Simple and rapid detection method using surface plasmon resonance for dioxins, polychlorinated biphenylx and atrazine. Analytica Chimica Acta 434:223–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Slavik R, Homola J and Brynda E (2002) A miniature fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor for fast detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 17:591–595CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Slavik R and Homola J (2007) Ultra-high resolution long range surface plasmon-based sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 123:10–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Spangler BD, Wilkinson EA, Murphy JT and Tyler BJ (2001) Comparison of the Spreeta (R) surface plasmon resonance sensor and a quartz crystal microbalance for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Analytica Chimica Acta 444:149–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Su XL and Li Y (2005) Surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance immunosensors for detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7. Transactions of the Asae 48:405–413MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Subramanian A, Irudayaraj J and Ryan T (2006a) A mixed self-assembled monolayer-based surface plasmon immunosensor for detection of E-coli O157: H7. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 21:998–1006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Subramanian A, Irudayaraj J and Ryan T (2006b) Mono and dithiol surfaces on surface plasmon resonance biosensors for detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 114:192–198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Subramanian AS and Irudayaraj JM (2006) Surface plasmon resonance based immunosensing of E. coli O157: H7 in apple juice. Transactions of the Asabe 49:1257–1262Google Scholar
- Taylor AD, Yu QM, Chen SF, Homola J and Jiang SY (2005) Comparison of E-coli O157: H7 preparation methods used for detection with surface plasmon resonance sensor. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 107:202–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Taylor AD, Ladd J, Yu QM, Chen SF, Homola J and Jiang SY (2006) Quantitative and simultaneous detection of four foodborne bacterial pathogens with a multi-channel SPR sensor. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 22:752–758CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thirstrup C, Zong W, Borre M, Neff H, Pedersen HC and Holzhueter G (2004) Diffractive optical coupling element for surface plasmon resonance sensors. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 100:298–308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thomas E, Bouma A, van Eerden E, Landman WJM, van Knapen F, Stegeman A and Bergwerff AA (2006) Detection of egg yolk antibodies reflecting Salmonella enteritidis infections using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Journal of Immunological Methods 315:68–74Google Scholar
- Truesdell RA, Vorobieff PV, Sklar LA and Mammoli AA (2003) Mixing of a continuous flow of two fluids due to unsteady flow. Physical Review E 67Google Scholar
- Usami M, Mitsunaga K and Ohno Y (2002) Estrogen receptor binding assay of chemicals with a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 81:47–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Van Gent J, Lambeck PV, Kreuwel HJM, Gerritsma GJ, Sudholter EJR, Reinhoudt DN and Popma TJA (1990) Optimization of a Chemooptical Surface-Plasmon Resonance Based Sensor. Applied Optics 29:2843–2849CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vanpoucke LSG (1990) Salmonella-Tek, a Rapid Screening Method for Salmonella Species in Food. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56:924–927Google Scholar
- Vostiar I, Tkac J and Mandenius CF (2005) Intracellular monitoring of superoxide dismutase expression in an Escherichia coli fed-batch cultivation using on-line disruption with at-line surface plasmon resonance detection. Analytical Biochemistry 342:152–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wright JD, Oliver JV, Nolte RJM, Holder SJ, Sommerdijk N and Nikitin PI (1998) The detection of phenols in water using a surface plasmon resonance system with specific receptors. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 51:305–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yu QM, Chen SF, Taylor AD, Homola J, Hock B and Jiang SY (2005) Detection of low-molecular-weight domoic acid using surface plasmon resonance sensor. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 107:193–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhang Z, Chen SF and Jiang SY (2006) Dual-functional biomimetic materials: Nonfouling poly(carboxybetaine) with active functional groups for protein immobilization. Biomacromolecules 7:3311–3315CrossRefGoogle Scholar