Lungs

  • S. T. Treves
  • Alan B. Packard

Abstract

Nuclear medicine offers imaging methods to assess regional pulmonary blood flow as well as ventilation, gas and fluid transport across the alveolar-capillary membrane, mucociliary clearance, pulmonary aspiration, and parenchymal diseases.

Keywords

Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Embolism Left Lung Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Sulfur Colloid 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Lassen NA. Assessment of tissue radiation dose in clinical use of radioactive inert gases with examples of absorbed dose from 3H, 85Kr, and 133Xe. Radioakt Isot Klin Fortschr 1965;6:37–47.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Kjellman B. Regional lung function studied with Xe133 in children with pneumonia. Acta Paediatr Scand 1967;56(5):467–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Treves S, Ahnberg DS, Laguarda R, Strieder DJ. Radionuclide evaluation of regional lung function in children. J Nucl Med 1974;15(7): 582–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Treves S, Strieder DJ, Adelstein SJ. Scintillation camera radiospirometry. Prog Nucl Med 1973;3: 149–65.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Miorner G. 133 Xe-radiospirometry. A clinical method for studying regional lung function. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl 1968;64:1–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Wartak J, Overton TR, Friedenberg LW, Sproule BJ. Computer-aided evaluation of regional pulmonary function. Comput Biomed Res 1972;5(4):429–39.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Fazio F, Jones T. Assessment of regional ventilation by continuous inhalation of radioactive krypton-81m. Br Med J 1975;3(5985): 673–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Li DK, Treves S, Heyman S, et al. Krypton-81m: a better radiopharmaceutical for assessment of regional lung function in children. Radiology 1979;130(3):741–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Schor RA, Shames DM, Weber PM, Dos Remedios LV. Regional ventilation studies with Kr-81m and Xe-133: a comparative analysis. J Nucl Med 1978;19(4):348–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Coates G, O’Brodovich H. Extrapulmonary radioactivity in lung permeability measurements. J Nucl Med 1987;28(5):903–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Meignan M, Rosso J, Leveau J, et al. Exercise increases the lung clearance of inhaled technetium-99m DTPA. J Nucl Med 1986;27(2): 274–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Jefferies AL, Coates G, O’Brodovich H. Pulmonary epithelial permeability in hyaline-membrane disease. N Engl J Med 1984;311(17): 1075–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    O’Dell CW, Taylor A, Higgins CB, Ashburn WL, Schillaci RF, Alazraki NP. Ventilation-perfusion lung images in the Swyer-James syndrome. Radiology 1976;121(2):423–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Rosso J, Guillon JM, Parrot A, et al. Technetium-99m-DTPA aerosol and gallium-67 scanning in pulmonary complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Nucl Med 1992;33(1):81–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Schiff RG, Kabat L, Kamani N. Gallium scanning in lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis of children with AIDS. J Nucl Med 1987;28(12): 1915–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Dusser DJ, Collignon MA, Stanislas-Leguern G, Barritault LG, Chretien J, Huchon GJ. Respiratory clearance of 99mTc-DTPA and pulmonary involvement in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134(3):493–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Jackson P, Mackey D, Van der Wall H. Physical and chemical nature of technegas. J Nucl Med 1998;39(9):1646–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Senden TJ, Moock KH, Gerald JF, Burch WM, Browwitt RJ, Ling CD, Heath GA. The physical and chemical nature of technegas. J Nucl Med 1997;38(8):1327–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Lloyd JJ, Shields RA, Taylor CJ, Lawson RS, James JM, Testra HJ. Technegas and pertechnegas particle size distribution. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22(5):473–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Burch WM, Boyd MM, Crellin DE. Technegas: particle size and distribution. Eur J Nucl Med 1994;21(4):365–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Kropp J, Buhr W, Biersack HJ. Lung inhalation scintigraphy in newborns: a study with the new tracer Technegas. J Nucl Med 1989;30:1989.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Amis TC, Crawford AB, Davison A, Engel LA. Distribution of inhaled 99m-technetium labelled ultrafine carbon particle aerosol (Technegas) in human lungs. Eur Respir J 1990;3(6):679–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Cook G, Clarke SE. An evaluation of Technegas as a ventilation agent compared with krypton-81m in the scintigraphic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Eur J Nucl Med 1992; 19(9):770–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Peltier P, DeFaucal P, Chetanneau A, Chatal JF. Comparison of technetium-99m aerosol and krypton-81m in ventilation studies for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Nucl Med Commun 1990;11(9):631–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Sullivan PJ, Burke WM, Burch WM, Lomas FE. A clinical comparison of Technegas and xenon-133 in 50 patients with suspected pulmonary embolus. Chest 1988;94(2):300–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    James JM, Lloyd JJ, Leahy BC, Shields RA, Prescott MC, Testa HJ. The incidence and severity of hypoxia associated with 99Tcm Technegas ventilation scintigraphy and 99Tcm MAA perfusion scintigraphy. Br J Radiol 1992; 65(773):403–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Monaghan P, Provan I, Murray C, et al. An improved radionuclide technique for the detection of altered pulmonary permeability. J Nucl Med 1991;32(10):1945–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Scalzetti EM, Grossman ZD, Gagne GM. Experimentally produced pulmonary arterial occlusion in the dog: identification with pertechnegas inhalation. Radiology 1993; 186(2):423–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Alavi A. Scintigraphic demonstration of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Radiol 1980;5(3):205–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Davies G, Reid L. Growth of the alveoli and pulmonary arteries in childhood. Thorax 1970;25(6):669–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Thurlbeck WM. Postnatal growth and development of the lung. In: Murray JF, ed. Lung Disease State of the Art (1974–1975). New York: American Lung Association, 1976.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Emery JL, Mithal A. The number of alveoli in the terminal respiratory unit of man during late intrauterine life and childhood. Arch Dis Child 1960;35:54–7.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Heyman S. Toxicity and safety factors associated with lung perfusion studies with radiolabeled particles. J Nucl Med 1979;20(10):1098–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Di Sant’Agnese PA, Davis PB. Research in cystic fibrosis (first of three parts). N Engl J Med 1976;295(9):481–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Shwachman H, Kulczycki LL, Khaw KT. A report on sixty-five patients over 17 years of age. Pediatrics 1965;36(5):689–99.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Wood RE, Boat TF, Doershuk CF. Cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;113(6):833–78.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Piepsz A, Decostre P, Baran D. Scintigraphic study of pulmonary blood flow distribution in cystic fibrosis. J Nucl Med 1973;14(6):326–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Alderson PO, Secker-Walker RH, Strominger DB, McAlister WH, Hill RL, Markham J. Quantitative assessment of regional ventilation and perfusion in children with cystic fibrosis. Radiology 1974;111(1):151–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Gyepes MT, Bennett LR, Hassakis PC. Regional pulmonary blood flow in cystic fibrosis. AJR Radium Ther Nucl Med 1969;106(3): 567–75.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Bateman JR, Newman SP, Daunt KM, Pavia D, Clarke SW. Regional lung clearance of excessive bronchial secretions during chest physiotherapy in patients with stable chronic airways obstruction. Lancet 1979;1(8111):294–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    DeCesare JA, Babchyck BM, Colten HR, Treves S. Radionuclide assessment of the effects of chest physical therapy on ventilation in cystic fibrosis. Phys Ther 1982;62(6):820–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Coel MN, Druger G. Radionuclide detection of the site of hemoptysis. Chest 1982;81(2): 242–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Winzelberg GG, Wholey MH, Sachs M. Scintigraphic localization of pulmonary bleeding using technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid: a preliminary report. Radiology 1982;143(3): 757–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Alavi A, Dann RW, Baum S, Biery DN. Scintigraphic detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Radiology 1977;124(3):753–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Barry J, Alazraki NP, Heaphy JH. Scintigraphic detection of intrapulmonary bleeding using technetium-99m sulfur colloid: concise communication. J Nucl Med 1981;22(9):777–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Miller T, Tanaka T. Nuclear scan of pulmonary hemorrhage in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. AJR 1979;132(1):120–1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Mishkin F, Knote J. Radioisotope scanning of the lungs in patients with systemic-pulmonary anastomoses. AJR Radium Ther Nucl Med 1968;102(2):267–73.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Chen JT, Robinson AE, Goodrich JK, Lester RG. Uneven distribution of pulmonary blood flow between left and right lungs in isolated valvular pulmonary stenosis. AJR Radium Ther Nucl Med 1969;107(2):343–50.Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Dunne EF. Cardiac Radiology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1967.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Wagner HN Jr, Sabiston DC Jr, Iio M, McAfee JG, Meyer JK, Langan JK. Regional pulmonary blood flow in man by radioisotope scanning. JAMA 1964;187:601–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Sade RM, Williams RG, Castaneda AR, Treves S. Abnormalities of regional lung function associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary artery band. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976;71(4):572–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Fleming HA. Differential lung function in atrial septal defect. Circulation 1959;19(6):856–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Hughes JM, Glazier JB, Maloney JE, West JB. Effect of interstitial pressure on pulmonary blood-flow. Lancet 1967;1(7483):192–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Higgins CB, Wexler L. Clinical and angiographic features of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in children. Radiology 1976;119(1): 171–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Moyer JH, Glantz G, Brest AN. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas; physiologic and clinical considerations. Am J Med 1962;32:417–35.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Utzon F, Brandrup F. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in children. A review with special reference to the disperse telangiectatic type, illustrated by report of a case. Acta Paediatr Scand 1973;62(4):422–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Chandler AB. The anatomy of a thrombus. In: Sherry SBK, Genton E, Stengle JM, eds. Thrombus. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science, 1969.Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Jones DR, Macintyre IM. Venous thromboembolism in infancy and childhood. Arch Dis Child 1975;50(2):153–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Freiman DG, Suyemoto J, Wessler S. Frequency of pulmonary thromboembolism in man. N Engl J Med 1965;272:1278–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Bell WR, Simon TL. Current status of pulmonary thromboembolic disease: pathophysiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Am Heart J 1982;103(2):239–62.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Emery JL. Pulmonary embolism in children. Arch Dis Child 1962;37:591–5.Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Jones RH, Sabiston DC Jr. Pulmonary embolism in childhood. Monogr Surg Sci 1966;3(1):35–51.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Buck JR, Connors RH, Coon WW, Weintraub WH, Wesley JR, Coran AG. Pulmonary embolism in children. J Pediatr Surg 1981; 16(3):385–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Kimball AM, Hallum AV, Cates W Jr. Deaths caused by pulmonary thromboembolism after legally induced abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;132(2):169–74.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Gandilo SB, Tanswell AK, Mackie KW. Pulmonary vascular air embolism in hyaline membrane disease. J Can Assoc Radiol 1977; 28(4):294–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Buchanan D, Mason JK. Occurrence of pulmonary fat and bone marrow embolism. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1982;3(1):73–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Gittman JE, Buchanan TA, Fisher BJ, Bergeson PS, Palmer PE. Fatal fat embolism after spinal fusion for scoliosis. JAMA 1983;249(6):779–81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Moore P, James O, Saltos N. Fat embolism syndrome: incidence, significance and early features. Aust N Z J Surg 1981;51(6):546–51.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Firor HV. Pulmonary embolization complicating total intravenous alimentation. J Pediatr Surg 1972;7(1):81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Nichols MM, Tyson KR. Saddle embolus occluding pulmonary arteries. Am J Dis Child 1978;132(9):926.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Wesley JR, Keens TG, Miller SW, Platzker AC. Pulmonary embolism in the neonate: occurrence during the course of total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr 1978;93(1):113–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Tang TT, Chambers CH, Gallen WJ, McCreadie SR. Pulmonary fiber embolism and granuloma. JAMA 1978;239(10):948–50.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Bell WR, Simon TL, DeMets DL. The clinical features of submassive and massive pulmonary emboli. Am J Med 1977;62(3):355–60.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Coon WW. Risk factors in pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;143(3): 385–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Salzman EW, Harris WH, DeSanctis RW. Anticoagulation for prevention of thromboembolism following fractures of the hip. N Engl J Med 1966;275(3):122–30.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Walker BK, Ballas SK, Burka ER. The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 1979;7(3):219–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Bohm N, Keller KM, Kloke WD. Pulmonary and systemic cerebellar tissue embolism due to birth injury. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1982;398(2):229–35.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Pillay SV. Pulmonary embolism of cerebral tissue in a neonate. A case report. S Afr Med J 1980;58(12):498.Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Tan KL, Hwang WS. Neonatal brain tissue embolism in the lung. Aust N Z J Med 1976;6(2):146–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Harker LA, Slichter SJ, Scott CR, Ross R. Homocystinemia. Vascular injury and arterial thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1974;291(11):537–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Esposito AL, Gleckman RA. A diagnostic approach to the adult with fever of unknown origin. Arch Intern Med 1979;139(5):575–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Sasahara AA, Cannilla JE, Morse RL, Sidd JJ, Tremblay GM. Clinical and physiologic studies in pulmonary thromboembolism. Am J Cardiol 1967;20(1):10–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Moses DC, Silver TM, Bookstein JJ. The complementary roles of chest radiography, lung scanning, and selective pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1974;49(1):179–88.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Kelley MJ, Elliott LP. The radiologic evaluation of the patient with suspected pulmonary thromboembolic disease. Med Clin North Am 1975;59(1):3–36.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Epstein J, Taylor A, Alazraki N, Coel M. Acute pulmonary embolus associated with transient ventilatory defect: case report. J Nucl Med 1975;16(11):1017–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Kessler RM, McNeil BJ. Impaired ventilation in a patient with angiographically demonstrated pulmonary emboli. Radiology 1975;114(1): 111–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Kim EE, DeLand FH. V/Q mismatch without pulmonary emboli in children with histoplasmosis. Clin Nucl Med 1978;3(8):328–30.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Li DK, Seltzer SE, McNeil BJ. V/Q mismatches unassociated with pulmonary embolism: case report and review of the literature. J Nucl Med 1978;19(12):1331–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Medina JR, L’Heureux P, Lillehei JP, Liken MK. Regional ventilation in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1969;39(6):831–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    McGoldrick PJ, Rudd TG, Figley MM, Wilhelm JP.What becomes of pulmonary infarcts? AJR 1979;133(6):1039–45.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Makler PT, Malmud LS, Charkes ND. Diminished perfusion to an entire lung due to mucous plug. Clin Nucl Med 1977;2:160–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Stinnett RG, Hietala S, Fratkin MJ. Reversible unilateral pulmonary hypoperfusion secondary to mucous plugs. Clin Nucl Med 1977;2:157–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Treves ST, Harris CBC. Lung. In: Treves ST, ed. Pediatric Nuclear Medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985:289–330.Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Arborelius M Jr. Influence of moderate hypoxia in one lung on the distribution of the pulmonary circulation and ventilation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1965;17:257–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Stocker JT, Drake RM, Madewell JE. Cystic and congenital lung disease in the newborn. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1978;4:93–154.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Hislop A, Reid L. New pathological findings in emphysema of childhood. 1. Polyalveolar lobe with emphysema. Thorax 1970;25(6):682–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Cumming GR, Macpherson RI, Chernick V. Unilateral hyperlucent lung syndrome in children. J Pediatr 1971;78(2):250–60.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Lee HK, Granada M. Swyer-James syndrome: diagnostic application of combined radionuclide ventilation and perfusion scanning. Clin Nucl Med 1977;2:100–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Zeiger LS, Moss EG. Ventilation and perfusion imaging in the Swyer-James syndrome. Clin Nucl Med 1977;2:103–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Mishkin F, Wagner HN Jr. Regional abnormalities in pulmonary arterial blood flow during acute asthmatic attacks. Radiology 1967;88(1): 142–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Rao M, Steiner P, Victoria MS, et al. Regional lung functions in children with asthma. J Asthma Res 1977;14(3):107–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Wilson AF, Surprenant EL, Beall GN, Siegel SC, Simmons DH, Bennett LR. The significance of regional pulmonary function changes in bronchial asthma. Am J Med 1970;48(4):416–23.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Bentivoglio LG, Beerel F, Bryan AC, Stewart PB, Rose B, Bates DV. Regional pulmonary function studied with xenon in patients with bronchial asthma. J Clin Invest 1963;42: 1193–200.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Bates DV, Macklem PT, Christie RV. Respiratory Function in Disease: An Introduction to the Integrated Study of the Lung, 2d ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1971.Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Fraser RG, Parae JAP. Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest, 2d ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1977.Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Treves S, Fogle R, Lang P. Radionuclide angiography in congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1980;46(7):1247–55.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Harrod JR, L’Heureux P, Wangensteen OD, Hunt CE. Long-term follow-up of severe respiratory distress syndrome treated with IPPB. J Pediatr 1974;84(2):277–85.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Baghdassarian OM, Avery ME, Neuhauser EB. A form of pulmonary insufficiency in premature infants. Pulmonary dysmaturity? AJR Radium Ther Nucl Med 1963;89:1020–31.Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Grossman H, Berdon WE, Mizrahi A, Baker DH. Neonatal focal hyperaeration of the lungs (Wilson-Mikity syndrome). Radiology 1965; 85(3):409–17.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Wilson MG, Mikity VG. A new form of respiratory disease in premature infants. Am J Dis Child 1960;99:489–99.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Fletcher BD, Outerbridge EW, Youssef S, Bolande RP. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in a newborn infant treated by lobectomy. Pediatrics 1974;54(6):808–11.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Hall RT, Rhodes PG. Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome receiving continuous positive airway pressure. Pediatrics 1975;55(4):493–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Leonidas JC, Moylan FM, Kahn PC, Ramenofsky ML. Ventilation-perfusion scans in neonatal regional pulmonary emphysema complicating ventilatory assistance. AJR 1978; 131(2):243–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Macklin MT, Macklin CC. Malignant interstitial emphysema of the lungs and mediastinum as an important occult complication in many respiratory disease and other conditions: an interpretation of the clinical literature in the light of laboratory experiment. Medicine (Baltimore) 1944;23:281–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Leonidas JC, Hall RT, Rhodes PG. Conservative management of unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema under tension. J Pediatr 1975;87(5):776–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Vandevivere J, Spehl M, Dab I, Baran D, Piepsz A. Bronchiectasis in childhood. Comparison of chest roentgenograms, bronchography and lung scintigraphy. Pediatr Radiol 1980;9(4):193–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Wohl ME, Griscom NT, Strieder DJ, Schuster SR, Treves S, Zwerdling RG. The lung following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 1977;90(3):405–14.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Felson B. Chest Roentgenology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1973.Google Scholar
  119. 119.
    Gooneratne N, Conway JJ. Radionuclide angiographic diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration. J Nucl Med 1976;17(12):1035–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Espinola D, Rupani H, Camargo EE, Wagner HN, Jr. Ventilation-perfusion imaging in pulmonary papillomatosis. J Nucl Med 1981; 22(11):975–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    Liebow AA, Steer A, Billingsley JG. Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia. Am J Med 1965;39:369–404.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Plenk HP, Swift SA, Chambers WL, Peltzer WE. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis—a new disease? Radiology 1960;74:928–38.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Rosen SH, Castleman B, Liebow AA. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med 1958;258(23):1123–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Wilkinson RH, Blanc WA, Hagstrom JW. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in three infants. Pediatrics 1968;41(2):510–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. 125.
    Cone RB. A review of Boeck’s sarcoid with analysis of twelve cases occurring in children. J Pediatr 1948;32:629–40.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    James DG, Turiaf J, Hosoda Y, et al. Description of sarcoidosis: report of the Subcommittee on Classification and Definition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1976;278:742.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Merten DF, Kirks DR, Grossman H. Pulmonary sarcoidosis in childhood. AJR 1980;135(4): 673–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Alberts C, vander Schoot JB, vanDaatselaar JJ, Braat MC, Roos CM. 67Ga scintigraphy, serum lysozyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur J Respir Dis 1983;64(1):38–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Klech H, Kohn H, Kummer F, Mostbeck A. Assessment of activity in sarcoidosis. Sensitivity and specificity of 67 gallium scintigraphy, serum ACE levels, chest roentgenography, and blood lymphocyte subpopulations. Chest 1982;82(6):732–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. 130.
    Gupta RG, Bekerman C, Sicilian L, Oparil S, Pinsky SM, Szidon JP. Gallium 67 citrate scanning and serum angiotensin converting enzyme levels in sarcoidosis. Radiology 1982;144(4): 895–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. 131.
    Shannon DC, Riseborough EJ, Valenca LM, Kazemi H. The distribution of abnormal lung function in kyphoscoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970;52(1):131–44.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

Authors and Affiliations

  • S. T. Treves
  • Alan B. Packard

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations