Abstract
Externalizing problems generally refer to a constellation of behaviors and/or disorders characterized by impulsive action and behavioral disinhibition. Phenotypes on the externalizing spectrum include psychiatric disorders, nonclinical behaviors, and personality characteristics (e.g. alcohol use disorders, other illicit substance use, antisocial behaviors, risky sex, sensation seeking, among others). Research using genetic designs including latent designs from twin and family data and more recent designs using genome-wide data reveal that these behaviors and problems are genetically influenced and largely share a common genetic etiology. Large-scale gene-identification efforts have started to identify robust associations between genetic variants and these phenotypes. However, there is still considerable work to be done. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of research into the genetics of behaviors and disorders on the externalizing spectrum.
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Notes
- 1.
Heritability (h 2) generally refers to broad sense heritability, or the proportion of variance in a population that is the result of genetic influences. Twin and family models generally divide variance in a phenotype into additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and unique environmental (E) variance. Unique environmental influences also include measurement error.
- 2.
We would like to thank Richard Karlsson-Linnér for his work gathering these GWAS summary statistics, cleaning the data, and running bivariate LDSC.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank our collaborators in the Externalizing Consortium: Richard Karlsson Linnér, Travis Mallard, Sandra Sanchez-Roige, Irwin Waldman, Abraham Palmer, Paige Harden, and Philipp Koellinger. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01AA015416 and K02AA018755 to DMD. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. This research also used summary data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Substance Use Disorders (SUD) working group. The PGC-SUD is supported by funds from NIDA and NIMH to MH109532 and, previously, had analyst support from NIAAA to U01AA008401 (COGA). PGC-SUD gratefully acknowledges its contributing studies and the participants in those studies, without whom this effort would not be possible.
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Barr, P.B., Dick, D.M. (2019). The Genetics of Externalizing Problems. In: de Wit, H., Jentsch, J.D. (eds) Recent Advances in Research on Impulsivity and Impulsive Behaviors. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 47. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2019_120
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