Imaging Cognitive Deficits in Drug Abuse

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences book series (CTBN, volume 3)

Abstract

The neuropsychological network is a complex structure. To identify processes location and network capacity the brain imaging techniques together and in combination with other neuropsychological techniques and the expanding of well elaborated designs provide us with a multidimensional understanding, and contributes to the understanding of each illicit drug’s character, which is of importance in designing of new treatment programs and clinical practice. Cannabis, MDMA, amphetamine, cocaine, and heroin abusers display both acute effects and chronic effects, deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning. These deficits may last beyond the period of intoxication and cumulate with years of use. Cannabis users may recruit an alternative neural network as a compensatory mechanism during performance of tasks of attention. There is some evidence indicating the detrimental effects of cannabis on the maturing adolescent brain. Stimulant dependence is characterized by a distributed alteration of functional activation. Attenuated anterior and posterior cingulate activation, reduced inferior frontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation, and altered posterior parietal activation point towards an inadequate demand-specific processing of information. On an individual level they exhibit process-related brain activation differences that are consistent with a shift from context-specific, effortful processing to more stereotyped, habitual response generation. Finally, opiate use appears to decrease the ability to shift cognitive set and inhibit inappropriate response tendencies.

Keywords

Cannabis Marijuana Heroin Amphetamine Methamphetamine MDMA Cocaine Methadone Cognitive deficits Chronic drugabuse Prefrontal cortex Residual effects Brain imaging Prenatal exposure Hippocampus Amygdale 

Abbreviations

5-HT

Serotonin

ACC

Anterior cingulate cortex

ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

BOLD

Blood-oxygen-level-dependent

BP

Binding potential

CB1

Cannabinoid receptor

CBF

Cerebral blood flow

CBV

Cerebral blood volume

DA

Dopamine

DAT

DA transporter

DLPFC

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

ECF

Executive cognitive functioning

ERP

Event-related potential

fMRI

Functional MRI

MDMA

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy

METH

Methamphetamine

MRI

Structural magnetic resonance imaging

MRS

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

OFC

Orbitofrontal cortex

PET

Positron emission tomography

PFC

Prefrontal cortex

PVC

Primary visual cortex

rCBF

Regional cerebral blood flow

SPET

Single photon emission tomography

SPECT

Single photon emission computed tomography

SUR

Specific uptake ratio

THC

Delta-9-tetrahydroxycannabinol

VBM

Voxel-based morphometry

WCST

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

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Notes

Acknowledgment

I would like to acknowledge Rolf Öhman, MD and Professor Emeritus, Lund University, Lund, Sweden for his thorough remarks on the manuscript.

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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Drug Addiction Treatment CentreLund University hospitalLundSweden

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