Abstract
Radical cascades reactions have been extensively used in organic synthesis for the rapid construction of molecular complexity, and have shown to be particularly effective in the assembly of polycyclic cores. Through careful substrate design, their application has extended from carbocyclic to heterocyclic frameworks. In this chapter, we describe radical cascade processes that generate oxygen- and nitrogen-containing polycyclic structures in the context of total synthesis. The radical cascades either directly form the heterocycle or incorporate/modify preexisting heterocycles to further elaborate the target’s core. Total syntheses where the radical cascade had no impact on the formation or modification of the heterocyclic moiety are not included in this review.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jasperse CP, Curran DP, Fevig TL (1991) Radical reactions in natural product synthesis. Chem Rev 91:1237–1286
Yoshimitsu T (2014) Endeavors to access molecular complexity: strategic use of free radicals in natural product synthesis. Chem Rec 14:268–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201300024
Curran DP, Sisko J, Yeske PE, Liu H (1993) Recent applications of radical reactions in natural product synthesis. Pure Appl Chem 65:1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199365061153
Curran DP (1991) Radical cyclizations and sequential radical reactions. In: Trost BM, Fleming I (eds) Comprehensive organic synthesis. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 779–830
Bowman WR, Bridge CF, Brookes P (2000) Synthesis of heterocycles by radical cyclisation. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans (1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1039/a808141g
Bowman WR, Cloonan MO, Krintel SL (2001) Synthesis of heterocycles by radical cyclisation. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:2885–2902. https://doi.org/10.1039/a909340k
Bur SK, Padwa A (2007) The synthesis of heterocycles using cascade chemistry. In: sciencedirect.com. Elsevier, pp 1–105
Naito T. Heterocycle synthesis via radical reactions. Pure Appl Chem 80:561. doi: https://doi.org/10.3987/COM-97-S26
Renaud P, Sibi MP (2001) Radicals in organic synthesis, 1st edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Tietze LF (1996) Domino reactions in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 96:115–136. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr950027e
McCarroll AJ, Walton JC (2001) Programming organic molecules: design and management of organic syntheses through free-radical cascade processes. Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2224–2248. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20010618)40:12<2224::AID-ANIE2224>3.0.CO;2-F
Albert M, Fensterbank L, Lacôte E, Malacria M (2006) Tandem radical reactions. In: link.springer.com. Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin, pp 1–62
Tietze LF, Brasche G, Gericke KM (2006) Domino reactions in organic synthesis. onlinelibrary.wiley.com. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527609925
Nicolaou KC, Edmonds DJ, Bulger PG (2006) Cascade reactions in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:7134–7186. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1997-6154
Nicolaou KC, Chen JS (2009) The art of total synthesis through cascade reactions. Chem Soc Rev 38:2993. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200900058
Ardkhean R, Caputo DFJ, Morrow SM, Shi H, Xiong Y, Anderson EA (2016) Cascade polycyclizations in natural product synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 45:1557–1569. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2073356
Tietze LF, Brasche G, Gericke KM (2006) Radical domino reactions. In: onlinelibrary.wiley.com. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, pp 219–279
Curran DP, Chen M-H (1985) Radical-initiated polyolefinic cyclizations in condensed cyclopentanoid synthesis. Total synthesis of (±)-Δ9(12)-capnellene. Tetrahedron Lett 26:4991–4994. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)80834-0
Curran DP, Kuo S-C (1987) The tandem radical cyclization approach to angular triquinanes. Model studies and the total synthesis of (±)-silphiperfolene and (±)-9-episilphiperfolene. Tetrahedron 43:5653–5661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)87744-9
Fevig TL, Elliott RL, Curran DP (1988) A samarium(II) iodide promoted tandem radical cyclization. The total synthesis of (±)-hypnophilin and the formal synthesis of (+/−)-coriolin. J Am Chem Soc 110:5064–5067. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00223a026
Dhimane A-L, Fensterbank L, Malacria M (2001) Polycyclic compounds via radical cascade reactions. In: Renaud P, Sibi MP (eds) Radicals in organic synthesis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 350–382
Lee E (2001) Synthesis of oxacyclic natural products. In: Renaud P, Sibi MP (eds) Radicals in organic synthesis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 303–333
Griller D, Ingold KU (1980) Free-radical clocks. Acc Chem Res 13:317–323. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50153a004
Lal D, Griller D, Husband S, Ingold KU (1974) Kinetic applications of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. XVI. Cyclization of the 5-hexenyl radical. J Am Chem Soc 96:6355–6357. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00827a018
Schmid P, Griller D, Ingold KU (1979) The 5-hexenyl cyclization. Int J Chem Kinet 11:333–338. https://doi.org/10.1039/p29770001504
Hartung J, Gottwald T (2004) On the 6-exo-trig ring closure of substituted 5-hexen-1-oxyl radicals. Tetrahedron Lett 45:5619–5621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.05.131
Hartung J, Daniel K, Rummey C, Bringmann G (2006) On the stereoselectivity of 4-penten-1-oxyl radical 5-exo-trig cyclizations. Org Biomol Chem 4:4089–4100
Zlotorzynska M, Zhai H, Sammis GM (2008) Chemoselective oxygen-centered radical cyclizations onto silyl enol ethers. Org Lett 10:5083–5086. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol802142k
Rueda-Becerril M, Leung JCT, Dunbar CR, Sammis GM (2011) Alkoxy radical cyclizations onto silyl enol ethers relative to alkene cyclization, hydrogen atom transfer, and fragmentation reactions. J Org Chem 76:7720–7729. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo200992m
Hartung J, Kneuer R (2003) Synthesis of enantiopure (2R)-configured muscarine alkaloids via selective alkoxyl radical ring-closure reactions. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 14:3019–3031
Parker KA, Fokas D (1992) Convergent synthesis of (±)-dihydroisocodeine in 11 steps by the tandem radical cyclization strategy. A formal total synthesis of (±)-morphine. J Am Chem Soc 114:9688–9689. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00050a075
Parker KA, Fokas D (2006) Enantioselective synthesis of (−)-dihydrocodeinone: a short formal synthesis of (−)-morphine. J Org Chem 71:449–455. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo0513008
Boffey RJ, Santagostino M, Kilburn JD, Boffey RJ, Whittingham WG (1998) Diastereoselective SmI2-mediated cascade radical cyclisations of methylenecyclopropane derivatives – a synthesis of paeonilactone B. Chem Commun 1875–1876. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/a804297g
Boffey RJ, Whittingham WG, Kilburn JD (2001) Diastereoselective SmI2 mediated cascade radical cyclisations of methylenecyclopropane derivatives – syntheses of paeonilactone B and 6-epi-paeonilactone A. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:487–496. https://doi.org/10.1039/b009513n
Lee E, Yoon CH, Sung Y-S, Kim YK, Yun M, Kim S (1997) Total synthesis of (+)-cladantholide and (−)-estafiatin: 5-exo,7-endo radical cyclization strategy for the construction of guaianolide skeleton. J Am Chem Soc 119:8391–8392. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja971164r
Cheng X, Micalizio GC (2016) Synthesis of neurotrophic seco-prezizaane sesquiterpenes (1 R,10 S)-2-Oxo-3,4-dehydroneomajucin, (2S)-hydroxy-3,4-dehydroneomajucin, and (−)-jiadifenin. J Am Chem Soc 138:1150–1153. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b12694
Renaud P, Vionnet JP (1993) Radical additions to 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one. Facile preparation of all-cis-Corey lactone. J Org Chem 58:5895–5896. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00074a011
Markó IE, Warriner SL, Augustyns B (2000) Radical-initiated, skeletal rearrangements of bicyclo[2.2.2] lactones. Org Lett 2:3123–3125. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol006324+
Burch P, Binaghi M, Scherer M, Wentzel C, Bossert D, Eberhardt L, Neuburger M, Scheiffele P, Gademann K (2013) Total synthesis of gelsemiol. Chem A Eur J 19:2589–2591. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1074
He S, Yang W, Zhu L, Du G, Lee C-S (2014) Bioinspired total synthesis of (±)-Yezo’otogirin C. Org Lett 16:496–499. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol403374h
Pattenden G, Roberts L, Blake AJ (1998) Cascade radical cyclisations leading to polycyclic diterpenes. Total synthesis of (±)-spongian-16-one. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:863–868. https://doi.org/10.1039/a708042e
Deng H, Cao W, Liu R, Zhang Y, Liu B (2017) Asymmetric total synthesis of hispidanin A. Angew Chem Int Ed 56:5849–5852. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00067a025
Boehm HM, Handa S, Pattenden G, Roberts L, Blake AJ, Li W-S (2000) Cascade radical cyclisations leading to steroid ring constructions. Regio- and stereo-chemical studies using ester- and fluoro-alkene substituted polyene acyl radical intermediates. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:3522–3538. https://doi.org/10.1039/b002999h
Ishikawa H, Colby DA, Boger DL (2008) Direct coupling of catharanthine and vindoline to provide vinblastine: total synthesis of (+)- and ent-(−)-vinblastine. J Am Chem Soc 130:420–421. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja078192m
Ishikawa H, Colby DA, Seto S, Va P, Tam A, Kakei H, Rayl TJ, Hwang I, Boger DL (2009) Total synthesis of vinblastine, vincristine, related natural products, and key structural analogues. J Am Chem Soc 131:4904–4916. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809842b
Leggans EK, Barker TJ, Duncan KK, Boger DL (2012) Iron(III)/NaBH4-mediated additions to unactivated alkenes: synthesis of novel 20′-vinblastine analogues. Org Lett 14:1428–1431. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ol300173v
Lo JC, Gui J, Yabe Y, Pan C-M, Baran PS (2014) Functionalized olefin cross-coupling to construct carbon–carbon bonds. Nature 516:343–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09957
Tao DJ, Slutskyy Y, Overman LE (2016) Total synthesis of (−)-chromodorolide B. J Am Chem Soc 138:2186–2189. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b00541
Teplý F (2011) Photoredox catalysis by [Ru(bpy)3]2+ to trigger transformations of organic molecules. Organic synthesis using visible-light photocatalysis and its 20th century roots. Collect Czechoslov Chem Commun 76:859–917. https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc2011078
Prier CK, Rankic DA, MacMillan DWC (2013) Visible light photoredox catalysis with transition metal complexes: applications in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 113:5322–5363. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300503r
Pratsch G, Lackner GL, Overman LE (2015) Constructing quaternary carbons from N-(acyloxy)phthalimide precursors of tertiary radicals using visible-light photocatalysis. J Org Chem 80:6025–6036. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.5b00795
Okada K, Okamoto K, Morita N, Okubo K, Oda M (1991) Photosensitized decarboxylative Michael addition through N-(acyloxy)phthalimides via an electron-transfer mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 113:9401–9402. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00024a074
Okada K, Okubo K, Morita N, Oda M (1992) Reductive decarboxylation of N-(acyloxy)phthalimides via redox-initiated radical chain mechanism. Tetrahedron Lett 33:7377–7380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)60192-2
Okada K, Okubo K, Morita N, Oda M (1993) Redox-mediated decarboxylative photo-phenylselenenylation of N-acyloxyphthalimides. Chem Lett 22:2021–2024. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.1993.2021
Nicolaou K, Vourloumis D, Winssinger N, Baran PS (2000) The art and science of total synthesis at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Angew Chem Int Ed 39:44–122
Hart DJ (2001) Radical cyclizations in alkaloid synthesis. In: Renaud P, Sibi MP (eds) Radicals in organic synthesis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 279–302
Li JJ, Corey EJ (2011) Pyrroles and pyrrolidines. In: Li JJ, Corey EJ (eds) onlinelibrary.wiley.com. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ, USA, pp 41–82
Majumdar KC, Chattopadhyay SK (2011) Indoles and indolizidines. In: Bronner SM, Im GYJ, Garg NK (eds) onlinelibrary.wiley.com. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, pp 221–265
Zard SZ (2008) Recent progress in the generation and use of nitrogen-centred radicals. Chem Soc Rev 37:1603. https://doi.org/10.1039/b613443m
Xiong T, Zhang Q (2016) New amination strategies based on nitrogen-centered radical chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 45:3069–3087. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201507641
Patro B, Murphy JA (2000) Tandem radical cyclizations with iodoaryl azides: formal total synthesis of (±)-aspidospermidine. Org Lett 2:3599–3601. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol006477x
Callaghan O, Lampard C, Kennedy AR, Murphy JA (1999) A novel total synthesis of (±)-aspidospermidine. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:995–1002. https://doi.org/10.1039/a900335e
Zhou S-Z, Bommezijn S, Murphy JA (2002) Formal total synthesis of (±)-vindoline by tandem radical cyclization. Org Lett 4:443–445. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol0171618
Ando M, Buechi G, Ohnuma T (1975) Total synthesis of (±)-vindoline. J Am Chem Soc 97:6880–6881. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00856a056
Knueppel D, Martin SF (2009) Total synthesis of cribrostatin 6. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:2569–2571. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200806269
Pettit GR, Collins JC, Knight JC, Herald DL, Nieman RA, Williams MD, Pettit RK (2003) Antineoplastic agents. 485. Isolation and structure of cribrostatin 6, a dark blue cancer cell growth inhibitor from the marine sponge Cribrochalinasp. †,1a. J Nat Prod 66:544–547. https://doi.org/10.1021/np020012t
Nakahara S, Kubo A, Mikami Y, Ito J (2006) Synthesis of cribrostatin 6 and its related compounds. Heterocycles 68:515–520. https://doi.org/10.3987/COM-06-10674
Markey MD, Kelly TR (2008) Synthesis of cribrostatin 6. J Org Chem 73:7441–7443. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo801694w
Callier-Dublanchet A-C, Cassayre J, Gagosz F, Quiclet-Sire B, Sharp LA, Zard SZ (2008) Amidyls in radical cascades. The total synthesis of (±)-aspidospermidine and (±)-13-deoxyserratine. Tetrahedron 64:4803–4816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.107
Biechy A, Hachisu S, Quiclet-Sire B, Ricard L, Zard SZ (2008) The total synthesis of (±)-fortucine and a revision of the structure of kirkine. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:1436–1438. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200704996
Biechy A, Hachisu S, Quiclet-Sire B, Ricard L, Zard SZ (2009) Application of an amidyl radical cascade to the total synthesis of (±)-fortucine leading to the structural revision of kirkine. Tetrahedron 65:6730–6738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.027
Zhang H, Curran DP (2011) A short total synthesis of (±)-epimeloscine and (±)-meloscine enabled by a cascade radical annulation of a divinylcyclopropane. J Am Chem Soc 133:10376–10378. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2042854
Overman LE, Robertson GM, Robichaud AJ (1989) Synthesis applications of cationic aza-cope rearrangements. 20. Total synthesis of (±)-meloscine and (±)-epimeloscine. J Org Chem 54:1236–1238. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00267a003
Overman LE, Robertson GM, Robichaud AJ (1991) Use of aza-cope rearrangement-Mannich cyclization reactions to achieve a general entry to Melodinus and Aspidosperma alkaloids. Stereocontrolled total syntheses of (±)-deoxoapodine, (±)-meloscine, and (±)-epimeloscine and a formal synthesis of (±)-1-acetylaspidoalbidine. J Am Chem Soc 113:2598–2610. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00007a038
Selig P, Bach T (2008) Enantioselective total synthesis of the Melodinus alkaloid (+)-meloscine. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:5082–5084. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200800693
Selig P, Herdtweck E, Bach T (2009) Total synthesis of meloscine by a [2+2]-photocycloaddition/ring-expansion route. Chem A Eur J 15:3509–3525. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.36.4980
Hayashi Y, Inagaki F, Mukai C (2011) Total synthesis of (±)-meloscine. Org Lett 13:1778–1780. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol200311y
Han G, Liu Y, Wang Q (2013) Total synthesis of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids through an amidyl radical cascade/rearrangement reaction. Org Lett 15:5334–5337. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol4025925
Tangirala R, Antony S, Agama K, Pommier Y, Curran DP (2005) Total synthesis of luotonin and a small library of AB-ring substituted analogues by cascade radical annulation of isonitriles. Synlett 2005:2843–2846
Curran DP, Liu H (1992) New 4 + 1 radical annulations. A formal total synthesis of (±)-camptothecin. J Am Chem Soc 114:5863–5864. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00040a060
Curran DP, Ko S-B, Josien H (1996) Cascade radical reactions of isonitriles: a second-generation synthesis of (20S)-camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, and GI-147211C. Angew Chem Int Ed 34:2683–2684. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199526831
Tangirala RS, Dixon R, Yang D, Ambrus A, Antony S, Agama K, Pommier Y, Curran DP (2005) Total and semisynthesis and in vitro studies of both enantiomers of 20-fluorocamptothecin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:4736–4740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.074
Beaume A, Courillon C, Derat E, Malacria M (2008) Unprecedented aromatic homolytic substitutions and cyclization of amide-iminyl radicals: experimental and theoretical study. Chem A Eur J 14:1238–1252. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.12.1446
Taniguchi T, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Ishibashi H (2008) Total synthesis of (±)-stemonamide and (±)-isostemonamide using a radical cascade. Org Lett 10:197–199. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol702563p
Taniguchi T, Ishibashi H (2008) Total synthesis of (±)-stemonamide, (±)-isostemonamide, (±)-stemonamine, and (±)-isostemonamine using a radical cascade. Tetrahedron 64:8773–8779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.091
Hodgson DM, Hachisu S, Andrews MD (2005) Synthesis of α-kainic acid from a 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene by tandem radical addition-homoallylic radical rearrangement. Org Lett 7:815–817. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol047557u
Hodgson D, Hachisu S, Andrews M (2005) Syntheses of (±)-α-isokainic acid and (±)-α-dihydroallokainic acid using a decarboxylative Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction. Synlett 2005:1267–1270. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-868477
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rueda-Becerril, M., Mo, J.Y., Sammis, G.M. (2018). Radical Cascades in the Total Synthesis of Complex Naturally Occurring Heterocycles. In: Landais, Y. (eds) Free-Radical Synthesis and Functionalization of Heterocycles. Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol 54. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7081_2017_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7081_2017_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-89520-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-89521-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)