Adaptive Tutoring Processes and Mental Plans
Abstract
Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Adaptive Hypermedia Systems (AH) are state of the art in learning with computers. The system PLAIT (Planning Agents in Intelligent Tutoring) is a web-and case-based ITS. Typically, ITS adapt single pages to the learner’s needs and evaluate the learner’s success according to his behavior at certain checkpoints and interaction elements. In the case-based scenario it is of particular interest to reason about the learner’s skills according to the question how to proceed in a concrete situation. To decide whether the learner behaves logically coherent, the ITS requires some means to anticipate the learner’s goals and intentions. For this purpose, the tutor agent in PLAIT has access to a HTN (Hierarchical Task Network) plan. The tutor agent evaluates the learner’s behavior according to the plans. It provides context dependent help and gives a summarizing feedback, including information about the learner’s problem solving skills.
Keywords
Intelligent Tutor System Learner Agent Mental Plan Training Case Plan RecognitionPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Anderson, J.R., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K., Pelletier, W.: Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned. Journal of Learning Sciences, 4, (1995) 167–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Bloom, B.S.: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. Davic McKay Company Inc, NY, 16th reprint (1971)Google Scholar
- 3.Bratman, M.E.: Intentions, Plans and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1987)Google Scholar
- 4.Carbonell, J.R.: AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer Aided Instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11, (1970) 190–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Chi, M.T.H., Siler, S.A., Jeong, H., et.al.: Learning from Human Tutoring. Journal of Cognitive Science, 25 (2001) 471–533CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Clancey, W. J.: GUIDON. Journal of Computer Based Instruction, 10,1/2, (1983) 1–15MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 7.“Docs’ n Drugs-The Virtual Hospital”-available at: http://www.docs-n-drugs.de
- 8.Gagné, R.M.: The Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, NY, 4th edition (1985)Google Scholar
- 9.Illmann, T., Weber, M., Martens, A. and Seitz, A.: A Pattern-Oriented Design of a Web-Based and Case-Oriented Multimedia Training System in Medicine. 4th World Conference on Integrated Design and Process Technology, Dallas, US (2000)Google Scholar
- 10.Johnson, L., Shaw, E., Ganeshan, R.: Pedagogical Agents on the Web. Intelligent Tutoring Systems ITS98 (1998)Google Scholar
- 11.Freedman, R.: Using a Reactive Planner as the Basis for a Dialogue Agent. in Proceedings of the 13th Florida AI Research Symposium, Orlando, (2000)Google Scholar
- 12.Martens, A., Bernauer J., Illmann, T., and Seitz, A.: “Docs’ n Drugs-The Virtual Policlinic”. to appear in Proc. of the American Medical Informatics Conference AMIA, Washington, US (2001)Google Scholar
- 13.Martens, A., Uhrmacher, A.M.: How to Execute a Tutoring Process. In: Proc. AI, Simulation, and Planning in High Autonomy Systems, Tucson, AZ (2000)Google Scholar
- 14.Merill, M.D.: The new Component Design Theory. Instructional Science, 16, (1987) 19–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Merseth, K.: The early history of case-based instruction: Insights for teacher education today. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(4), (1991) 243–249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Peachey, D., McCalla, G.: Using Planning Techniques in ITS. Journal of Man-Machine Studies (1987) 77–98Google Scholar
- 17.Pollack, M.: Plans As Complex Mental Attitudes. In: P.R. Cohen, J. Morgan, M.E. Pollack (eds.), Intentions in Communication, MIT Press (1990)Google Scholar
- 18.Teaching Models-available at: http://www.edtech.vt.edu/edtech/id/models/
- 19.Vassileva, J., Wasson, B.: Instructional Planning Approaches: from Tutoring towards Free Learning, EuroAIED (1996)Google Scholar
- 20.Yang, Q.: Intelligent Planning. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, NY (1997)zbMATHGoogle Scholar