Formal and Natural Computing pp 39-56 | Cite as
The Delta Operation: From Strings to Trees to Strings
Abstract
The delta of a language L consists of the yields of trees of which all paths are in L. The context-free languages are the deltas of the regular languages. The indexed languages are the deltas of the deterministic context-free languages. In general, the nondeterministic (n+1)-iterated pushdown languages are the deltas of the deterministic n-iterated pushdown languages. The recursively enumerable languages are the deltas of the context-free languages. The delta of a string relation R consists of the yields of trees of which all paths are in the R-image of one string. The ET0L languages are the deltas of the relations recognized by deterministic two-tape finite automata. The recursively enumerable languages are the deltas of the finite state transductions.
Keywords
Regular Language Finite Automaton Tree Automaton Tree Language Storage TypePreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- [Aho68]A.V. Aho; Indexed Grammars, an Extension of Context-Free Grammars, J. of the ACM 15 (1968), 647–671MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Ber79]J. Berstel; Transductions and Context-Free Languages, Teubner, Stuttgart, 1979Google Scholar
- [Chr74]P. Christensen; Hyper-AFL’s and ET0L Systems, in L Systems (G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1974, pp.254–257Google Scholar
- [Cul74]K. Culik II; On Some Families of Languages Related to Developmental Systems, Internat. J. Comput. Math. 4 (1974), 31–42MathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [Dam82]W. Damm; The IO-and OI-hierarchies, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 20 (1982), 95–206MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [DGoe86]W. Damm, A. Goerdt; An Automata-Theoretical Characterization of the OI-hierarchy, Inform. and Control 71 (1986), 1–32MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [EHoo93]J. Engelfriet, H.J. Hoogeboom; X-automata on ω-words, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 110 (1993), 1–51MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Eng75]J. Engelfriet; Tree Automata and Tree Grammars, Lecture Notes, DAIMI FN-10, Aarhus, 1975Google Scholar
- [Eng80]J. Engelfriet; Some Open Questions and Recent Results on Tree Transducers and Tree Languages, in Formal Language Theory; Perspectives and Open Problems (R.V. Book, Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1980Google Scholar
- [Eng85]J. Engelfriet; Hierarchies of Hyper-AFLs, J. of Comput. Syst. Sci. 30 (1985), 86–115MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Eng86]J. Engelfriet; Context-Free Grammars with Storage, Leiden University, Technical Report 86-11, 1986Google Scholar
- [Eng91]J. Engelfriet; Iterated Stack Automata and Complexity Classes, Inform. and Comput. 95 (1991), 21–75CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [ERoz80]J. Engelfriet, G. Rozenberg; Fixed Point Languages, Equality Languages, and Representation of Recursively Enumerable Languages, J. of the ACM 27 (1980), 499–518MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [ERozS76]A. Ehrenfeucht, G. Rozenberg, S. Skyum; A Relationship between the ET0L and EDT0L Languages, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 1 (1976), 325–330MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [ERozS80]J. Engelfriet, G. Rozenberg, G. Slutzki; Tree Transducers, L Systems, and Two-Way Machines, J. of Comput. Syst. Sci. 20 (1980), 150–202MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [ESch77]J. Engelfriet, E.M. Schmidt; IO and OI, J. of Comput. Syst. Sci. 15 (1977), 328–353, and J. of Comput. Syst. Sci. 16 (1978), 67–99MATHMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [ESvL80]J. Engelfriet, E.M. Schmidt, J. van Leeuwen; Stack Machines and Classes of Nonnested Macro Languages, J. of the ACM 27 (1980), 96–117MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- [EVog86]J. Engelfriet, H. Vogler; Pushdown Machines for the Macro Tree Transducer, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 42 (1986), 251–369MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [EVog87]J. Engelfriet, H. Vogler; Look-Ahead on Pushdowns, Inform. and Comput. 73 (1987), 245–279MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [EVog88]J. Engelfriet, H. Vogler; High Level Tree Transducers and Iterated Push down Tree Transducers, Acta Informatica 26 (1988), 131–192MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- [Gin75]S. Ginsburg; Algebraic and Automata-Theoretic Properties of Formal Languages, North-Holland/American Elsevier, Amsterdam/New York, 1975Google Scholar
- [Gre70]S.A. Greibach; Chains of Full AFL’s, Math. Syst. Theory 4 (1970), 231–242MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [GSte84]F. Gécseg, M. Steinby; Tree Automata, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1984MATHGoogle Scholar
- [GSte97]F. Gécseg, M. Steinby; Tree Languages, in Handbook of Formal Languages, Volume 3: Beyond Words (G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997Google Scholar
- [Gue83]I. Guessarian; Pushdown Tree Automata, Math. Syst. Theory 16 (1983), 237–263MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [HKar91]T. Harju, J. Karhumäki; The Equivalence Problem of Multitape Finite Automata, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 78 (1991), 347–355MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [KRozS97]L. Kari, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa; L Systems, in Handbook of Formal Languages, Volume 1: Word, Language, Grammar (G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa, Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997Google Scholar
- [MMor69]M. Magidor, G. Moran; Finite Automata over Finite Trees, Techn. Report No. 30, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1969Google Scholar
- [PRozS98]G. Păun, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa; DNA Computing; New Computing Paradigms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998MATHGoogle Scholar
- [PSak99]M. Pelletier, J. Sakarovitch; On the Representation of Finite Deterministic 2-tape Automata, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 225 (1999), 1–63MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Rou70]W.C. Rounds; Mappings and Grammars on Trees, Math. Syst. Theory 4 (1970), 257–287MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Roz70a]C. Gordon; Abstract Families of Languages, Seminar on Automata Theory and Mathematical Linguistics (organized by G. Rozenberg), Abstract 4, Utrecht, March 1970Google Scholar
- [Roz70b]J. Engelfriet; Tree Automata, Seminar on Automata Theory and Mathematical Linguistics (organized by G. Rozenberg), Abstract 5, Utrecht, March 1970Google Scholar
- [Roz70c]J. van Leeuwen; Brackets and Parentheses in the Theory of Context-Free Languages, Seminar on Automata Theory and Mathematical Linguistics (organized by G. Rozenberg), Abstract 6, Utrecht, December 1970Google Scholar
- [Roz71a]M. Nivat; Sur la fermeture rationnelle des cônes rationnels, Seminar on Automata Theory and Mathematical Linguistics (organized by G. Rozenberg), Abstract 4, Utrecht, March 1971Google Scholar
- [Roz71b]J. van Leeuwen; The General Theory of Translation, Seminar on Automata Theory and Mathematical Linguistics (organized by G. Rozenberg), Abstract 6, Utrecht, April 1971Google Scholar
- [Roz71c]J. Engelfriet; Tree Automata and Tree Transducers, Seminar on Automata Theory and Mathematical Linguistics (organized by G. Rozenberg), Abstract 8, Utrecht, May 1971Google Scholar
- [Roz73]G. Rozenberg; Extension of Tabled 0L-systems and Languages, Internat. J. Comp. Inform. Sci. 2 (1973), 311–336CrossRefMathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
- [RozS80]G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa; The Mathematical Theory of L Systems, Academic Press, New York, 1980MATHGoogle Scholar
- [RSco59]M.O. Rabin, D. Scott; Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems, IBM J. Res. 3 (1959), 115–125MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Sco67]D. Scott; Some Definitional Suggestions for Automata Theory, J. of Comput. Syst. Sci. 1 (1967), 187–212MATHGoogle Scholar
- [Tha67]J.W. Thatcher; Characterizing Derivation Trees of Context-Free Grammars through a Generalization of Finite Automata Theory, J. of Comput. Syst. Sci. 1 (1967), 317–322MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Tha73]J.W. Thatcher; Tree Automata: An Informal Survey, in Currents in the Theory of Computing (A.V. Aho, Ed.), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1973, pp.143–172Google Scholar
- [Vog86]H. Vogler; Iterated Linear Control and Iterated One-Turn Pushdowns, Math. Syst. Theory 19 (1986), 117–133MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Vog88]H. Vogler; The OI-hierarchy Is Closed under Control, Inform. and Comput. 78 (1988), 187–204MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- [Wan75]M. Wand; An Algebraic Formulation of the Chomsky-Hierarchy, in Category Theory Applied to Computation and Control (E.G. Manes, Ed.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 25, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1975, pp. 209–213Google Scholar