IDMS 2002: Protocols and Systems for Interactive Distributed Multimedia pp 92-105 | Cite as
A Fast QoS Adaptation Algorithm for MPEG-4 Multimedia Applications
Abstract
This paper addresses the QoS adaptation problem in MPEG-4 multimedia applications. This adaptation involves solving a NP-hard optimisation problem, for which an optimal solution is not feasible in real-time. In the paper, we will formulate the problem and present an approximation algorithm called FAQoS to solve the problem in polynomial time by using a number of heuristics. We will show that FAQoS is as fast as the fastest known algorithm in literature (AMRMD [8]) and has a much higher accuracy than AMRMD, especially when the relative importance of objects is considered. Experiments show that solutions found by FAQoS are most of the time as close as 97% of the optimal solution. FAQoS is therefore suitable for use in real-time QoS adaptation in MPEG-4 applications, especially when the number of objects and the number of quality levels for each object are large.
Keywords
Quality Level Scalable Video Code Resource Cost Resource Type Benefit FunctionPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.MPEG-4ISO/IEC 14496 http://www.cselt.it/MPEG
- 2.G. Lafruit, L. Nachtergaele, K. Denolf and J. Bormans, “3D Computational Graceful Degradation”, ISCAS 2000 ISCAS-Workshop and Exhibition on MPEG-4, Proceedings, pp. III-547–III-550, May 28–31, 2000.Google Scholar
- 3.S. Fischer, A. Hafid, G. von Bochmann and H. de Meer, “Cooperative QoS Management for Multimedia Applications”, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, June 3–6, 1997, pp 303–310.Google Scholar
- 4.H. M. Radha, M. V.D Schaar and Y. Chen, “The MPEG-4 Fine-Grained Scalable Video Coding Method for Multimedia Streaming Over IP”, IEEE transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 53–67, March 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Cristina Aurrecoechea, Andrew Campbell, and Linda Hauw, “A Survey of QoS Architectures”, In Proceedings of the 4th IFIP International Workshop on Quality of Service, March 1996.Google Scholar
- 6.Liu and J. Layland, “Scheduling Algorithms of Multiprogramming in a Hard Real time Environment”, Journal ACM, Volume 20, Number 1, 1973.Google Scholar
- 7.Hafid, G. Bochmann and R. Dssouli, “QoS and Distributed Multimedia Applications: A Review”, The Electronic Journal on Networks and Distributed Processing, issue 6, February 1998Google Scholar
- 8.Lee, J. Lehoczky, D. Siewiorek, R. Rajkumar, and J. Hansen, “A Scalable Solution to the Multi-resource QoS Problem”, Proceedings of IEEE RTSS’99, December 1999.Google Scholar
- 9.J. Huang, P.-J. Wan, and D.Z. Du, “Criticality-and QoS-Based Multiresource Negotiation and Adaptation”. Real time Systems Journal, 15(3):249–273, Nov. 1998.Google Scholar
- 10.T. F. Abdelzaher, E. M. Atkins, and K. G. Shin, “QoS Negotiation in Real time Systems and Its Application to Automated Flight Control”, Proceedings of the Third IEEE Real time Technology and Applications Symposium, Montreal, Canada, 1997.Google Scholar
- 11.Sabata, S. Chatterjee, and J. Sydir, “Dynamic Adaptation of Video for Transmission under Resource Constraints,” in Proc. 17th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP98), Chicago, Illinois, October 1998.Google Scholar
- 12.R. Rajkumar, K. Juvva, A. Molano, and S. Oikawa, “Resource kernels: A resource-centric approach to real time systems,” in Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking, January 1998.Google Scholar
- 13.S. Brandt, G. Nutt, T. Berk, and M. Humphrey, “Soft Real time Application Execution with Dynamic Quality of Service Assurance”, Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE/IFIP International Workshop on Quality of Service, pp. 154–163, May 1998.Google Scholar
- 14.D. Xu, D. Wichadakul, and K. Nahrstedt, “Resource-Aware Configuration of Ubiquitous Multimedia Service,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo 2000 (ICME 2000), July 2000.Google Scholar
- 15.C. Khan, “Quality Adaptation in a Multisession Multimedia System: Model, Algorithms and Architecture”, Ph.D thesis, University of Victoria, 1998.Google Scholar
- 16.Y. Toyoda, “A simplified algorithm for obtaining approximate solutions to zero-one programming problems”, Management Science, 21(12): 1417–27, August 1975.Google Scholar
- 17.S. Battista, F. Casalino and C. Lande, “MPEG-4: A Multimedia Standard for the Third Millennium”, IEEE Multimedia, pp. 76–85, January–March, 2000.Google Scholar
- 18.Garey, Michael R., and Johnson, David S., “Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness”, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1979.MATHGoogle Scholar
- 19.T. A. Funkhouser and C. H. Sequin, “Adaptive Display Algorithm for Interactive Frame Rates During Visualization of Complex Virtual Environments”, Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series, pages 247–254, August 1993.Google Scholar
- 20.E. Gobbetti and E. Bouvier, “Time-Critical Multiresolution Scene Rendering”, Proceedings IEEE Visualization 1999, IEEE Visualization Conference 1999.Google Scholar
- 21.Sabata, S. Chatterjee, M. Davis, J. Sydir, T. Lawrence, “Taxonomy for QoS Specifications,” proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society 3rd International Workshop on Object-oriented Real time Dependable Systems (WORDS’ 97), Newport Beach, California, February 1997Google Scholar
- 22.T.H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson and R. L. Rivet, “ Introduction to Algorithms”, MIT Press, McGraw-Hill, 1990.Google Scholar
- 23.“MPEG-4 Applications”, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11MPEG 98/N2457Google Scholar