Epitheliales Ovarialkarzinom

  • H. G. Meerpohl

Zusammenfassung

Häufigkeit: In Deutschland erkranken nach Schätzungen des Robert Koch Instituts (RKI) jährlich ca. 9600 Frauen neu an einem malignen Tumor der Eierstöcke. Das Krebsregister des Saarlandes notiert für das Jahr 2000 bei den malignen Tumoren der Ovarien und der Adnexe (ICD 183) eine altersstandardisierte Erkrankungsrate von 15,2 Neuerkrankungen pro 100 000 Frauen/Jahr.Wesentliche Veränderungen bei den Inzidenzraten sind in Deutschland über die letzten 20–30 Jahren nicht zu beobachten. Etwa 5% aller malignen Neubildungen bei Frauen entfallen auf diese Erkrankung, was der 5. Stelle der Häufigkeit entspricht. Frauen in West- und Mitteleuropa, in Skandinavien sowie den USA haben mit einer Rate von etwa 1 : 90 ein vergleichbar hohes Risiko, im Verlauf des Lebens an einem Ovarialkarzinom vom epithelialen Typ zu erkranken (Lifetime Risk: 1,0–1,4%). Im Vergleich mit anderen EU-Ländern liegen die für Deutschland ermittelten Neuerkrankungsraten im oberen Bereich. Bei den Inzidenzraten besteht ein erkennbares Nord-Süd-Gefälle.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Banks E, Beral V, Reeves G (1997) The epidemiology of epithelial ovarian cancer: a review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 7: 425–438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Boyd J, Sonoda Y, Feerici MG et al (2000) Clinicopathologic features of BRCA-linked and sporadic ovarian cancer. JAMA 283:2260–2265PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Brinton, LA, Gridley G, Persson I et al (1997) Cancer risk following a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176:572–579PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Casey MJ, Bewtra C, Hoehne LL et al (2000) Histology of prophylactically removed ovaries from BRCA 1 und BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with noncarriers in hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome kindreds. Gynecol Oncol 78:278–287PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Titus Ernsthoff L et al (1998) Over the counter analgesics and risk for ovarian cancer. Lancet 351:104–107PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Cramer DW, Liberman RF, Titus-Ernstoff L et al (1999) Genital talc exposure and risk for ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 81:351–356PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. De Palo G, Veronesi U, Camerini T et al (1995) Can fenretinide protect women against ovarian cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst 87:146–147PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. De Palo G, Mariani L, Camerini T et al (2002) Effect of fenretinide on ovarian cancer occurrence. Gynecol Oncol 86:24–27PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Elit L (2001) Familial ovarian cancer. Can Fam Physician 47:778–784PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Elledge RM, Allred DC (1994) The p 53 tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 32:39–47PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Gallion HH, Powell, DE, Smith LW et al (1990) Chromosome abnormalities in human epithelial ovarian malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 38:473–477PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Garg PP, Kerlikowske K, Subak L, Grady D (1998) Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of ovarian carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 92:472–479PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Gayther SA, Mangion J, Russell P et al (1997) Variation of risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with different germline mutations of the BRCA2 gene. Nat Gene 15:103–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Iwabuchi H, Sakamoto M, Sakunaga H et al (1995) Genetic analysis of benign, low grade and high grade ovarian tumors. Cancer Res 55:6172–6180PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Jacobs IJ, Skates SJ, Macdonald N et al (1999) Screening for Ovarian cancer: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353:1207–1210PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Jahresbericht Krebsregister Saarland 1996/1997 — erschienen Dezember 2000Google Scholar
  17. Johannsson OT, Ranstam J, Borg A et al (1998) Survival of BRCA1 breast and ovarian cancer patients: a population-based study from southern Sweden. J Clin Oncol 16:397–404PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME et al (2002) Risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med 346:1609–1615PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Kononen J et al (1998) Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med 4:844–847PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Lacey JV, Mink PJ, Lubin JH et al (2002) Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer. JAMA 288:334–341PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Li, S, Han H, Resnik E et al (1993) Advanced ovarian carcinoma: molecular evidence of unifocal origin. Gyn Oncol 51:21–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Mandai M, Konishi I, Kuroda H et al (1997): Messenger ribonucleic acid expression of LH/hCG receptor gene in human ovarian carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 33:1501–1507PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Mant JWF, Vessey MP (1994) Ovarian and endometrial cancer. In: Doll R, Fraumeni JF, Muir CS eds. Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Review: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 287–307Google Scholar
  24. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuk-Eidens D et al (1994) A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266:66–71PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Modan B, Hartge P, Hirsh-Yechezkel G et al (2001) Parity, oral contraceptives, and the risk of ovarian cancer among carriers and noncarriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 345:235–240PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Narod SA, Sun P, Gadirian P et al (2001) Tubal ligation and risk of hereditary ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation: a case control study. Lancet 357:1467–1470PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Ness RB, Grisso JA, Cottreau C et al (2000) Factors related to inflammation of the ovarian epithelium and risk of ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 11(2):111–117PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Neuhausen SL, Godwin AK, Gershoni-Baruch R et al (1998) Haplotype and phenotype analysis of nine recurrent BRCA2 mutations in 111 families: results of an international study. Am J Hum Genet 62:1381–1388PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Neuhausen SL, Mazoyer S, Friedman L (1996) Haplotype and phenotype analysis of six recurrent BRCA1 mutations in 61 families: results of an international study. Am J Hum Genet 58:271–280PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Nguyen HN, Averette HE, Janicek M (1994) Ovarian carcinoma: a review of the significance of familial risk factors and the role of prophylactic oophorectomy in cancer prevention. Cancer 74:545–555PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Parkin DM, Muir CS, Whelan SL et al (1992) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications 770–773Google Scholar
  32. Petricoin EF, Ardekani AM, Hitt BA et al (2000) Proteomic patterns in sera identify ovarian cancer. Lancet 359:572–577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Pharoah PD, Easton DF, Stockton DL et al (1999) Survival in familial BRCA1 associated, and BRCA2-associated epithelial ovarian cancer. United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for CCR. Familial Ovarian Cancer Study Group. Cancer Res 59:868–871PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Rebbeck TR, Levin AM, Eisen A et al (1999) Breast cancer risk after bilateral oophorectomy in BRCA 1 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1475–1479PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL et al (2002) Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA 1 and BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 346:1616–1622PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hanjey BF (1997) SEER Cancer Statistics Review In: NIH Publ No 98. Bethesda MD (1998) National Cancer Institute 1973–1995Google Scholar
  37. Rubin SC, Benjamin I, Behbakht K et al (1996) Clinical and pathological features of ovarian cancer in women with germline mutations of BRCA1. N Engl J Med 335:1413–1416PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Schubert EL, Lee MK, Mefford HC et al (1997) BRCA2 in American families with four or more cases of breast or ovarian cancer: recurrent and novelmutations, variable expression, penetrance and the possibilities of families whose cancer is not attributable to BRCA1 or BRCA2. Am J Hum Genet 60:1031–1040PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Sonoda G, Palazzo J, du Manoir S et al (1997) Comparative genomic hybridization detects frequent overrepresentation of chromosomal material from 3q26, 8q24, and 20q13 in human ovarian carcinomas. Genes Chromos Cancer 20:320–328PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Suzuki M, Ohwada M, Aida I et al (1993) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a tumor marker for epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 82:946–950PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Tapper J, Butzow R, Wahlstrom T et al (1997) Evidence for divergence of DNA copy number changes in serous, mucinous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. Genes Chromos Cancer 20:320–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Tavani A, Ricci E, Surace M (2000) Influence of menstrual and reproductive factors on ovarian cancer risk in women with or without family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Int J Epidemiol 29:799–802PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) (2000) Gynecology Cancer Research Unit, St. Batholomew’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry London, ProtocolGoogle Scholar
  44. Van Nagell J, De Priest PD, Reedy MB et al (2000) The efficacy of transvaginal sonographic screening in asymptomatic women at risk for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 77:350–356PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Walker GR, Schlesselman JJ, Ness RB (2002) Family history of cancer, oral contraceptive use, and ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:8–14PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Wooster R et al (1995) Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 378:789–792PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Xu FJ, Shen Z, Wiper D et al (1998) Lysophophtidic acid as a potential biomarker for ovarian and other gynecologic cancers. JAMA 280:719–723PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Histologie

  1. Abu-Jawdeh GM, Jacobs TW, Niloff J, Cannistra SA (1996) Estrogen receptor expression is a common feature of ovarian borderline tumors. Gynecol Oncol 60:301–307PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Beiner ME, Gotlieb WH, Davidson B et al (2001) Infertility treatment after conservative management of borderline ovarian tumors. Cancer 92:320–325PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Ben-Baruch G, Sivan E, Moran O et al (1996) Primary peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma: A study of 25 cases and comparison with stage III-IVovarian papillary serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 60:393–396PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Berchuck A, Kohler MF, Hopkins MP et al (1994) Overexpression of p53 is not a feature of benign and early-stage borderline epithelial ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 52:232–236PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Brugghe J, Baak JPA, Wiltshaw E et al (1998) Quantitative prognostic features in FIGO stage I ovarian cancer patients without postoperative treatment. Gynecol Oncol 68:47–56PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Burks RT, Sherman ME, Kurman RJ et al (1996) Micropapillary serous carcinoma of the ovary and peritoneum: a distinctive low grade carcinoma related to serous borderline tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 20:1319–1330PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Cass I, Resnik E, Chambers JT et al (1996) Combination chemotherapy with etoposide, cisplatin, and doxorubicin in mixed muellerian tumors of the adnexa. Gynecol Oncol 617(3):309–314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Clement PB (1994) Diseases of the peritoneum (including endometriosis). In: Kurman RJ (ed.): Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract, 4th ed. Springer, New York: 647–703Google Scholar
  9. Datar RH, Naritoku WY, Li P, Tsao-Wie D et al (1999) Analysis of telomerase activity in ovarian cystadenomas, low-malignant-potential tumors, and invasive carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 74:338–345PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. De Nictolis M, Garbisa S, Lucarini G et al (1996) 72 kilo-dalton type IV collagen and Ki67 in serous tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and serological study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 15:102–109PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Diest PJ van, Baak JPA, Brugghe J et al (1994) Quantitative prognostic features as predictors of long term survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin. Int J Gynecol Cancer 3:174–180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Eichhorn JH, Bell DA, Young RH, Scully RE. Ovarian serous borderline tumors (SBTs) with micropapillary and cribriform pattern: a study of 40 cases and comparison with 44 cases without these patterns. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23:397–409Google Scholar
  13. Eltabbakh GH, Werness BA, Piver S, Blumenson LE (1998) Prognostic factors in extraovarian primary peritoneal cancer. Gynecol Oncol 71:230–239PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Fox H: (1989) The concept of borderline malignancy in ovarian tumors: a reappraisal. Curr Top Pathol 78:111–134PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Garrett AP, Ng S-W, Muto MG et al (2000) Ras gene activation and infrequent mutation in papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum. Gynecol Oncol 77:105–111PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Guo LN, Wilkinson N, Buckley CH et al (1992) Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity in ovarian serous andmucinous neoplasms: diagnostic and prognostic value. Int J Gynecol Cancer 3:391–394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Haas CJ, Diebold J, Ferschmann A et al (1999) Microsatellite analysis in serous tumors of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Pathol 18:158–162PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Hellstrom AC, Tegerstedt G, Silfversward C, Pettersson F (1999) Malignant mixed muellerian tumors of the ovary: histopathologic and clinical review of 36 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 9(4):312–316PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Hgdall EVS, Christensen L, Kjaer SK et al (2003) Distribution of HER-2 Overexpression in Ovarian carcinoma tissue and its prognostic value in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 98:66–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Kennedy AW, Markman M, Webster KD et al (1998) Experience with platinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy in the initial management of papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum. Gynecol Oncol 71:288–290PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Kerns BM, Jordan PA, Faerman LL et al (1994) Determination of proliferation index with MIB-1 in advanced ovarian cancer using quantitative image analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 101:192–197PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Meyer JS, Gersell DJ, Yim St. (2001) Cell proliferation in ovarian carcinoma: superior accuracy of S-phase fraction by DNA labeling index versus flow cytometric SPF, lack of independent prognostic power SPF and DNA ploidy, and limited effect of SPF on tumor growth rate. Gynecol Oncol 81:466–476PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Nakopoulou L, Janinis J, Panagos G et al (1993) The immunohistochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) in malignant and benign epithelial ovarian neoplasms and correlation with prognosis. Eur J Cancer 29:1599–1601CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Nozawa S et al (1990) Cancer-associated galactosyltransferase as a new tumormarker for ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 50:754–759PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Pettersson F et al (1994) Annual report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer. 22nd Vol. Statements of results obtained in patients treated 1987 to 1989, inclusive actuarial survival up to 1993. Editorial Office StockholmGoogle Scholar
  26. Pfleiderer A (1996) Malignome des Ovars. In: Wulf KH, Schmidt-Matthiesen H (eds.) Klinik der Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe. Band 12: Spezielle gynäkologische Onkologie. 3. Aufl. Urban & Schwarzenberg München-Wien-Baltimore. 1996: 1–109Google Scholar
  27. Robey SS, Silva EG, Gershenson DM et al (1989) Transitional cell carcinoma in high grade high-stage ovarian carcinoma: an indication of favorable response to chemotherapy. Cancer 63:839–847PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Roth LM, Dallenbach Hellweg G, Czernobilsky B. (1985) Ovarian Brenner tumors. I Metaplastic, proliferating and of low malignant potential. Cancer 56:582–591PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Schorge JO, Muto MG, Welch WR et al (1998) Molecular evidence for multifocal papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum in patients with germline BRCA1 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:841–845PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Scully RE (1999) Histological typing of ovarian tumors. 2nd ed New York: World Health Organization. Springer 1999Google Scholar
  31. Shimizu Y, Kamoi S, Amada S et al (1998) Toward the development of a universal grading system for ovarian epithelial carcinoma: I Prognostic significance of histopathologic features — problems involved in the architectural grading system. Gynecol Oncol 70:2–12PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Sykes P, Quinn M, Rome R (1997) Ovarian tumors of low malignant potential: a retrospective study of 234 patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer 7:218–226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Wheeler JE (1993) Pathology of malignant ovarian epithelial tumors and miscellaneous and rare ovarian and parovarian neoplasms. In: Rubin SC, Sutton GP (eds.): Ovarian Cancer. McGraw-Hill, New York 87–130Google Scholar
  34. Whittemore AS (1994) Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: implications for prevention and detection. Gynecol Oncol 55:S15–19PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prognosefaktoren

  1. Bristow RE, Tomacruz RS, Amstrong DK et al (2002) Survival effect of maximal cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian carcinoma during the platinum era: a meta-analysis J Clin Oncol 20:1248–1259PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Brugghe J, Baak JPA, Wiltshaw E et al (1998) Quantitative prognostic features in FIGO stage I ovarian cancer patients without postoperative treatment. Gynecol Oncol 68:47–56PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Burton J, Wells M (1999) Quantitative pathologic prognostic factors in epithelial ovarian cancer. CME J Gynecol Oncol 4:151–153Google Scholar
  4. Chan JK, Loizzi V, Osann K et al (2003) Stage III and IV epithelial ovarian carcinoma in younger versus older women: what prognostic factors are important. Obstet Gynecol 102:156–161PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Gadducci A, Landoni F, Maggino T et al (1996) The relationship between postoperative decline of serum CA125 levels and size of residual disease after initial surgery in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: a CTF stuy. Gynecol Oncol 63:234–237PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Hoskins WJ, Bundy BN, Thigpen JT et al (1992) The influence of cytoreductive surgery on recurrence free interval and survival in small volume stage III epthelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 67:167–171Google Scholar
  7. Jazaeri AA, Lu K, Schmandt R et al (2003) Molecular determinants of tumor differentiation in papillary serous ovarian carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 36:53–59PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Kapp KS, Kapp D, Poschauko J et al (1999) The prognostic significance of peritoneal seeding and size of postsurgical residual in patients with stage III epithelial ovarian cancer treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and high dose radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 74:400–407PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Kaufmann M., Minckwitz Gv, Kühn W et al (1995) Combination of new biologic parameters as a prognostic index in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynec Cancer 5:49–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Koper NP, Massuger LFAG, Thomas CMG et al (1997) Prognostic value of serial CA 125 measurements during chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 7:127–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Latimer JA, Beng CG, Davy LJ (1996) For stage III epithelial ovarian cancer the initial level of expression of CA 125 does not correlate with survival in women who respond to treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer 6:380–384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Makar AP, Baekelandt MD, Trope C et al (1995) The prognostic significance of residual-disease, FIGO substage, tumour histology and grade in patients with FIGO stage III ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 56:175–180PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Reles AE, Gee C, Schellschmidt I et al (1998) Prognostic significance of DNA content and S-phase fraction in epithelial ovarian carcinomas analyzed by image cytometry. Gynecol Oncol 71:3–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Schueler JA, Trimbos JB, Burg MVD et al (1996) DNA index reflects the biological behavior of ovarian carcinoma stage I–IIa. Gynecol Oncol 62:59–66PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Shankey TV, Rabinovitch PS, Bagywell B et al (1995) Guidelines for implementation of clinical DNA cytometry. Cytometry 14:472–477CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Thigpen JT, Brady MF, Omura GA (1993) Age as a prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma: the Gynecologic Oncology Group experience. Cancer 71:606–614PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Vergote I, Brabanter JD, Fyles A et al (2001) Prognostic importance of degree of differentiation and cyst rupture in stage I invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Lancet 357:176–182PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Zaino R, Whitney C, Brady MF et al (2001) Simultaneously detected endometrial and ovarian carcinomas — a prospective clinicopathologic study of 74 cases: a gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 83(2):355–362PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diagnostik

  1. Ekerhovd E, Wienerroith H, Staudach A et al (2001) Preoperative assessment of unilocular adnexal cysts by transvaginal ultrasonography: a comparison between ultrasonographic morphologic imaging and histopathologic diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:48–54PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Krolocki L, Stelmachow, J, Cwikla JB (1998) Evaluation of Tc-99m MIBI uptake in patients with suspected ovarian cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 25:1014Google Scholar
  3. Leminen A, Lehtovira P (1999) Spread of ovarian cancer after laparoscopic surgery: report of eight cases. Gynecol Oncol 75:387–390PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Sassone A, Timor-Trisch I, Artner A et al (1991) Transvaginal sonographic characterization of ovarian disease: evaluation of a new scoring system to predict ovarian malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 78:529–533Google Scholar
  5. Sehouli J, Könsgen D, Mustea A et al (2003) IMO — Intraoperatives Mapping des Ovarialkarzinoms. Zentralbl Gynakol 125:129–125PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Van Dam PA, DeCloedt J, Tjalma WAA et al (1999) Trocar implantation metastasis after laproscopy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: can the risk be reduced? Am J Obstet Gynecol 181:536–541PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chirurgie

  1. Eisenkop SM, Friedman RL, Wang HJ (1995) Secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer: a prospective study. Cancer 76:1606PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Favalli G, Odicino F, Torri V, Pecorelli S. (2001) Early stage ovarian cancer: the Italian contribution to clinical research: An update. Int J Gynecol Cancer 11 (Suppl. 1):12–19PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Junor EJ, Hole, DJ (1999) Specialist gynaecologists and survival outcome in ovarian cancer: a Scottish national study of 1866 patients. Br J Obstet Gynecol 11:1130–1136Google Scholar
  4. Kennedy L, Rusch VW, Strange C et al (1994) Pleurodesis using talc slurry. Chest 106:342–346PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. McGowan L (1993) Patterns of care in carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer 71:628–633PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Podratz KC, Schray MF, Wieand HS et al (1988) Evaluation of treatment and survival after positive second look laparotomy. Gynecol Oncol 31:9PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Williams L, Brunetto VL, Yrdan E et al (1997) Secondary cytoreductive surgery at second look laparotomy in advanced ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 66:171PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Zanetta G, Chiari S, Rota S et al (1997) Consevative surgery for stage I ovarian carcinoma in women of childbearing age. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:1030PubMedGoogle Scholar

Radiotherapie

  1. Corn BW, Lanciano RM, Boente M et al (1994) Recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer 74:2979–2983PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Fyles AW, Dembo AJ, Bush RS et al (1992) Analysis of complications in patients treated with abdomino-pelvic radiation for ovarian carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 22:853–858Google Scholar
  3. Goldberg N, Peschel RE (1988) Postoperative abdominopelvic radiation therapy for ovarian cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14:425–429PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Martinez A, Schray MF, Howe AE et al (1985) Postoperative radiation therapy for epithelial ovarian cancer: the curative role based on a 24-year experience. J Clin Oncol 3:901–911PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement (1994) Ovarian cancer: screening, treatment and follow-up. Gynecol Oncol 5S:S4–S14Google Scholar
  6. Thomas GM (1993) Is there a role for consolidation or salvage radiotherapy after chemotherapy in advanced epithelial cancer? Gynecol Oncol 51:97–103PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Vergote IB, Winderen M, DeVos LN et al (1993) Intraperitoneal radiactive phosphorus therapy in ovarian carcinoma. Analysis of 313 patients treated primarily or at second look laparotomy. Cancer 71:2250–2260PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Weiser EB, Burke TW, Heller PB et al (1988) Determinants of survival of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma following abdominal irradiation (WAR). Gynecol Oncol 30:201–208PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chemotherapie

  1. Berek JS, Markman M, Stonebraker B et al (1999) Intraperitoneal interferon alpha in residual ovarian carcinoma: a phase II Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 75:10–14PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Bolle M, Nissen A, Korz W et al (2000) Possible role of anti CA 125 monoclonal antibody B43.13 (Ovarex) administration in long-term survival of relapsed ovarian cancer patients. Proc ASCO 2000 19:476a (abstr 1876)Google Scholar
  3. Bookman MA, Malmström H, Bolis G et al (1998) Topotecan for the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: an open label phase II study in patients treated after prior chemotherapy containing cisplatin or carboplatin and paclitaxel. J Clin Oncol 16:3345–3352PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Cantu MG, Buda A, Parma G et al (2002) Randomized controlled trial of single agent paclitaxel versus cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who responded to first line platinum-based regimens J Clin Oncol 20:1232PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Chollet P, Bensmaine MA, Brienza S et al (1996) Single agent activity of oxaliplatin in heavily pretreated advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 7:1065–1070PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Colombo N, Peccatori F, Paganin C et al (1992) Anti-tumor and immummodulatory activity of intraperitoneal IFN-gamma in ovarian carcinoma patients with minimal residual tumor after chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 51:42–46PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Du Bois A, Lück HJ, Meerpohl HG (1997) Rezidiv-und 2nd line Therapie beim Ovarialkarzinom: eine Übersicht der konventionellen systemischen Therapiemodalitäten. Zentralbl Gynakol 119:299–323PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Du Bois A, Lück HJ, Meier W et al (2003) A randomized clinical trial of Cisplatin/Paclitaxel versus Carboplatin/Paclitaxel as first-line treatment of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1320–1330PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ehlen T, Whiteside T, Schultes B et al (2001) Induction of tumorprotective immunity utilizing the CA125-specific monoclonal OvaRex Mab B43.13 in a cohort of patients with advanced recurrent ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 80:310Google Scholar
  10. Emons G, Schally AV (1994) The use of luteinizing hormone agonists and antagonists in gynaecological cancers. Human Reprod. Update 9:1364–1379Google Scholar
  11. Fracasso PM, Brady MF, Moore DH et al (2001) Phase II study of paclitaxel and valspodar (PSC 833) in refractory ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 19:2975–2982PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Gershenson DM, Burke TW, Morris M et al (1998) A phase I study of a daily x3 schedule of intravenous vinorelbine for refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 70:404–409PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Gordon AN, Granai CO, Rose P et al (2000) Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin in platinum and paclitaxel refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:3093–3100PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Gore ME (1998) Overview-High dose and intraperitoneal therapy. In: Ovarian Cancer 5 (ed. F Sharp, T Blackett, J Berek). Isis Medical Media, Oxford: 311–320Google Scholar
  15. Gropp M, Meier W, Hepp H (1997) Treosulfan als effiziente Second-line Therapie beim Ovarialkarzinom. Geburth. u. Frauenheilk 57:356–360CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Hatch K, Beecham J, Blessing J et al ( 1991) Responsiveness of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma to tamoxifen. Cancer 68:269–271PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Jakobsen A, Bertelsen K, Andersen JE et al (1997) Dose-effect study of carboplatin in ovarian cancer: a Danish Ovarian Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol 15:193–198PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Katsumata N, Tsunematsu R, Tanaka K et al (2000) A phase II trial of docetaxel in platinum pretreated patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a Japanese Cooperative study. Ann Oncol 11:1531–1536PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Markman M, Hakes T, Reichman B et al (1992) Ifosfamide and mesna in previously treated advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: activity in platinum-restisant disease. J Clin Oncol 10:243–248PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Markman M, Kennedy A, Sutton G et al (1998) Phase 2 trial of single agents ifosfamide/mesna in patients with platinim/paclitaxel refractory ovarian cancer who have not previously been treated with an alkylating agent. Gynecol Oncol 70:272–274PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Muggia FM, Hainsworth JD, Jeffers et al ( 1997) Phase II Study of liposomal doxorubicin in refractory ovarian cancer: antitumor activity and toxicity modification by liposomal encapulation J Clin Oncol 15:987–993PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Neijt JP, Engelholm SA, Tuxen MK et al (2000) Exploratory phase III study of paclitaxel and cisplatin versus paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:3084–3092PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Nicholson S, Gooden CS, Hird V et al (1998) Radioimmunotherapy after chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. A matched analysis. Oncol Rep 5:223–226PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Ozols RF, Bundy BN, Greer Be et al (2003) Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 21:3194–3200PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Piccart M, Green JA, Lacave J et al (2000) Oxaliplatin or Paclitaxel in patients with platinum-pretreated advanced ovarian cancer: a randomized phase II study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gynecology Group. J Clin Oncol 18:1193–1202PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Piccart MJ, Gore M, ten Bokkel Huinink et al (1995) Docetaxel: an active new drug for treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:676–681PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Rocereto TF, Saul HM, Aikins JA Jr, Paulson J (2000) Phase II study of mifepristone (RU486) in refractory ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 77(3):429–432PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Rose PG, Rodriguez M, Waggoner S et al (1999) A phase I study of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and increasing doses of prolonged oral etoposide in ovarian, peritoneal, and tubal carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Proc. SGO 18:A 109Google Scholar
  29. The ICON and AGO Collaborators (2003) Paclitaxel plus platinum-based chemotherapy versus conventional platinum-based chemotherapy in women with relapsed ovarian cancer: the ICON4/AGO-OVAR-2.2 trial. Lancet 361:2099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Thigpen JT, Blessing JA, Ball H et al (1994) Phase II trial of paclitaxel in patients with progressive ovarian carcinoma after platinum based chemotherapy; a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 12:1748–1753PubMedGoogle Scholar

Gentherapie

  1. Casado E, Nettelbeck DM, Gomez-Navarro et al (2001) Transcriptional targeting for ovarian cancer gene therapy. Gynecol Oncol 82:229–237PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Deshane J, Siegal GP, Wang M, Wright M et al (1997) Transductional efficacy and safety of an intraperitoneally delivered adenovirus encoding an anti-erbB2 intracellulary single-chain antibody for ovarian cancer gene therapy. Gynecol Oncol 64:378–385PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Dorigo O, Berek JS (1997) Gene therapy for ovarian cancer: develoment of novel treatment strategies Int J Gynecol Cancer 7:1–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Grueningen von VE, Santoso JT, Coleman RL et al (1998) In vivo studies of adenovirus-based p53 gene therapy for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 69:197–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Hasenburg A, Tong X-W, Fischer DC, Rojas-Martinez A et al (2001) Adenovirus-mediated thymidine kinase gene therapy in combination with topotecan for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer: 2.5-year follow-up. Gynecol Oncol 83:549–554PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Tong X-W, Block A, Chen S-H, Contant CF et al (1996) In vivo gene therapy of ovarian cancer by adenovirus-mediated thymidine kinase gene transduction and ganciclovir administration. Gynecol Oncol 61:175–179PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Wolf JK, Kim T-E, Fightmaster D, Bodurka D (1999 b) Growth suppression of human ovarian cancer cell lines by the introduction of a p16 gene via a recombinant adenovirus. Gynecol Oncol 73:27–34PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Wolf JK, Mills GB, Bazzet L, Bast RC jr et al (1999 a) Adenovirus-mediated p53 growth inhibition of ovarian cancer cells is independent of endogenous p53 status. Gynecol Oncol 75:261–266PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Intraperitoneale Chemotherapie

  1. Armstrong FK, Bundy BN, Baergen R et al (2002) Randomized Phase III study of intravenous paclitaxel and cisplatin versus intravenous paclitaxel, intraperitoneal cisplatin and intraperitoneal paclitaxel in optimal stage II epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group trial ( GOG 172) Proc ASCO 21:201aGoogle Scholar
  2. Markman M, Bundy BN, Alberts DS et al (2001) Phase III trial of standard dose intravenous cisplatin plus paclitaxel versus moderately high dose carboplatin followed by intravenous paclitaxel and intraperitoneal cisplatin in small volume stage III ovarian carcinoma: an Intergroup study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group, Southwestern Oncology Group and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 19:1001–1007PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Markman M, Reichman B, Hakes T et al (1992) Impact on survival of surgically defined favorable responses to salvage intraperitoneal chemotherapy in small volume residual ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 10:1479–1484PubMedGoogle Scholar

Kombinationschemotherapie

  1. Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialist Group (1998) Chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: four systematic metaanalyses of individual patient data from 37 randomized trials. Br J Cancer 78:1479–1487Google Scholar
  2. Bookman MA, Mc Guire III WP, Kilpatrick D et al (1996) Carboplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian carcinoma: a phase I study of the Gynaecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 14:1895–1902PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Cure H, Battista C, Gustalla JP et al (2001) Phase III randomized trial of high dose chemotherapy (HDC) and peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) support as consolidation in patients (pts) with responsive low burden advanced ovarian cancer (AOC) Preliminary results of a GINECO/FNCLCC/SFGM-TX study. J Clin Oncol 20:204aGoogle Scholar
  4. Du Bois A, Lück HJ, Meier W, Adams HP et al (2003) a randomized clinical trial of cisplatin/paclitaxel versus carboplatin/paclitaxel as first-line treatment of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1320–1330PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Meerpohl HG (1997) Combination paclitaxel (Taxol)-carboplatin as first-line therapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 7 (Suppl 1) 18–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Muggia FM, Braly PS, Brady MF et al (2000) Phase III randomized study of cisplatin versus paclitaxel versus cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with suboptimal stage III and IV ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 18:106–115PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Neijt JP, Engelholm SA, Tuxen MK et al (2000) Exploratory phase III study of paclitaxel and cisplatin versus paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:1895–1902Google Scholar
  8. Ozols RF, Bundy BN, Greer BE, Fowler JM et al (2003) Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer; a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 21:3194–3200PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Redman CWE, Warwick J, Luesley DM et al (1994) Intervention debulking surgery in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:142–146PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Rose PG, Nerenstone S, Brady M et al (2002) A phase III randomized study of interval secondary cytoreduction in patients with advanced stage ovarian cancinome with suboptimal residual disease: a Gynecologic Oncology group study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:201 (abstract 802)Google Scholar
  11. The International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm (ICON) Group (2002) Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus standard chemotherapy with either single-agent carboplatin or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in women with ovarian cancer; the ICON3 randomized trial. Lancet 360:505–515CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Vasey PA (2002) Survival and long term toxicity results of the SCOTROC study: docetaxel-carboplatin (DC) vs paclitaxel-carboplatin (PC) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:202a (Abstr 804)Google Scholar

Adjuvante Chemotherapie

  1. International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm 1 (ICON1), European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Collaborators-Adjuvant ChemoTherapy in Ovarian Neoplasm (EORTC-ACTION) (2003): International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm Trial 1 and Adjuvant ChemoTherapy In Ovarian Neoplasm Trial: Two Parallel Randomized Phase III Trials of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Early-Stage Ovarian Carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:105–112Google Scholar
  2. Meerpohl HG (2002) Operative und medikamentöse Therapie des frühen Ovarialkarzinoms. Onkologe 8:1187–1200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Trimbos JB, Vergote I, Bolis G et al for EORTC-ACTION (2003) Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy and surgical staging in early-stage ovarian carcinoma: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Ovarian Neoplasm trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:113–125PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg 2006

Authors and Affiliations

  • H. G. Meerpohl

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations