Vascular Anatomy and Pathology

Al Kwifi O, Emery DJ, Wilman AH (2002) Vessel contrast at three Tesla in time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography of the intracranial and carotid arteries. Magn Reson Imaging 20:181–187Google Scholar

Anderson CM, Lee RE, Levin DL et al. (1994) Measurement of internal carotid artery stenosis from source MR angiograms. Radiology 193:219–226PubMedGoogle Scholar

Andrews J, Al Nahhas A, Pennell DJ et al. (2004) Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis and management of Takayasu’s arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 63:995–1000PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arpasi PJ, Bis KG, Shetty AN et al. (2000) MR angiography of the thoracic aorta with an electrocardiographically triggered breath-hold contrast-enhanced sequence. Radiographics 20:107–120PubMedGoogle Scholar

Begelman SM, Olin JW (2000) Fibromuscular dysplasia. Curr Opin Rheumatol 12:41–47PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benjamin MS, Gillams AR, Carter AP (1997) Carotid MRA — what advantages do the turbo field-echo and 3D phase-contrast sequences offer? Neuroradiology 39:469–473PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogousslavsky J, Pierre P (1992) Ischemic stroke in patients under age 45. Neurol Clin 10:113–124PubMedGoogle Scholar

Bouthillier A, van Loveren HR, Keller JT (1996) Segments of the internal carotid artery: a new classification. Neurosurgery 38:425–432PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradley WG Jr, Waluch V, Lai KS et al. (1984) The appearance of rapidly flowing blood on magnetic resonance images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 143:1167–1174PubMedGoogle Scholar

Cappendijk VC, Cleutjens KB, Kessels AG et al. (2005) Assessment of human atherosclerotic carotid plaque components with multisequence MR imaging: initial experience. Radiology 234:487–492PubMedGoogle Scholar

Carr JC, Ma J, Desphande V et al. (2002) High-resolution breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the entire carotid circulation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:543–549PubMedGoogle Scholar

Carriero A, Scarabino T, Magarelli N et al. (1998) High-resolution magnetic resonance angiography of the internal carotid artery: 2D vs 3D TOF in stenotic disease. Eur Radiol 8:1370–1372PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavagna E, Berletti R, Schiavon F (2001) In vivo evaluation of intravascular stents at three-dimensional MR angiography. Eur Radiol 11:2531–2535PubMedGoogle Scholar

Chen CJ, Chen ST, Hsieh FY et al. (1998) Hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery with intercavernous anastomosis. Neuroradiology 40:252–254PubMedGoogle Scholar

Chiu D, Shedden P, Bratina P et al. (1998) Clinical features of moyamoya disease in the United States. Stroke 29:1347–1351PubMedGoogle Scholar

Cosottini M, Calabrese R, Puglioli M et al. (2003) Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of neck vessels: does dephasing effect alter diagnostic accuracy? Eur Radiol 13:571–581PubMedGoogle Scholar

Dagirmanjian A, Ross JS, Obuchowski N et al. (1995) High resolution, magnetization transfer saturation, variable flip angle, time-of-flight MRA in the detection of intracranial vascular stenoses. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:700–706PubMedGoogle Scholar

Davis WL, Warnock SH, Harnsberger HR et al. (1993) Intracranial MRA: single volume vs. multiple thin slab 3D time-of-flight acquisition. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:15–21PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edelman RR, Mattle HP, Wallner B et al. (1990) Extracranial carotid arteries: evaluation with “black blood” MR angiography. Radiology 177:45–50PubMedGoogle Scholar

Fischer E (1938) Die Lageabweichungen der vorderen Hirnarterie im Gefaessbild. Zentralbl Neurochir 3:300–313Google Scholar

Friese S, Krapf H, Fetter M et al. (2001a) Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced MRA in ICA-stenosis: is conventional angiography obsolete? J Neurol 248:506–513PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friese S, Krapf H, Fetter M et al. (2001b) [Contrast enhanced MR-angiography (CE-MRA): do contrast media with higher T1 relaxation improve imaging of carotid stenoses?]. Rofo 173:542–546PubMedGoogle Scholar

Fujita N, Hirabuki N, Fujii K et al. (1994) MR imaging of middle cerebral artery stenosis and occlusion: value of MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15:335–341PubMedGoogle Scholar

Giroud M, Lemesle M, Madinier G et al. (1997) Stroke in children under 16 years of age. Clinical and etiological difference with adults. Acta Neurol Scand 96:401–406PubMedGoogle Scholar

Gizewski ER, Ladd ME, Paul A et al. (2005) Water excitation: a possible pitfall in cerebral time-of-flight angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:152–155PubMedGoogle Scholar

Gottschalk S, Gaebel C, Haendler G et al. (2002) [Contrast-enhanced intracranial 3 D MR angiography (CE-MRA) in assessing arterial stenoses and aneurysms]. Röfo 174:704–713PubMedGoogle Scholar

Grandin CB, Cosnard G, Hammer F et al. (2000) Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: diagnosis with MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21:1611–1617PubMedGoogle Scholar

Guillon B, Levy C, Bousser MG (1998) Internal carotid artery dissection: an update. J Neurol Sci 153:146–158PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hacke W, Brott T, Caplan L et al. (1999) Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology 53:S3–14PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C et al. (2004) Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 363:768–774PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hartkamp MJ, van Der GJ, van Everdingen KJ et al. (1999) Circle of Willis collateral flow investigated by magnetic resonance angiography. Stroke 30:2671–2678PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hayes CE, Mathis CM, Yuan C (1996) Surface coil phased arrays for high-resolution imaging of the carotid arteries. J Magn Reson Imaging 6:109–112PubMedGoogle Scholar

Heiserman JE, Drayer BP, Fram EK et al. (1992) MR angiography of cervical fibromuscular dysplasia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 13:1454–1457PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hertel F, Walter C, Bettag M et al. (2005) Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with vasospasm: a useful new tool in the management of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 56:28–35PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hoksbergen AW, Majoie CB, Hulsmans FJ et al. (2003) Assessment of the collateral function of the circle of Willis: three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography compared with transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:456–462PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hurst RW (1996) Angiography of non-atherosclerotic occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 6:651–678PubMedGoogle Scholar

Krings T, Hans F (2004) New developments in MRA: time-resolved MRA. Neuroradiology 46Suppl 2:s214–s222PubMedGoogle Scholar

Laub GA, Kaiser WA (1988) MR angiography with gradient motion refocusing. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:377–382PubMedGoogle Scholar

Leclerc X, Nicol L, Gauvrit JY et al. (2000) Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of supraaortic vessels: the effect of voxel size on image quality. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21:1021–1027PubMedGoogle Scholar

Levy C, Laissy JP, Raveau V et al. (1994) Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography. Radiology 190:97–103PubMedGoogle Scholar

Link J, Steffens JC, Muller-Hulsbeck S et al. (1996) [MR angiography in fibromuscular dysplasia of the cervical arteries]. Röfo 164:201–205PubMedGoogle Scholar

Liu Y, Karonen JO, Vanninen RL et al. (2004) Acute ischemic stroke: predictive value of 2D phase-contrast MR angiography-serial study with combined diffusion and perfusion MR imaging. Radiology 231:517–527PubMedGoogle Scholar

Lucas C, Leclerc X, Pruvo JP et al. (2000) [Vertebral artery dissections: follow-up with magnetic resonance angiography and injection of gadolinium]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 156:1096–1105Google Scholar

Mettinger KL, Ericson K (1982) Fibromuscular dysplasia and the brain. I. Observations on angiographic, clinical and genetic characteristics. Stroke 13:46–52PubMedGoogle Scholar

Oelerich M, Lentschig MG, Zunker P et al. (1998) Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusion: comparison of 3D time-of-flight and 3D phase-contrast MR angiography. Neuroradiology 40:567–573PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oelerich M, Stogbauer F, Kurlemann G et al. (1999) Craniocervical artery dissection: MR imaging and MR angiographic findings. Eur Radiol 9:1385–1391PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Osborn AG, Anderson RE (1977) Angiographic spectrum of cervical and intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia. Stroke 8:617–626PubMedGoogle Scholar

Ozsarlak O, Van Goethem JW, Maes M et al. (2004) MR angiography of the intracranial vessels: technical aspects and clinical applications. Neuroradiology 46:955–972PubMedGoogle Scholar

Pipe JG (2001) Limits of time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. Top Magn Reson Imaging 12:163–174PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rasanen HT, Manninen HI, Vanninen RL et al. (1999) Mild carotid artery atherosclerosis: assessment by 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, with reference to intravascular ultrasound imaging and contrast angiography. Stroke 30:827–833PubMedGoogle Scholar

Remonda L, Senn P, Barth A et al. (2002) Contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the carotid artery: comparison with conventional digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:213–219PubMedGoogle Scholar

Scarabino T, Carriero A, Magarelli N et al. (1998) MR angiography in carotid stenosis: a comparison of three techniques. Eur J Radiol 28:117–125PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schellinger PD, Chalela JA, Kang DW et al. (2005) Diagnostic and prognostic value of early MR Imaging vessel signs in hyperacute stroke patients imaged <3 hours and treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:618–624PubMedGoogle Scholar

Schievink WI, Puumala MR, Meyer FB et al. (1996) Giant intracranial aneurysm and fibromuscular dysplasia in an adolescent with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. J Neurosurg 85:503–506PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sherman D (2002) Long-term Anticoagulation Therapy in Prevention of Stroke. Curr Treat Options Neurol 4:411–416PubMedGoogle Scholar

Steele SR, Martin MJ, Mullenix PS et al. (2004) Focused high-risk population screening for carotid arterial stenosis after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Am J Surg 187:594–598PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stehling MK, Niedermeyer M, Laub G (1997) [Contrast medium enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Theory, technique and practical implementation]. Radiologe 37:501–507PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sundgren PC, Sunden P, Lindgren A et al. (2002) Carotid artery stenosis: contrast-enhanced MR angiography with two different scan times compared with digital subtraction angiography. Neuroradiology 44:592–599PubMedGoogle Scholar

Teng MM, Tsai F, Liou AJ et al. (2004) Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of carotid artery after stenting. J Neuroimaging 14:336–341PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tintera J, Gawehn J, Bauermann T et al. (2004) New partially parallel acquisition technique in cerebral imaging: preliminary findings. Eur Radiol 14:2273–2281PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tomsick T, Brott T, Barsan W et al. (1996) Prognostic value of the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign and stroke scale score before ultraearly thrombolytic therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17:79–85PubMedGoogle Scholar

Trivedi RA, King-Im JM, Graves MJ et al. (2004) Noninvasive imaging of carotid plaque inflammation. Neurology 63:187–188PubMedGoogle Scholar

Uchino A, Sawada A, Takase Y et al. (2003) Variations of the superior cerebellar artery: MR angiographic demonstration. Radiat Med 21:235–238PubMedGoogle Scholar

Ueda T, Shimizu H, Aeba R et al. (1999) Prognosis of Marfan and non-Marfan patients with cystic medial necrosis of the aorta. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47:73–78PubMedGoogle Scholar

van Bemmel CM, Wink O, Verdonck B et al. (2003) Blood pool contrast-enhanced MRA: improved arterial visualization in the steady state. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 22:645–652PubMedGoogle Scholar

van de Perre S, Vanhoenacker FM, Van Breusegem L et al. (2004) Congenital agenesis of the internal carotid artery. JBR-BTR 87:258PubMedGoogle Scholar

von Kummer R, Holle R, Gizyska U et al. (1996) Interobserver agreement in assessing early CT signs of middle cerebral artery infarction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17:1743–1748Google Scholar

Wetzel S, Bongartz G (1999) MR angiography: supra-aortic vessels. Eur Radiol 9:1277–1284PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wetzel SG, Haselhorst R, Bilecen D et al. (2001) Preliminary experience with dynamic MR projection angiography in the evaluation of cervicocranial steno-occlusive disease. Eur Radiol 11:295–302PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wiesmann M, Yousry I, Seelos KC et al. (2001) Identification and anatomic description of the anterior choroidal artery by use of 3D-TOF source and 3D-CISS MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:305–310PubMedGoogle Scholar

Willig DS, Turski PA, Frayne R et al. (1998) Contrast-enhanced 3D MR DSA of the carotid artery bifurcation: preliminary study of comparison with unenhanced 2D and 3D time-of-flight MR angiography. Radiology 208:447–451PubMedGoogle Scholar

Younger DS (2004) Vasculitis of the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol 17:317–336PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yuan C, Mitsumori LM, Beach KW et al. (2001) Carotid atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive MR characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology 221:285–299PubMedGoogle Scholar

Zimmerman R, Leeds NE, Naidich TP (1977) Carotid-cavernous fistula associated with intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia. Radiology 122:725–726PubMedGoogle Scholar