Paleoecology and paleogeography of Eocene ostracod faunas from the Nile Valley between Minia and Maghagha, Upper Egypt

  • Ashraf M. T. Elewa
Chapter

Abstract

Sixty-four ostracod species and morphs in 130 samples from five sections along the Nile Valley between Minia and Maghagha cities could define the paleoenvironmental conditions that prevailed during the Eocene in the study area. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard coefficient of similarity (the paired group average method) led to the distinction of three biofacies of ostracod assemblages, each of them with its particular paleoenvironment. The Minia biofacies represents the early Eocene, and is characterized by deposition in an inner to outer shelf environment. The Maghagha biofacies is middle Eocene and represents a restricted shallow water environment, possibly with more or less reduced salinity. At the base of the sequence, these restricted conditions were accompanied by reduced, dissolved oxygen conditions. At the top, calm water conditions prevailed. The Qarara biofacies is also middle Eocene in age and was deposited in turbulent water conditions, gradually shallowing over time. On the other hand, the Samalut Formation, which was barren of microfossils, can be attributed, according to its lithological composition, to a particular type of facies representing a shallow marine environment. The ostracod species of the study area provide evidence of distinct migration of ostracods during the Paleogene along the southern shores of the Tethys.

Keywords

Eocene Ostracoda paleoecology paleobiogeography Nile Valley Egypt 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Allam A, Shamah K, Zalat A (1991) Biostratigraphy of the middle Eocene succession at Gebel Mishgigah, Wadi Rayan, Libyan Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 12(3): 449–459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Apostolescu V (1961) Contribution à l’étude paléontologique (Ostracodes) et stratigraphique des bassins Crétacées et Tertiaires de l’Afrique Occidentale. Rév Inst Franç Pétrole, Pau 16: 779–867Google Scholar
  3. Aref M (1982) Micropaleontology and biostratigraphy of Eocene rocks in the area between Assiut and Beni Suef of the Nile Valley, Egypt. Ph D Thesis, Assiut University, EgyptGoogle Scholar
  4. Azab MM (1984) Biostratigraphy of the middle Eocene in Upper Egypt. Ph. D. Thesis, Ain Shams University, EgyptGoogle Scholar
  5. Baird W (1845) Arrangement of the British Entomostraca, with a list of species, particularly noticing those which have as yet been discovered within the bounds of the Club. Hist Berwicksh Nat Club 2: 145–148Google Scholar
  6. Baird W (1850) The natural history of the British Entomostraca. Roy Soc London 8: 364 ppGoogle Scholar
  7. Barker MHS (1945) The stratigraphy and structure of the Eastern Desert between the latitude of Wasta and Assiut with data incorporated on additional sections. Unpublished AEO reportGoogle Scholar
  8. Bassiouni MA (1969a) Einige Costa- und Carinocythereis (Reticulina)-Arten aus dem Palä ozän und Eozän von Jordanien (Ostracoda). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 134(1): 1–16Google Scholar
  9. Bassiouni MA (1969b) Ostracoden aus dem Eozän von Ägypten (1. Trachyleberidinae). Geologische Jahrbuch, Hannover 87 383–426Google Scholar
  10. Bassiouni MA (1969c) Einige Buntonia- und Soudanella- Arten (Ostracoda, Crustacea) aus dem Eozän von Jordanien. Paleont Z 43(3/4): 205–214Google Scholar
  11. Bassiouni MA (1969d) Ostracoden aus dem Eozän von Ägypten (2. Die Unterfamilian Hemicytherinae, Thaerocytherinae und Campylocytherinae). Geologische Jahrbuch, Hannover 88: 203–234Google Scholar
  12. Bassiouni MA (1971) Ostracoden aus dem Eozän von Agypten (3. Die Unterfamilian Brachycytherinae und Buntoniinae). Geologische Jahrbuch, Hannover 89: 169–192Google Scholar
  13. Bassiouni MA, Elewa AMT (1999) Studies on some important ostracod groups from the Paleogene of Egypt. Geosound, Turkey 35: 13–27Google Scholar
  14. Bassiouni MA, Luger P (1990) Maastrichtian to early Eocene Ostracoda from Southern Egypt (paleontology, paleoecology, paleobiogeography and biostratigraphy). Berliner Geowiss Abh (A) 120(2): 755–928Google Scholar
  15. Bassiouni MA, Luger P (1996) Middle Eocene Ostracoda from northern Somalia. Cour Forsch-Inst Senckenberg 192: 1–139Google Scholar
  16. Bassiouni MA, Boukhary MA, Anan HS (1977) Ostracodes from Gebel Gurnah, Nile Valley. Egypt. Proc Egypt Acad Sci 30: 1–9Google Scholar
  17. Bassiouni MA, Boukhary MA, Shamah, Blondeau A (1984) Middle Eocene ostracodes from Fayoum, Egypt. Geol Mediterraneenne 11(2): 181–152Google Scholar
  18. Bassiouni MA, Hamza FH, Morsi AM (1994) Ostracod and microfacies study of the Eocene sequence in the northwestern part of the Eastern Desert, Egypt. Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève 13(1): 259–280Google Scholar
  19. Berggren WA, Kent DV, Swishar CC III, Aubry M-P (1995) A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In Berggren WA, Kent DV, Swishar CC III, Aubry M-P, Hardenbol J (eds) Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication pp 129–212Google Scholar
  20. Bermúdez PJ (1961) Contribución al estudio de las Globigerinidea de la región Caribe-Antillana (Paleoceno-Reciente). Bol. Geología (Venezolano), Spec Publ 3 (Cong. Geol. Venezolano, 3rd, Caracas 1959, Mem 3) pp 1119–1393Google Scholar
  21. Bishay Y (1961) Biostratigraphic study of the Eocene in the Eastern Desert between Samalut and Assiut by the larger foraminifera. 3rd Arab Petrol Congr, Alexandria 7 ppGoogle Scholar
  22. Bishay Y (1966) Studies on the larger foraminifera of the Eocene of the Nile Valley between Assiut, Cairo and S.W. Sinai. Ph D Thesis, Alexandria University, EgyptGoogle Scholar
  23. Blondeau, M. 1971. Contribution a l’etude des ostracodes Eocenes des Bassins de Campbon et de Saffre (Loire-Atlantique). Ph.D. diss. Nante University, France.Google Scholar
  24. Bold WH van den (1946) Contribution to the study of Ostracoda with special reference to the Tertiary and Cretaceous microfauna of the Caribbean region. Reprint by Antiquariaat Junk: 167 pp, Amsterdam 1970Google Scholar
  25. Bolli HM (1957) Planktonic foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad. BWI Bull US Nat Mus 215: 155–172Google Scholar
  26. Boukhary MA, Abdel Malik W (1983) Revision of the stratigraphy of the Eocene deposits in Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 6: 321–337Google Scholar
  27. Boukhary MA, Blondeau A, Ambroise D (1982) Etude sur les nummulites de la Région de Minia-Samalut, Vallée du Nil, Égypte. 1: Biometrie et biostratigraphie. 8 eme Colloque Africain de Micropalé ontologie 3: 65–78Google Scholar
  28. Boukhary MA, Toumarkine M, Khalifa H, Aref M (1982) Etude biostratigraphique a l’aide des foraminiferes planctoniques et des ostracodes de l’Éocène de Beni Mazar, Vallee du Nil, Egypte. 8 eme Colloque Africain de Micropaleontologie 3: 53–64Google Scholar
  29. Boukhary MA, Guernet C, Strougo A, Bassiouni MA, Bignot G, Abdel Ghany O (1993) Eocene ostracodes of Mingar El Rayan (Fayoum district, Egypt); stratigraphic and paleogeographic implication. Revue de Micropaléontologie 36(3): 191–211Google Scholar
  30. Brady GS (1898) On new or imperfectly known species of Ostracoda, chiefly from New Zealand. Trans Zool Soc London 14 (8): 429–452Google Scholar
  31. Brady GS, Crosskey HW, Robertson D (1874) A monograph of the post-Tertiary Entomostracea of Scotland including species from England and Ireland. Paleontograph Soc, London 1874: 274 ppGoogle Scholar
  32. Brönnimann P, Bermúdez PJ (1953) Truncorotaloides, a new foraminiferal genus from the Eocene of Trinidad. BWI J Paleont 27: 817–820Google Scholar
  33. Colom G (1954) Estudio de las biozonasa con foraminiferos del Terciario de Alicante. Bol Españ Inst Geol Y Minero 66: 1–279Google Scholar
  34. Coryell HN, Fields S (1937) A Gatun ostracode fauna from Cativa, Panama. Am Museum Novitates 956: 1–18Google Scholar
  35. Coryell HN, Sample CH, Jennings PH (1935) Bairdoppilata, a new genus of Ostracoda, with two new species. Am Museum Novitates 777: 1–5Google Scholar
  36. Crane MJ (1965) Upper Cretaceous Ostracodes of the Gulf Coast area. Micropaleontology 11(2): 191–254Google Scholar
  37. Cronin TM, Khalifa H (1979) Middle and late Eocene Ostracoda from Gebel El Mereir, Nile Valley, Egypt. Micropaleontology 25(4): 397–411Google Scholar
  38. Cushman JA (1925) New foraminifera from the Upper Eocene of Mexico. Contrib Cushman Lab Foramin Res 1: 4–9Google Scholar
  39. Cushman JA, Bermúdez PJ (1949) Some Cuban species of Globorotalia. Contrib Cushman Lab Foramin Res 25: 26–44Google Scholar
  40. Cushman JA, Jarvis PW (1929) New foraminifera from Trinidad. Contrib Cushman Lab Foramin Res 5: 6–17Google Scholar
  41. Deltel B (1964) Nouveaux ostracodes de l’Éocène et de l’Oligocène de l’ Aquitaine Meridionale. Act Soc Linn Bordeaux 100: 127–221Google Scholar
  42. Deroo G (1966) Cytheracea (Ostracodes) du Maastrichtien de Maastricht (Pays-Bas) et de réions voisines: résultats stratigraphiques et paléontologiques de leur étude. MGS C-V-2-2: 197 ppGoogle Scholar
  43. Ducasse O (1967) Nouveaux ostracodes de l’Eocene Nord-Aquitain. Proc Verb Soc Sci Phys Nature, Bordeaux pp 23–89Google Scholar
  44. Ducasse O (1969) Nouveaux ostracodes de l’Éocène Nord-Aquitanien. Proc Verb Soc Sci Phys Nature, Bordeaux 98 ppGoogle Scholar
  45. El Dawoody AS (1971) Middle Eocene foraminifera from Samalut and Areg Oasis, Egypt Zb Geol Vied Rad Zk 14: 91–162Google Scholar
  46. El Dawy MH (1997) Middle Eocene benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of east Beni Mazar area, Nile Valley, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 41(1): 413–464Google Scholar
  47. Elewa AMT (1994) Biostratigraphical studies of Eocene rocks of the El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib stretch, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Ph D Thesis, Minia University, EgyptGoogle Scholar
  48. Elewa AMT (1997) Ostracod assemblages from the Middle Eocene of the western bank of the Nile Valley between Samalut and Beni Mazar, Upper Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, Stuttgart 204(3): 353–378Google Scholar
  49. Elewa AMT (1998a) Fourier Biometrics: A case study on two species of the ostracode genus Bairdoppilata from the middle Eocene of Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Mh, Stuttgart 1998(4): 203–211Google Scholar
  50. Elewa AMT (1998b) Ostracod assemblages at the Lower/Middle Eocene boundary in the Nile Valley, Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, Stuttgart 210(1): 1–17Google Scholar
  51. Elewa AMT (1999) The use of allochthonus microfossils in determining paleoenvironments: A case study using middle Eocene ostracods from Wadi El Rayan, Fayoum, Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Science of Assiut University 28(2): 33–52Google Scholar
  52. Elewa AMT (2002a) Microevolution applied to ostracod biostratigraphy: the middle Cretaceous to middle Eocene ostracods of Egypt (with special reference to the genus Paracosta Siddiqui). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226(3): 289–318Google Scholar
  53. Elewa AMT (2002b) Paleobiogeography of Maastrichtian to early Eocene Ostracoda of North and West Africa and the Middle East. Micropaleontology 48(4): 391–398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Elewa AMT (2003) Morphometric studies on three ostracod species of the genus Digmocythere Mandelstam from the middle Eocene of Egypt. Palaeontologia Electronica 6(2): 11 ppGoogle Scholar
  55. Elewa AMT (2004) Quantitative analysis and paleoecology of Eocene Ostracoda and benthonic foraminifera from Gebel Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt. Palaeoclimatology Palaeogeography Palaeoecology, Elsevier 211(3-4): 309–323Google Scholar
  56. El Khoudary RH, Helmdach FF (1981) Biostratigraphic studies on the upper Eocene Apollonia Formation of NW Gebel AL Akhdar, NE Libya. Revista Española de Micropaleontologia 13(1): 5–23Google Scholar
  57. Guernet C, Bourdillon De Grissac C, Roger J (1991) Ostracodes Paleogenes du Dhofar (Oman). Interet stratigraphique et paleogeographique. Revue de Micropaléontologie 34(4): 297–311Google Scholar
  58. Haggag, MAY (1979) Biostratigraphy of the west-central part of the Western Desert, Egypt. Ph D Thesis, Ain Shams University, EgyptGoogle Scholar
  59. Haggag MAY (1989) Planktonic foraminiferal zonation and evolutionary groups of the middle Eocene in the Nile Valley, Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 178: 109–132Google Scholar
  60. Haggag MAY, Anan HS (1987) Middle Eocene planktonic foraminifera from the Maghagha area, Egypt. Ain Shams Science Bulletin (B) 25: 149–172Google Scholar
  61. Hanai T (1957) Studies on the Ostracoda from Japan, II. Subfamily Pectocytherinae n subfam. Journal of Faculty of Science of University of Tokyo 10: 469–482Google Scholar
  62. Haskins CW (1970) Tertiary Ostracoda from the Isle of Wight and Barton, Hampshire, England, Pt. 5. Revue de Micropaléontologie 13(1): 13–29Google Scholar
  63. Helal SA (1990) Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies on the Eocene sediments at Gebel Shabrawet area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. M.Sc Thesis, Cairo University, EgyptGoogle Scholar
  64. Honigstein A, Rosenfeld A, Benjamini C (1991) Ostracodes and foraminifera from the early-middle Eocene of Qeren Sartaba, Jordan Valley. Journal of Micropalaeontology 10(1): 95–107CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Honigstein A, Rosenfeld A, Benjamini C (2002) Eocene ostracode faunas from the Negev, southern Israel: Taxonomy, stratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Micropaleontology 48(4) 365–389Google Scholar
  66. Howe H (1935) Ostracoda of the Arca Zone of the Choctawhatchee Miocene of Florida. Geol Bull Fla 13: 1–37Google Scholar
  67. Howe H, Law J (1936) Louisiana Vicksburg Oligocene Ostracoda. Geol Bull, State of Louisiana Dept Conserv, Louisiana Geol Surv 7: 1–96Google Scholar
  68. Howe R (1963) Type saline Bayou Ostracoda of Louisiana. Geol Bull, State of Louisiana Dept Conserv, Louisiana Geol Surv 40: 1–62Google Scholar
  69. Hussein AIM (1992) Bulimina jacksonensis Cushman 1925 from the Mokattamian Stage (middle and upper Eocene) of Egypt and its biostratigraphic significance Middle East Research Center, Ain Shams University, Earth Science 107–113Google Scholar
  70. Hussein AIM (1994) Remarks on some uvigerines from the middle Eocene rocks in the Nile Valley. Egyptian Journal of Geology, Egypt 38(1): 21–34Google Scholar
  71. Irizuki T (1989) Fossil ostracod assemblages from the Pliocene Sasaoka Formation, Akita city, Japan-with reference to sedimentological aspects. Trans Proc Paleont Soc Japan, NS 296: 318Google Scholar
  72. Ismail AA (1992) Late Campanian to early Eocene Ostracoda from Esh El Mallaha area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Revue de Micropaléontologie 35(1): 39–52Google Scholar
  73. Jones TR (1849) A monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formation of England. Palaeontograph Soc, London 1849: 40 ppGoogle Scholar
  74. Jones TR (1857) Monograph of the Tertiary Entomostraca of England. Paleontogr Soc, London 1–68Google Scholar
  75. Kaufmann A (1900) Zur systematik der Cypriden. Naturf Gesell Bern pp 103–109Google Scholar
  76. Keen MC, Al Sheikhly SSJ, Elsogher A, Gammudi AM (1994) Tertiary ostracods of North Africa and the Middle East. In Simmons MD (ed) Micropaleontology and hydrocarbon exploration in the Middle East, Chapman and Hall Inc, London pp 371–400Google Scholar
  77. Keij AJ (1957) Eocene and Oligocene Ostracoda of Belgium. Inst Roy Sc Nat Belgique 139: 1–210Google Scholar
  78. Khalifa H, Cronin TM (1979) Ostracodes de l’Eocene moyen de El Sheikh Fadl, est de Beni Mazar, Haute Egypte. Revue de Micropaléontologie 22(3): 172–185Google Scholar
  79. Khalilov DM (1956) Pelagic foraminifers of the Paleogene deposits of Azerbaydjhan, Akad Nauk Azerbaydjhan, SSR Geol Inst Baku 17: 234–261 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  80. Latreille PA (1806) Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. Paris 1: 1–303Google Scholar
  81. Mandelstam MI (1958) Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Neftyanogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Geologo. Razvedochnogo Instituta (VNIGRI), Leningrad 115(9): 232–299Google Scholar
  82. Mandelstam MI (1960) Trilobitomorpha and Crustaceomorpha. In Orlov JA (ed) Fundamentals in Paleontology (the Arthropoda), Moscow pp 264–421 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  83. Marliére R (1958) Ostracodes du Montien des Mons et résultats de leur étude. Mém Soc Belge Géol, Paléont, hydrol 5: 1–53Google Scholar
  84. McCoy F (1844) A synopsis of the characters of the Carboniferous fossils of Ireland. Dublin Univ Press 207 ppGoogle Scholar
  85. Moore RC (ed) (1961) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda 3. Geol Soc Amer and Kansas Univ Press 442 ppGoogle Scholar
  86. Moos B (1965) Die Ostrakoden-Fauna des Unteroligozäns von Bünde (Bl. Herford-West, 3817) und einiger verwandte jüngere Arten (Ostr, Crust). I. Quadracythere (Hornibrookella) n subg, Pokornyella, Hemicythere, Hermanites. Geologische Jahrbuch, Hannover 82: 593–630Google Scholar
  87. Morsi A (1991) Stratigraphic and ecologic evaluation of the Eocene rocks in the area southwest of the Cairo-Suez road. M Sc Thesis, Ain Shams University, EgyptGoogle Scholar
  88. Morsi A, Boukhary M, Strougo A (2003) Middle-upper Eocene ostracods and nummulites from Gebel Na’alun, southeastern Fayoum, Egypt. Revue de Micropaléontologie 46: 143–160Google Scholar
  89. Müller GW (1894) Die Ostrakoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnite. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnite, herausgegeben von der zoologischen Station zu Neapel, Berlin 21(I-VIII): 1–404Google Scholar
  90. Nuttall WLF (1930) Eocene foraminifera from Mexico. J Paleont 4: 271–293Google Scholar
  91. Oertli HJ (ed) (1985) Atlas des ostracodes des France. Bull Centres Rech Explor-Prod Elf-Aquitaine 9: 396 ppGoogle Scholar
  92. Omara S, Mansour HH, Youssef M, Khalifa H (1977) Stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and structural features of the area east of Beni Mazar, Upper Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Assiut University 6(3): 171–197Google Scholar
  93. Puri H (1953) The ostracod genus Hemicythere and its allies. J Washington Acad Sci 43: 169–179Google Scholar
  94. Puri H (1960) Recent Ostracoda from the west coast of Florida. Trans Gulf Cst Ass Geol Soc 10: 107–149Google Scholar
  95. Reyment RA (1988) Evolutionary significant polymorphism in marine ostracods. In Hanai T, Ikeya N, Ishizaki K (eds) Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda (its fundamentals and applications). Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Ostracoda, Shizuoka pp 987–1001Google Scholar
  96. Reyment RA, Reyment ER (1959) Bairdia ilaroensis sp nov aus dem Paläozän Nigeriens und die Gueltigkeit der Gattung Bairdoppilata (Ostr, Crust). Stockholm Contributions in Geology 3: 59–70Google Scholar
  97. Ruggieri G (1962) Alcuni Ostracodi Quaternari e Recenti pertinenti al genere Costa Neviani. Boll Soc Paleont Ital 1: 3–9Google Scholar
  98. Said R (1960) Planktonic foraminifera from the Thebes Formation, Luxor, Egypt. Micropaleontology 6: 277–286Google Scholar
  99. Said R (1990) Cenozoic. In Said R (ed) The Geology of Egypt. A A Balkema Publishers pp 451–486Google Scholar
  100. Saito T (1962) Eocene planktonic foraminifera from Hahajima (Hillsborough Island). Trans Proc Paleont Soc Japan 45: 209–225Google Scholar
  101. Salahi D (1966) Ostracodes du Crétacé supérieur et du Tertiaire en provenanced’un Sondage de la Région de Zelten (Lybie). Inst Fran. Pétr 21(1): 3–43Google Scholar
  102. Sars GO (1866) Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder. Norske Vidensk-Akad Forhandl pp 1–130Google Scholar
  103. Sars GO (1922–1928) An account of the Crustacea of Norway. Crustacea: Bergen Mus, pt. XV–XVI 9: 277 ppGoogle Scholar
  104. Shamah K (1981) Le Paleogene de la province du Fayoum, Egypte. Mem Sci de la Terre, Paris 1: 383 pGoogle Scholar
  105. Shutskaya EK (1958) Izmenchivosti nekotorich nignepaleogenovikh planktonnikh foraminifer severnogo Kavkaza. Akad Nauk SSSR Voproso Mikropaleont 2: 84–90Google Scholar
  106. Siddiqui QA (1971) Early Tertiary Ostracoda of the Family Trachyleberididae from West Pakistan. Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist Geol, London 9: 98 ppGoogle Scholar
  107. Stephenson MB (1936) Shell structure of the ostracode genus Cytheridea. J Paleont 10(8): 695–703Google Scholar
  108. Strougo A, Boukhary MA (1987) The middle Eocene-upper Eocene boundary in Egypt: present state of problem. Revue de Micropaléontologie 30: 122–127Google Scholar
  109. Subbotina NN (1947) Foraminifers of the Danian and Paleogene deposits of the northern Caucasus. Microfauna of the Caucasus Emba region, and central Asia. Trudy (VNIGRI) pp 39–160 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  110. Subbotina NN (1953) Fossil foraminifers of the USSR: Globigerinidae, Hantkeninidae, and Globorotaliidae. Trudy (VNIGRI) 76: 296 pp (in Russian), TranslatedGoogle Scholar
  111. Sylvester-Bradley PC (1948) The ostracod genus Cythereis. J Paleont 22: 792–797Google Scholar
  112. Triebel E (1950) Homöomorphe Ostracoden-Gattungen. Senckenbergiana 31(5-6): 313–330Google Scholar
  113. Triebel E (1958) Zwei neue ostracoden-Gattungen aus dem lutet des Pariser Beckens. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 39(1/2): 105–117Google Scholar
  114. Toumarkine M, Bolli HM (1970) Evolution de Globorotalia cerroazulensis (Cole) dans l’É ocène moyen et supérieur de Possagno (Italie). Revue de Micropaléontologie 13: 131–145Google Scholar
  115. Whatley RC (1983) The application of Ostracoda to paleoenvironmental analysis. In Maddocks RF (ed) Application of Ostracoda. University of Houston Geosciences pp 51–77Google Scholar
  116. Whatley RC (1988) Ostracoda and paleogeography. In De Deckker P, Colin JP, Peypouquet JP (eds) Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences, Elsevier Publ Co, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo pp 103–123Google Scholar
  117. Whatley, R.C. 1991. The platycopid signal: a means of detecting kenoxic events using Ostracoda; J Micropaleont 10(2), 181–185Google Scholar
  118. Wehrli H (ed) (1969) Palaontologische Abhandlungen, Abteilung A, Palaozoologie. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, Germany 162 ppGoogle Scholar
  119. Yassini I (1979) The littoral system ostracodes from the Bay of Bou Ismail, Algiers, Algeria. Revista Española de Micropaleontologia 11(3): 353–416Google Scholar
  120. Zalat A (1987) Paleontologic and stratigraphic studies on the Eocene limestones at Gebel Mokattam and Mishgigah, Egypt. M Sc Thesis, Tanta University, EgyptGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005

Authors and Affiliations

  • Ashraf M. T. Elewa
    • 1
  1. 1.Geology Department, Faculty of ScienceMinia UniversityEgypt

Personalised recommendations