LoCA 2006: Location- and Context-Awareness pp 186-203 | Cite as
Nomatic: Location By, For, and Of Crowds
Abstract
In this paper we present a social and technical architecture which will enable the study of localization from the perspective of crowds. Our research agenda is to leverage new computing opportunities that arise when many people are simultaneously localizing themselves. By aggregating this and other types of context information we intend to develop a statistically powerful data set that can be used by urban planners, users and their software. This paper presents an end-to-end strategy, motivated with preliminary user studies, for lowering the social and technical barriers to sharing context information. The primary technology through which we motivate participation is an intelligent context-aware instant messaging client called Nomatic*Gaim. We investigate social barriers to participation with a small informal user study evaluating automatic privacy mechanisms which give people control over their context disclosure. We then analyze some preliminary data from an early deployment. Finally we show how leveraging these mass-collaborations could help to improve Nomatic*Gaim by allowing it to infer position to place mappings.
Keywords
Access Point Ubiquitous Computing Instant Messaging Computer Support Cooperative Work Technical ArchitecturePreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Hatch, R., Sharpe, T., Galyean, P.: Starfire: A global high accuracy differential gps system. Technical report, NavCom Technologies (2006)Google Scholar
- 2.Bahl, P., Padmanabhan, V.N.: RADAR: An In-Building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System. INFOCOM (2), 775–784 (2000)Google Scholar
- 3.Griswold, W.G., Boyer, R., Brown, S.W., Truong, T.M.: A Component Architecture for an Extensible, Highly Integrated Context-Aware Computing Infrastructure. In: Proc. of the 25th International Conf. on Software Engineering, pp. 363–372. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2003)Google Scholar
- 4.Griswold, W.G., Shanahan, P., Brown, S.W., Boyer, R., Ratto, M., Shapiro, R.B., Truong, T.M.: ActiveCampus - Experiments in Community-Oriented Ubiquitous Computing. Technical Report CS2003-0750, UC San Diego (2003)Google Scholar
- 5.Schilit, B., LaMarca, A., Borriello, G., Griswold, W., McDonald, D., Lazowska, E., Balachandran, A., Hong, J., Iverson, V.: Challenge: Ubiquitous Location-Aware Computing and the Place Lab Initiative. In: Proc. of WMASH 2003: The First ACM International Workshop on Wireless Mobile Applications and Services on WLAN (2003)Google Scholar
- 6.LaMarca, A., Chawathe, Y., Consolvo, S., Hightower, J., Smith, I.E., Scott, J., Sohn, T., Howard, J., Hughes, J., Potter, F., Tabert, J., Powledge, P., Borriello, G., Schilit, B.N.: Place lab: Device positioning using radio beacons in the wild. In: [50], pp. 116–133Google Scholar
- 7.Krumm, J., Williams, L., Smith, G.: SmartMoveX on a Graph - An Inexpensive Active Badge Tracker. In: Borriello, G., Holmquist, L.E. (eds.) UbiComp 2002. LNCS, vol. 2498, pp. 299–307. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Krumm, J., Cermak, G., Horvitz, E.: RightSPOT: A Novel Sense of Location for a Smart Personal Object. In: Dey, A.K., Schmidt, A., McCarthy, J.F. (eds.) UbiComp 2003. LNCS, vol. 2864, pp. 36–43. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Want, R., Hopper, A., Falcão, V., Gibbons, J.: The active badge location system. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 10(1), 91–102 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Lopes, C.V., Haghighat, A., Mandal, A., Givargis, T., Baldi, P.: Localization of off-the-shelf mobile devices using audible sound: Architectures, protocols and performance assessment. Mobile Computing and Communications Review (to appear) (2006)Google Scholar
- 11.Scott, J., Dragovic, B.: Audio location: Accurate low-cost location sensing. In: [50], pp. 1–18Google Scholar
- 12.Fox, D., Burgard, W., Thrun, S.: Markov localization for mobile robots in dynamic environments. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 11 (1999)Google Scholar
- 13.Wilson, D.H., Atkeson, C.G.: Simultaneous tracking and activity recognition (star) using many anonymous, binary sensors. In: [50], pp. 62–79Google Scholar
- 14.Hightower, J., Brumitt, B., Borriello, G.: The Location Stack: A Layered Model for Location in Ubiquitous Computing. In: Proc. of the Fourth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2002)Google Scholar
- 15.Liao, L., Fox, D., Hightower, J., Kautz, H., Schulz, D.: Voronoi Tracking: Location Estimation using Sparse and Noisy Sensor Data. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 723–728. IEEE/RSJ (2003)Google Scholar
- 16.Hightower, J., Borriello, G.: A survey and taxonomy of location systems for ubiquitous computing. Technical Report UW-CSE-01-08-03 (2001)Google Scholar
- 17.Polak, E., Society, W.: Amsterdam realtime (2002)Google Scholar
- 18.Ratti, C., Pulselli, R.M., Williams, S., Frenchman, D.: Mobile landscape: using location data from cell-phones for urban analysis. Environment and Planning B (to appear) (2006)Google Scholar
- 19.Hightower, J.: From position to place. In: Proceedings of The 2003 Workshop on Location-Aware Computing (2003); 10–12 part of the 2003 Ubiquitous Computing ConferenceGoogle Scholar
- 20.Smith, I.E., Consolvo, S., LaMarca, A., Hightower, J., Scott, J., Sohn, T., Hughes, J., Iachello, G., Abowd, G.D.: Social disclosure of place: From location technology to communication practices. In: [50], pp. 134–151Google Scholar
- 21.Mann, S.: “sousveillance”: inverse surveillance in multimedia imaging. In: MULTIMEDIA 2004: Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 620–627. ACM Press, New York (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Bureau, U.C.: Census 2000 TIGER/Line Data (2000), http://www.esri.com/data/download/census2000-tigerline/
- 23.Patterson, D.J., Fox, D., Kautz, H.A., Philipose, M.: Fine-grained activity recognition by aggregating abstract object usage. In: [51], pp. 44–51Google Scholar
- 24.Bao, L., Intille, S.S.: Activity Recognition from User-Annotated Acceleration Data. In: Ferscha, A., Mattern, F. (eds.) PERVASIVE 2004. LNCS, vol. 3001, pp. 1–17. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Del.icio.us social bookmarking website: http://del.icio.us/
- 26.Flickr photo sharing and tagging website: http://www.flickr.com/
- 27.Etsy handmade goods website: http://www.etsy.com/
- 28.Heath, C., Luff, P.: Disembodied conduct: Communication through video in a multi-media office environment. In: CHI 1991: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 99–103. ACM Press, New York (1991)Google Scholar
- 29.Dourish, P., Bellotti, V.: Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces. In: CSCW 1992: Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, pp. 107–114. ACM Press, New York (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Dourish, P., Bly, S.: Portholes: supporting awareness in a distributed work group. In: CHI 1992: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 541–547. ACM Press, New York (1992)Google Scholar
- 31.Gutwin, C., Greenberg, S.: Effects of awareness support on groupware usability. In: CHI 1998: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 511–518. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York (1998)Google Scholar
- 32.Milewski, A.E., Smith, T.M.: Providing presence cues to telephone users. In: CSCW 2000: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, pp. 89–96. ACM Press, New York (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Tang, J.C., Yankelovich, N., Begole, J., Kleek, M.V., Li, F., Bhalodia, J.: Connexus to awarenex: extending awareness to mobile users. In: CHI 2001: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 221–228. ACM Press, New York (2001)Google Scholar
- 34.Nardi, B.A., Whittaker, S., Bradner, E.: Interaction and outeraction: instant messaging in action. In: CSCW 2000: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, pp. 79–88. ACM Press, New York (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.Nardi, B.A., Whittaker, S., Schwarz, H.: Networkers and their activity in intensional networks. Computer Supported Cooperative Work 11(1-2), 205–242 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Nardi, B.A.: Beyond bandwidth: Dimensions of connection in interpersonal communication. Computer Supported Cooperative Work 14(2), 91–130 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Alexander, S.: Sales of Laptops Zip Ahead of Desktops (unknown), http://www.wirelessnewsfactor.com/perl/story/21861.html
- 38.Handel, M., Herbsleb, J.D.: What is chat doing in the workplace? In: CSCW 2002: Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, pp. 1–10. ACM Press, New York (2002)Google Scholar
- 39.Gaim website (2006)Google Scholar
- 40.Spreitzer, M., Theimer, M.: Providing location information in a ubiquitous computing environment (panel session). In: SOSP 1993: Proceedings of the fourteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, pp. 270–283. ACM Press, New York (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Hudson, S.E., Smith, I.: Techniques for addressing fundamental privacy and disruption tradeoffs in awareness support systems. In: CSCW 1996: Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, pp. 248–257. ACM Press, New York (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.Iachello, G., Smith, I.E., Consolvo, S., Abowd, G.D., Hughes, J., Howard, J., Potter, F., Scott, J., Sohn, T., Hightower, J., LaMarca, A.: Control, deception, and communication: Evaluating the deployment of a location-enhanced messaging service. In: [52], pp. 213–231Google Scholar
- 43.Consolvo, S., Smith, I.E., Matthews, T., LaMarca, A., Tabert, J., Powledge, P.: Location disclosure to social relations: why, when, & what people want to share. In: CHI 2005: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 81–90. ACM Press, New York (2005)Google Scholar
- 44.Lederer, S., Mankoff, J., Dey, A.K.: Who wants to know what when? privacy preference determinants in ubiquitous computing. In: CHI 2003: CHI 2003 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 724–725. ACM Press, New York (2003)Google Scholar
- 45.Patil, S., Kobsa, A.: The challenges in preserving privacy in awareness systems. Technical report, Institute for Sofware Research, University of California at Irvine (2003), http://www.isr.uci.edu/tech_reports/UCI-ISR-03-3.pdf
- 46.Wisneski, C., Ishii, H., Dahley, A., Gorbet, M.G., Brave, S., Ullmer, B., Yarin, P.: Ambient displays: Turning architectural space into an interface between people and digital information. In: Streitz, N.A., Konomi, S., Burkhardt, H.-J. (eds.) CoBuild 1998. LNCS, vol. 1370, pp. 22–32. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.Letchner, J., Fox, D., LaMarca, A.: Large-scale localization from wireless signal strength. In: Veloso, M.M., Kambhampati, S. (eds.) Proceedings of The Twentieth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the Seventeenth Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, pp. 15–20. AAAI Press / The MIT Press (2005)Google Scholar
- 48.Shaffer, J., Siewiorek, D.P., Smailagic, A.: Analysis of movement and mobility of wireless network users. In: [51], pp. 60–69Google Scholar
- 49.Microsoft live local: http://local.live.com/
- 50.Gellersen, H.-W., Want, R., Schmidt, A. (eds.): PERVASIVE 2005. LNCS, vol. 3468. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)Google Scholar
- 51.Mase, K., Rhodes, B. (eds.): Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ISWC. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2005)Google Scholar
- 52.Beigl, M., Intille, S.S., Rekimoto, J., Tokuda, H. (eds.): UbiComp 2005. LNCS, vol. 3660. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)Google Scholar