Metabolic Regulation and Coordination of the Metabolism in Bacteria in Response to a Variety of Growth Conditions

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology book series (ABE, volume 155)

Abstract

Living organisms have sophisticated but well-organized regulation system. It is important to understand the metabolic regulation mechanisms in relation to growth environment for the efficient design of cell factories for biofuels and biochemicals production. Here, an overview is given for carbon catabolite regulation, nitrogen regulation, ion, sulfur, and phosphate regulations, stringent response under nutrient starvation as well as oxidative stress regulation, redox state regulation, acid-shock, heat- and cold-shock regulations, solvent stress regulation, osmoregulation, and biofilm formation, and quorum sensing focusing on Escherichia coli metabolism and others. The coordinated regulation mechanisms are of particular interest in getting insight into the principle which governs the cell metabolism. The metabolism is controlled by both enzyme-level regulation and transcriptional regulation via transcription factors such as cAMP–Crp, Cra, Csr, Fis, PII(GlnB), NtrBC, CysB, PhoR/B, SoxR/S, Fur, MarR, ArcA/B, Fnr, NarX/L, RpoS, and (p)ppGpp for stringent response, where the timescales for enzyme-level and gene-level regulations are different. Moreover, multiple regulations are coordinated by the intracellular metabolites, where fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) play important roles for enzyme-level regulation as well as transcriptional control, while α-ketoacids such as α-ketoglutaric acid (αKG), pyruvate (PYR), and oxaloacetate (OAA) play important roles for the coordinated regulation between carbon source uptake rate and other nutrient uptake rate such as nitrogen or sulfur uptake rate by modulation of cAMP via Cya.

Graphical Abstract

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Keywords

Acetate overflow metabolism Acid shock Catabolite regulation Heat shock Nitrogen regulation Osmoregulation Oxidative stress Oxygen limitation Phosphate regulation Redox regulation Stringent response Sulfur regulation 

Abbreviations

Metabolites

CIT

Citrate

E4P

Erythrose-4-phosphate

FBP

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

F1P

Fructose 1-phosphate

F6P

Fructose-6-phosphate

G6P

Glucose-6-phosphate

GAP

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

GOX

Glyoxylate

ICI

Isocitrate

KDPG

2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate

αKG

α-ketoglutarate

MAL

Malate

OAA

Oxaloacetate

PEP

Phosphoenolpyruvate

6PG

6-phosphogluconate

PYR

Pyruvate

Protein and enzymes

Ack

Acetate kinase

Acs

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase

Adk

Adenylate kinase

CS

Citrate synthase

Cya

Adenylate cyclase

EI

Enzyme I

EII

Enzyme II

Fdp

Fructose bisphosphatase

FDH

Formate dehydrogenase

Fhl

Formate hydrogen lyase

GAD

Glutamate decarboxylase

G6PDH

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GAPDH

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GOGAT

Glutamate synthase

GS

Glutamine synthetase

HPr

Histidine-phosphorylatable protein

Hyc

Hydrogenase

ICDH

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Icl

Isocitrate lyase

KGDH

α-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase

LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase

Mez

Malic enzyme

MS

Malate synthase

NOX

NADH oxidase

Pck

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

PDH

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pfk

Phosphofructokinase

PGDH

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

Pgi

Phosphoglucose isomerase

Pox

Pyruvate oxidase

Ppc

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Pps

Phosphoenolpyruvate synthase

Pta

Phosphotransacetylase

Pyk

Pyruvate kinase

SOD

Superoxide dismutase

Others

ED pathway

Entner–Doudoroff pathway

EMP pathway

Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway

PMF

Proton motive force

PP pathway

Pentose phosphate pathway

PTS

Phosphotransferase system

ROS

Reactive oxygen species

TCA cycle

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Kyushu Institute of TechnologyIizuka, FukuokaJapan
  2. 2.Institute of Advanced BiosciencesKeio UniversityTsuruoka, YamagataJapan

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