Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi: Discovery, Bioactivity, and Bioproduction

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology book series (ABE, volume 113)

Abstract

Medicinal higher fungi such as Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum have been used as an alternative medicine remedy to promote health and longevity for people in China and other regions of the world since ancient times. Nowadays there is an increasing public interest in the secondary metabolites of those higher fungi for discovering new drugs or lead compounds. Current research in drug discovery from medicinal higher fungi involves a multifaceted approach combining mycological, biochemical, pharmacological, metabolic, biosynthetic and molecular techniques. In recent years, many new secondary metabolites from higher fungi have been isolated and are more likely to provide lead compounds for new drug discovery, which may include chemopreventive agents possessing the bioactivity of immunomodulatory, anticancer, etc. However, numerous challenges of secondary metabolites from higher fungi are encountered including bioseparation, identification, biosynthetic metabolism, and screening model issues, etc. Commercial production of secondary metabolites from medicinal mushrooms is still limited mainly due to less information about secondary metabolism and its regulation. Strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite production by medicinal mushroom fermentation include two-stage cultivation combining liquid fermentation and static culture, two-stage dissolved oxygen control, etc. Purification of bioactive secondary metabolites, such as ganoderic acids from G. lucidum, is also very important to pharmacological study and future pharmaceutical application. This review outlines typical examples of the discovery, bioactivity, and bioproduction of secondary metabolites of higher fungi origin.

Keywords

Bioactive compound Fermentation production Higher fungi Medicinal mushroom Physiological and pharmacological activity 

Abbreviations

ABTS

2,2'-Azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)

Abu

Aminobutyric acid

Aib

α-Aminoisobutyric acid

Ala

Alanine

BHA

Butyl hydroxyanisole

COX

Cyclooxygenase

DHNM

Dihydroxynaphthalene melanin

DMBA

7,12-Dimethylbenz[α]anthracene

DPPH

2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl

EBV-EA

Epstein–Barr virus early antigen

EC50

50%Effective concentration

ESI-MS

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Glc

Glucose

GLP

Ganoderma lucidum peptide

Gly

Glycine

HPLC

High-performance liquid chromatography

HRMS

High-resolution mass spectrometry

HyLeu

Hydroxyleucine

IC50

50% Inhibitory concentration value

kDa

Kilo Dalton

Leu

Leucine

Lxx

N-methylleucine/N-methylisoleucine/N-methylalloisoleucine

MePro

Methylproline

mg

Milligram

mL

Milliliter

mmol

Millimolar

NE

Norepinephrine

NmePh

N-Methylphenylalanine

NmeVal

N-Methylvaline

Phe

Phenylalanine

Pro

Proline

PTP1B

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

PTP1B

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

RP-HPLC

Reversed phase HPLC

TCM

Traditional Chinese medicine

TPA

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

UV

Ultraviolet

Val

Valine

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Notes

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC project Nos. 20762017, 30821005 and 20776084), Program for Excellent Young Talents of Science and Technology of Guizhou Province (No.QKT200786), the National High Technology R&D Program (863 Program project # 2007AA021506) of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST), and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (project nos. B203 and B505).

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag London 2009

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
  2. 2.Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou ProvinceAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyiChina
  3. 3.State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina

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