Regulation And Function Of H3K9 Methylation

  • Yoichi Shinkai
Chapter
Part of the Subcellular Biochemistry book series (SCBI, volume 41)

First histone lysine methyltransferase (HLMTase) was discovered in 2000. Since then, there are reports of dozens of novel HLMTases in different eukaryotes including plant, fungus, insect, nematode and vertebrate. The enzymes and their specific histone-lysine modifications have enormous impacts on the regulation of chromatin structure and function. Furthermore, various histone methyl-lysine demethylases (HLDMases) have been identified recently. In this chapter, histone H3 lysine 9 specific methyltransferases will be discussed as model enzymes involved in the regulation of chromatin function

Keywords

Fission Yeast Histone Methylation H3K9 Methylation Heterochromatin Formation Histone Lysine 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aagaard L, Laible G, Selenko P, Schmid M, Dorn R, Schotta G, Kuhfittig S, Wolf A, Lebersorger A, Singh PB et al (1999) Functional mammalian homologs of the Drosophila PEV-modifier Su(var)3-9 encode centromere-associated proteins which complex with the heterochromatin component M31. EMBO J 18: 1923-1938PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Ahmad K, Henikoff S (2002) The histone variant H3.3 marks active chromatin by replication-independent nucleosome assembly. Mol. Cell 9: 1191-1200PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Allshire RC (1995) Elements of chromosome structure and function in fission yeast. Semin Cell Biol 6: 55-64PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Baulcombe D (2004) RNA silencing in plants. Nature 431: 356-363PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Bannister AJ, Zegerman P, Partridge JF, Miska EA, Thomas JO, Allshire RC, Kouzarides T (2001) Selective recognition of methylated lysine 9 on histone H3 by the HP1 chromo domain. Nature 410: 120-124PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Bernstein BE, Mikkelsen TS, Xie X, Kamal M, Lander ES (2006) A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. Cell 125: 315-326PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Boyer LA, Plath K, Zeitlinger J, Brambrink T, Medeiros LA, Lee TI, Levine SS, Wernig M, Tajonar A, Ray MK et al (2006) Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. Nature 19 April; 441:349-353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Bracken AP, Dietrich N, Pasini D, Hansen KH, Helin K (2006) Genome-wide mapping of Polycomb target genes unravels their roles in cell fate transitions. Genes Dev 20: 1123-1136PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Buyse IM, Shao G, Huang S (1995) The retinoblastoma protein binds to RIZ, a zinc-finger protein that shares an epitope with the adenovirus E1A protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4467-4471PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Canote R, Du Y, Carling T, Tian F, Peng Z, Huang S (2002) The tumor suppressor gene RIZ in cancer gene therapy. Oncol Rep 9: 57-60PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Cao R, Zhang Y (2004) SUZ12 is required for both the histone methyltransferase activity and the silencing function of the EED-EZH2 complex. Mol Cell 15: 57-67PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Cobb BS, Nesterova TB, Thompson E, Hertweck A, O’Connor E, Godwin J, Wilson CB, Brockdorff N, Fisher AG, Smale ST, Merkenschlager M (2005) T cell lineage choice and differentiation in the absence of the RNase III enzyme Dicer. J Exp Med 201(9): 1367-1373PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Davis CA, Haberland M, Arnold MA, Sutherland LB, McDonald OG, Richardson JA, Childs G, Harris S, Owens GK, Olson EN (2006) PRISM/PRDM6, a transcriptional repressor that promotes the proliferative gene program in smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biol 26: 2626-2636PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Delattre M, Spierer A, Jaquet Y, Spierer P (2004) Increased expression of Drosophila Su(var)3-7 triggers Su(var)3-9-dependent heterochromatin formation. J Cell Sci 117: 6239-6247PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Derunes C, Briknarova K, Geng L, Li S, Gessner CR., Hewitt K, Wu S, Huang S, Woods VI Jr, Ely KR (2005) Characterization of the PR domain of RIZ1 histone methyltransferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 333: 925-934PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Dodge JE, Kang YK, Beppu H, Lei H, Li E (2004) Histone H3-K9 methyltransferase ESET is essential for early development. Mol Cell Biol 24: 2478-2486PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Duan Z, Zarebski A, Montoya-Durango D, Grimes HL, Horwitz M (2005) Gfi1 coordinates epigenetic repression of p21Cip/WAF1 by recruitment of histone lysine methyltransferase G9a and histone deacetylase 1. Mol Cell Biol 280: 13928-13935Google Scholar
  18. Ebbs ML, Bartee L, Bender J (2005) H3 lysine 9 methylation is maintained on a transcribed inverted repeat by combined action of SUVH6 and SUVH4 methyltransferases. Mol Cell Biol 25: 10507-10515PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Ebbs ML, Bender J (2006) Locus-specific control of DNA methylation by the Arabidopsis SUVH5 histone methyltransferase. Plant Cell 18(5): 1166-1176PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Fang J, Feng Q, Ketel CS, Wang H, Cao R, Xia L, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Simon JA, Zhang Y (2002) Purification and functional characterization of SET8, a nucleosomal histone H4-lysine 20-specific methyltransferase. Curr Biol 12: 1086-1099PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Fischle W, Wang Y, Allis CD (2003) Histone and chromatin cross-talk. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15: 172-183PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Fischle W, Tsseng BS, Dormann HL, Ueberheide BM, Garcia BA, Shabanowitz J, hunt DF, Funabini H, Allis CD (2005) Regulation of HP1-chromatin binding by histone H3 methylation and phosphorylation. Nature 438: 1116-1122PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Flanagan JF, Mi LZ, Chruszcz M, Cymborowski M, Clines KL, Kim Y, Minor W, Rastinejad F, Khorasanizadeh S (2005) Double chromodomains cooperate to recognize the methylated histone H3 tail. Nature 438: 1181-1185PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Fodor BD, Kubicek S, Yonezawa M, O’Sullivan RJ, Sengupta R, Perez-Burgos L, Opravil S, Mechtler K, Schotta G, Jenuwein T (2006) Jmjd2b antagonizes H3K9 tri-methylation at pericentric heterochromatin in mammalian cells. Genes Dev 20:1557-1562PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Freitag M, Hickey PC, Khlafallah TK, Reed ND, Selker EU (2004) HP1 is essential for DNA methylation in neurospora. Mol Cell 13: 427-434PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Gendrel AV, Colot V (2005) Arabidopsis epigenetics: When RNA meets chromatin. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8: 142-147PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Grewal SI, Rice JC (2004) Regulation of heterochromatin by histone methylation and small RNAs. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16: 230-238PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Gyory I, Wu J, Fejer G, Seto E, Wright KL (2004) PRDI-BF1 recruits the histone H3 methyltransferase G9a in transcriptional silencing. Nat Immunol 5: 299-308PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Harte PJ, Wu W, Carrasquillo MM, Matera AG (1999) Assignment of a novel bifurcated SET domain gene, SETDB1, to human chromosome band 1q21 by in situ hybridization and radiation hybrids. Cytogenet Cell Genet 84: 83-86PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Henikoff S, Ahmad K (2005) Assembly of variant histones into chromatin. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 21: 133-153PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Hirata T, Lipp JJ, Toh BH, Peters JM (2005) Histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation by Aurora B causes HP1 dissociation from heterochromatin. Nature 438: 1176-1180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Horn PJ, Bastie JN, Peterson CL (2005) A Rik1-associated, cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for heterochromatin formation. Genes Dev 19: 1705-1714PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Huang Y, Fang J, Bedford MT, Zhang Y, Xu RM (2006) Recognition of histone H3 lysine-4 methylation by the double tudor domain of JMJD2A. Science 312: 748-751PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Ichimura T, Watanabe S, Sakamoto Y, Aoto T, Fujita N, Nakao M (2005) Transcriptional repression and heterochromatin formation by MBD1 and MCAF/AM family proteins. J Biol Chem 280(14): 13928-13935PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Jackson JP, Lindroth AM, Cao X, Jacobsen SE (2002) Control of CpNpG DNA methylation by the KRYPTONITE histone H3 methyltransferase. Nature416: 556-560PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Jacobs SA, Taverna SD, Zhang Y, Briggs SD, Li J, Eissenberg JC, Allis CD, Khorasanizadeh S (2001) Specificity of the HP1 chromo domain for the methylated N-terminus of histone H3. EMBO J 20(18): 5232-5241PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Janicki SM, Tsukamoto T, Salghetti SE, Tansey WP, Sachidanandam R, Prasanth KV, Ried T, Shav-Tal Y, Bertrand E, Singer RH, Spector DL (2004). From silencing to gene expression: Real-time analysis in single cells. Cell 116: 683-698PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Jenuwein T (2006) The epigenetic magic of histone lysine methylation. FEBS J. 273:3121-3135PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Jia S, Kobayashi R, Grewal SI (2005) Ubiquitin ligase component Cul4 associates with Clr4 histone methyltransferase to assemble heterochromatin. Nat Cell Biol 7: 1007-1013PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Kamoi K, Yamamoto K, Misawa A, Miyake A, Ishida T, Tanaka Y, Mochizuki M, Watanabe T (2006) SUV39H1 interacts with HTLV-1 Tax and abrogates Tax transactivation of HTLV-1 LTR. Retrovirology 3:5PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Kanellopoulou C, Muljo SA, Kung AL, Ganesan S, Drapkin R, Jenuwein T, Livingston DM, Rajewsky K (2005) Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes Dev 19: 489-501PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Klar AJ (1998) Propagating epigenetic states through meiosis: where Mendel’s gene is more than a DNA moiety. Trends Genet 14: 299-301PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Klein RR, Houtz RL (1995) Cloning and developmental expression of pea ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase. Plant Mol Biol 27(2): 249-261PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Kouzarides T (2002) Histone methylation in transcriptional control. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12: 198-209PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Lachner M, O’Carroll D, Rea S, Mechtler K, Jenuwein T (2001) Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins. Nature 410: 116-120PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Lachner M, Sengupta R, Schotta G, Jenuwein T (2004) Trilogies of histone lysine methylation as epigenetic landmarks of the eukaryotic genome. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 69: 209-218PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Lee DY, Northrop JP, Kuo MH, Stallcup MR (2006) Histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase G9a is a transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors. J Biol Chem 281: 8476-8485PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Lee TI, Jenner, RG, Boyer LA, Guenther MG, Levine SS, Young RA (2006) Control of developmental regulators by Polycomb in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 125:301-313PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Martienssen RA, Zaratiegui M, Goto DB (2005) RNA interference and heterochromatin in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Trends Genet 21(8): 450-456PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Martin C, Zhang Y (2005) The diverse functions of histone lysine methylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 838-849PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Mathieu O, Bender J (2004) RNA-directed DNA methylation. J Cell Sci 117: 4881-4888PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Matzke M, Aufsatz W, Kanno T, Daxinger L, Papp I, Mette MF, Matzke AJ (2004) Genetic analysis of RNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing. Biochem Biophys Acta 1677(1-3): 129-141PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. McKittrick E, Gafken PR, Ahmad K, Henikoff S (2004) Histone H3.3 is enriched in covalent modifications associated with active chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 1525-1530PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Milner CM, Campbell RD (1993) The G9a gene in the human major histocompatibility complex encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin-like repeats. Biochem J 290: 811-818PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Mis J, Ner SS, Grigliatti TA (2006) Identification of three histone methyltransferases in Drosophila: dG9a is a suppressor of PEV and is required for gene silencing. Mol Genet Genomics 275:513-526PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Mito Y, Henikoff JG, Henikoff S (2005) Genome-scale profiling of histone H3.3 replacement patterns. Nat Genet 7: 1090-1097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Murchison EP, Partridge JF, Tam OH, Cheloufi S, Hannon GJ (2005)Characterization of Dicer-deficient murine embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 12135-12140PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Nakayama J, Rice JC, Strahl BD, Allis CD, Grewal SI (2001) Role of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in epigenetic control of heterochromatin assembly. Science 292: 110-113PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Naumann K, Fischer A, Hofmann I, Krauss V, Phalke S, Irmler K, Hause G, Aurich AC, Dorn R, Jenuwein T, Reuter G (2005) Pivotal role of AtSUVH2 in heterochr EMBO J 24: 1418-1429PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Nielsen SJ, Schneider R, Bauer UM, Bannister AJ, Morrison A, O’Carroll D, Firestein R, Cleary M, Jenuwein T, Herrera RE, Kouzasrides T (2001) Rb targets histone H3 methylation and HP1 to promoters. Nature 201(9): 1367-1373Google Scholar
  61. Nishioka K, Rice JC, Sarma K, Erdjument-Bromage H, Werner J, Wang Y, Chuikov S, Valenzuela P, Tempst P, Steward R et al (2002) PR-Set7 is a nucleosome-specific methyltransferase that modifies lysine 20 of histone H4 and is associated with silent chromatin. Mol Cell 9: 1201-1213PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. O’Carroll D, Scherthan H, Peters AH, Opravil S, Haynes AR, Laible G, Rea S, Schmid M, Lebersorger A, Jerratsch M et al (2000) Isolation and characterization of Suv39h2, a second histone H3 methyltransferase gene that displays testis-specific expression. Mol Cell Biol 20: 9423-9433PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Ogawa H, Ishiguro K, Gaubatz S, Livingston DM, Nakatani Y (2002) A complex with chromatin modifiers that occupies E2F- and Myc-responsive genes in G0 cells. Science 296: 1132-1136PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Pal-Bhadra M, Leibovitch BA, Gandhi SG, Rao M, Bhadra U, Birchler JA, Elgin SC (2004). Heterochromatic silencing and HP1 localization in Drosophila are dependent on the RNAi machinery. Science 303: 669-672PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Pasini D, Bracken AP, Jensen MR, Lazzerini DE, Helin K (2004) Suz12 is essential for mouse development and for EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity. EMBO J 23: 4061-4071PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Peters AH, Kubicek S, Mechtler K, O’Sullivan RJ, Derijck AA, Perez-Burgos L, Kohlmaier A, Opravil S, Tachibana M, Shinkai Y et al (2003) Partitioning and plasticity of repressive histone methylation states in mammalian chromatin. Mol Cell 12: 1577-1589PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Rea S, Eisenhaber F, O’Carroll D, Strahl BD, Dun Z-W, Schmid M, Opravil S, Mechtler K, Ponting CP, Allis CD, Jenuwein T (2000) Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases. Nature 406: 593-599PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Reuter G, Spierer P (1992) Position effect variegation and chromatin proteins. Bioessays 14: 605-612PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Rice JC, Briggs SD, Ueberheide B, Barber CM, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Shinkai Y, Allis CD (2003) Histone methyltransferases direct different degrees of methylation to define distinct chromatin domains. Mol Cell 12: 1591-1598PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Roopra A, Qazi R, Schoenike B, Daley TJ, Morrison JF (2004) Localized domains of g9a-mediated histone methylation are required for silencing of neuronal genes. Mol Cell 14: 727-738PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Sadaie M, Iida T, Urano T, Nakayama J (2004) A chromodomain protein, Chp1, is required for the establishment of heterochromatin in fission yeast. EMBO J 23: 3825-3835PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Sarraf SA, Stancheva I (2004) Methyl-CpG binding protein MBD1 couples histone H3 methylation at lysine 9 by SETDB1 to DNA replication and chromatin assembly. Mol Cell 15: 595-605PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Schotta G, Ebert A, Krauss V, Fischer A, Hoffmann J, Rea S, Jenuwein T, Dorn R, Reuter G (2002) Central role of Drosophila SU(VAR)3-9 in histone H3-K9 methylation and heterochromatic gene silencing. EMBO J 21(5): 1121-1131PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Schotta G, Lachner M, Sarma K, Ebert A, Sengupta R, Reuter G, Reinberg D, Jenuwein T (2004) A silencing pathway to induce H3-K9 and H4-K20 trimethylation at constitutive heterochromatin. Genes Dev 18: 1251-1262PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Schultz DC, Ayyanathan K, Negorev D, Maul GG, Rauscher III FJ (2002) SETDB1: A novel KAP-1-associated histone H3, lysine 9-specific methyltransferase that contributes to HP1-mediated silencing of euchromatic genes by KRAB zinc-finger proteins. Genes Dev 16: 919-932PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Schwartz BE, Ahmad K (2005) Transcriptional activation triggers deposition and removal of the histone variant H3.3. Genes Dev 19: 804-814PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Shi Y, Sawada J, Sui G, Affar el B, Whetstine JR, Lan F, Ogawa H, Luke MP, Nakatani Y (2003). Coordinated histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex. Nature 422: 735-738PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Shi Y, Lan F, Matson C, Mulligan P, Whetstine JR, Cole PA, Casero RA, Shi Y (2004) Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1. Cell 119: 941-953PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Sims RJ 3rd, Reinberg D (2006) Histone H3 Lys 4 methylation: Caught in a bind? Genes Dev. 20: 2779-2786PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Stewart MD, Li J, Wong J (2005) Relationship between histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, transcription repression, and heterochromatin protein 1 recruitment. Mol Cell Biol 25: 2525-2538PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Tachibana M, Sugimoto K, Fukushima T, Shinkai Y (2001) Set domain-containing protein, G9a, is a novel lysine-preferring mammalian histone methyltransferase with hyperactivity and specific selectivity to lysines 9 and 27 of histone H3. J Biol Chem 276: 25309-25317PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Tachibana M, Sugimoto K, Nozaki M, Ueda J, Ohta T, Ohki M, Fukuda M, Takeda N, Niida H, Kato H et al (2002) G9a histone methyltransferase plays a dominant role in euchromatic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and is essential for early embryogenesis. Genes Dev 16: 1779-1791PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Tachibana M, Ueda J, Fukuda M, Takeda N, Ohta T, Iwanari H, Sakihama T, Kodama T, Hamakubo T, Shinkai Y (2005) Histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP form heteromeric complexes and are both crucial for methylation of euchromatin at H3-K9. Genes Dev 19: 815-826PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Takeuchi T, Watanabe Y, Takano-Shimizu T, Kondo S (2006) The roles of jumonji and jumonji family genes in chromatin. Dev Dynamics 235: 2449-2459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Tamaru H, Selker EU (2001) A histone H3 methyltransferase controls DNA methylation in Neurospora crassa. Nature 414: 277-283PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Trewick SC, Mclaughlin RJ, Allshire RC (2005) Methylation: Lost in hydroxylation? EMBO Rep 6: 315-320PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Tsukada Y-I, Fang J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Warren ME, Borchers CH, Tempst P, Zhang Y (2006) Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins. Nature 439: 811-816PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Ueda J, Tachibana M, Ikura T, Shinkai Y (2006) Zinc finger protein wiz links G9a/GLP histone methyltransferases to the co-repressor molecule CtBP. J Biol Chem 281:20120-20128PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Vakoc CR, Mandat SA, Olenchock BA, Blobel GA (2005) Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and HP1gamma are associated with transcription elongation through mammalian chromatin. Mol Cell 19: 381-391PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Vassen L, Fiolka K, Moroy T (2006). Gfi1b alters histone methylation at target gene promoters and sites of gamma-satellite containing heterochromatin. EMBO J 25: 2409-2419PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Verdel A, Moazed D (2005) RNAi-directed assembly of heterochromatin in fission yeast. FEBS Lett 579(26): 5872-5878PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Wallrath LL (1998) Unfolding the mysteries of heterochromatin. Curr Opin Genet Dev 8(2): 147-153PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Wang H, An W, Cao R, Xia L, Erdjument-Bromage H, Chatton B, Tempst P, Roeder RG, Zhang Y (2003) mAM facilitates conversion by ESET of dimethyl to trimethyl lysine 9 of histone H3 to cause transcriptional repression. Mol Cell 12: 475-487PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Weiler KS, Wakimoto BT (1995) Heterochromatin and gene expression in Drosophila. Annu Rev Genet 29: 577-605PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Whetstine JR, Nottke A, Lan F, Huarte M, Smolikov S, Chen Z, Spooner E, Li E, Zhang G, Colaiacovo M, Shi Y (2006) Reversal of histone lysine trimethylation by the JMJD2 family of histone demethylases. Cell 125: 467-481PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Yamane K, Toumazou C, Tsukada Y-I, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Wong J, Zhang Y (2006) JHDM2A, a JmjC-containing H3K9 demethylase, facilitates transcription activation by androgen receptor. Cell 125: 483-495PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer 2007

Authors and Affiliations

  • Yoichi Shinkai
    • 1
  1. 1.Experimental Research Center for Infectious DiseasesInstitute for Virus Research, Kyoto UniversitySakyo-ku, KyotoJapan

Personalised recommendations