IUTAM Symposium on Impact Biomechanics: From Fundamental Insights to Applications pp 441-450 | Cite as
Numerical Human Model to Predict Side Impact Thoracic Trauma
Abstract
A previously developed thoracic numerical model was further enhanced for use in predicting thoracic trauma in auto crash simulations. The model consists of a detailed thoracic cage and organs developed from digital images. The first iteration of the detailed thoracic model incorporated three-dimensional finite element representations of the spine, ribs, heart, lungs and major blood vessels. The second iteration of the model was expanded to include rib cage surface muscles and upper limbs, with improvements to several material models. This detailed thoracic model correlated well with existing front and side pendulum impact experiment data. As this model will be integrated with numerical vehicle models it was necessary to develop a simplified head, pelvis, abdomen and legs.
The current version of the model was developed and evaluated in a stepwise fashion using existing experimental data including frontal and side thoracic pendulum impact tests. Side abdominal and pelvic pendulum impact tests were used to design simplified representations of the associated components to complete the human body model.
Complex loading via side sled impact tests was then investigated, where the body is loaded unbelted using a representative NHTSA-type and WSU-type sled test system. The predicted model response shows good agreement with the experimental data.
Key words
numerical thoracic model Finite Element Method (FEM) side impact traumaPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System, Traffic Safety Facts 2001, DOT HS 809 484Google Scholar
- 2.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Side Impact Protection; Side Impact Phase-In Reporting Requirements; Proposed Rule, Federal Register, Part IV, Department of Transportation 49 CFR Parts 571 and 598, Docket No. NHTSA-2004-17694, 2004Google Scholar
- 3.Deng, Y.C., Kong, W. and Ho, H., Development of a Finite Element Human Thorax Model for Impact Injury Studies, SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit Michigan, SAE Paper 1999-01-0715, 1999Google Scholar
- 4.Chang, F., The Development and Validation of a Finite Element Human Thorax Model for Automotive Impact Injury Studies, Proceedings of the 2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, AMD-Vol. 251Google Scholar
- 5.Melvin, J.W., Stalnaker, R.L., Roberts, V.L. and Trollope, M.L., Impact Injury Mechanisms in Abdominal Organs, The 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 730968, 1973Google Scholar
- 6.Viano, D.C., Lau, I.V., Asbury, C., King, A.I. and Begeman, P., Biomechanics of the Human Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis in Lateral Impact, Accident Analysis and Prevention, v. 21, n. 6, 1989Google Scholar
- 7.Cheng, H., Obergefell, L. and River, A., Generator of Body (GEBOD) Manual, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, AL/CF-TR-1994-0051, 1994Google Scholar
- 8.Robbins, D.H., Anthropometric Specifications for Mid-Sized Male Dummy, Volume 2, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, DTNH22-80-C-07502, 1983Google Scholar
- 9.McConville, J.T., Clauser, C.E., Churchill, Cuzzie, J. and Kaleps, I., Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; Wright-Patterson AFB AFAMRL-TR-80-119, 1980Google Scholar
- 10.Du Bois, P., A Simplified Approach to the Simulation of Rubber-Like Materials Under Dynamic Loading, 4th European LSDYNA Users Conference, Chapter D, Material, D-I-31, 2003Google Scholar
- 11.Van Sligtenhorst, C.R., Cronin, D.S. and Brodland, G.W., High Strain Rate Compressive Properties of Soft Tissue, Proceedings of the 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2003-41258Google Scholar
- 12.McElhaney, J.H., Dynamic Response of Bone and Muscle Tissue, Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 21, 1966Google Scholar
- 13.Yamada, H., Strength of Biological Materials, G. Evans (eds), The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1970Google Scholar
- 14.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Biomechanics Test Database, National Transportation Biomechanics Research Center, http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/, 2004Google Scholar
- 15.Kuppa, S., Eppinger, R., Maltese, M., Naik, R., Pintar, F., Yoganandan, N., Saul, R. and McFadden, J., Assessment of Thoracic Injury Criteria for Side Impact, IRCOBI Conference, 2000Google Scholar
- 16.Eppinger, R.H., Marcus, J. and Morgan, R., Development of Dummy and Injury Index for NHTSA's Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program, SAE Paper No. 840885, 1984Google Scholar
- 17.Kroell, C.K., Schneider, D.C. and Nahum, A.M., Impact Tolerance and Response of the Human Thorax, The 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 710851, 1971Google Scholar
- 18.Chung, J., Cavanaugh, J.M., King, A.I., Koh, S.W. and Deng, Y.C., Thoracic Injury Mechanisms and Biomechanical Responses in Lateral Velocity Pulse Impacts, The 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, 99SC04, 1999Google Scholar
- 19.Pintar, F.A., Yoganandan, N., Hines, M.H., Maltese, M., McFadden, J., Saul, R., Eppinger, R., Khaewpong, N. and Kleinberger, M., Chestband Analysis of Human Tolerance to Side Impact, The 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference, 973320, 1997Google Scholar
- 20.Cavanaugh, J.M., Walilko, T.J., Malhotra, A., Zhu, Y. and King, A.I., Biomechanical Response and Injury Tolerance of the Thorax in Twelve Sled Side Impacts, The 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 902307, 1990Google Scholar