Neem Versus Entomopathogens and Natural Enemies of Crop Pests: The Potential Impact and Strategies

  • S. Raguraman
  • N. Ganapathy
  • T. Venkatesan

Keywords

Natural Enemy Azadirachta Indica Neem Seed Neem Extract Neem Cake 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aguda, R.M., Rombach, M.C. and Shepard, B.M. (1986), Effect of neem oil on germination and sporulation of the entomophagous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, International Rice Research Newsletter, 11, 34–35.Google Scholar
  2. Arun Baitha, Hameed, S.F. and Singh, R. (2000), Effectiveness and economics of various treatments and their impact on spider population in rice ecosystem, Annals of Plant Protection Scienc, 8, 13–16.Google Scholar
  3. Awad, T.I., Onder, F. and Kismali, S. (1998), Focus on natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 22, 225–240.Google Scholar
  4. Babu, B.R. and Krishnayya, P.V. (1998), Bioinsecticides to mitigate the load of quinalphos against cauliflower caterpillars. Pesticide Research Journal, 10, 231–234.Google Scholar
  5. Babu, G.R., Rao, G.M. and Rao, P.A. (1998), Efficacy of neem oil and neem cake for the control of green leaf hoppers, brown plant hoppers and their effect on predators of brown plant hoppers, Shashpa, 5, 91–94.Google Scholar
  6. Bajan, C., Kmitowa, K. and Popowska, N.E. (1998), Reaction of various ecotypes of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to the botanical preparation neem and pyrethroid Fastak, Archive of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 31, 369–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Balikai, R.A., Giraddi, R.S., Yelshetty, S. and Sattigi, H.N. (1997), Control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on redgram with neem seed kernel extract, Bellary jali leaf extract, NPV and insecticides, Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 10, 999–1002.Google Scholar
  8. Bandara, K.A.N.P. and Kudagamage, C. (1996), Potential of neem for controlling Leaf-eating caterpillar complex on cabbage, in Neem and Environment 1, eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, pp. 547–558.Google Scholar
  9. Banken, J.A.O. and Stark, J.D. (1997), Stage and age influence on the susceptibility of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) after direct exposure to Neemix, a neem insecticide, Journal of Economic Entomology, 90, 1102–1105.Google Scholar
  10. Banken, J.A.O. and Stark, J.D. (1998), Multiple routes of pesticide exposure and the risk of pesticides to biological controls: a study of neem and the seven spotted lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 91, 1–6.Google Scholar
  11. Basedow, T., Lucknhard, J. and Peters, A. (1997), Results of two experiments on the control of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say by Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis and NeemAzal-T/S, Proceedings Entomology Conference, Bayreuth, Germany, 11, 1–6.Google Scholar
  12. Baskaran, R.K.M., Venugopal, M.S. and Mahadevan, N.R. (1999), Effect of certain botanicals on biological activity of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura), Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 69, 224–226.Google Scholar
  13. Beckage, N.E., Metcalf, J.S., Nielsen, B.D. and Nesbitt, J.D. (1988), Disruptive effects of azadirachtin on development of Cotesia congregata in host tobacco hornworm larvae, Archives of Insect Biochemistry Physiology, 9, 47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Beitzen H.I. and Hofmann, R. (1992), Versuchezur wirkung des azadireachtin haltigen, formulierten neem samenextraktes, AZT-VR-NR aug Hylobius obietis L., Lymantria monacha L. and Drino inconspicua Meig., Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflnzenschutz, 99, 337–348.Google Scholar
  15. Bhanukiran, Y., Rao, P.A. and Rao, K.T. (1997), Effect of certain chemicals and their combinations on natural enemies of Spodoptera litura (F.) in groundnut, Pesticide Research Journal, 9, 238–240.Google Scholar
  16. Borah, M. and Basit, A. (1996), Effect of certain insecticides on the emergence of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, Journal Agricultural Science Society North East India, 9, 224–225.Google Scholar
  17. Breithaupt, J. (1995), Untersuchungen zur bekampfung des Asiatischen Maiszonslers Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) unter Vermeidung des Einsatzes synthetischer Insektizide im Markhamtal und im sudlichen Hochland in Papua Neuguinea, Doctoral thesis, University of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  18. Breithaupt, J., Schmutterer, H. and Singh, P.P. (1999), Aqueous neem seed kernel extracts for control of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis in Papua New Guinea, in Azadirachta indica A. Juss, eds. R.P. Singh and R.C. Saxena, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 191–198.Google Scholar
  19. Cano, V. and Gladstone, S.M. (1994), Efecto de insecticida botanica, NIM-20, sobre el parasitismo por Trichogramma pretiosum an huevos del Helicoverpa zea en el cultivo de melon, Manecho Integrado de Plagas 33, 23–25.Google Scholar
  20. Chakraborti, S. and Chatterjee, M.L. (1999), Bioefficacy of neem based pesticides against safflower aphid, Dactynotus carthami HRL and their impact on coccinellid predators, Journal of Interacademicia, 3, 186–191.Google Scholar
  21. Chandra Mohan, N. and Nanjan, K. (1990), Effect of neem oil against diamond back moth in cabbage, Neem Newsletter, 7, 35–36.Google Scholar
  22. Chandrababu, A., Gautam, R.D. and Garg, A.K. (1997), Residual toxicity of some insecticides against the predatory beetle, Brumoides suturalis (Fab.), Annals of Plant Protection Science, 5, 131–136.Google Scholar
  23. Chari, M.S., Sreedhar, U. and Rao, R.S.N. (1997), Differential response of Apanteles africanus Cameron (Braconidae) and Telenomus remus Nixon (Scelionidae) to various pesticides on tobacco, Journal of Insect Science, 10, 181–183.Google Scholar
  24. Chaudhari, S. and Singh, R.P. (1997), Bio-efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in combination with a neem formulations against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fab.), Neem Newsletter, 14, 12–14.Google Scholar
  25. Chelliah, S. and Rajendran, R. (1984) Toxicity of insecticides to the predatory mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, International Rice Research Newsletter, 9, 15–16.Google Scholar
  26. Chinniah, C. (1999), Evaluation of certain neem derivatives for their safety to predatory mites Amblyseius sp. (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Insect Environment, 5, 38.Google Scholar
  27. Chiu, S.F. (1985), Recent findings on Meliaceae and other promising botanical insecticides in China, Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflnzenschutz, 92, 310–319.Google Scholar
  28. Cook, S.P., Webb, R.E. and Thorpe, K.W. (1996), Potential enhancement of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus with the triterpene azadirachtin, Environmental Entomology, 25, 1209–1214.Google Scholar
  29. Das, N.D., Sankar, G.R.M. and Biswas, K.K. (2000), Field evaluation of botanical and biopesticides against pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea, Annals of Plant Protection Science, 8, 233–234.Google Scholar
  30. Dash, A.N., Senapati, B. and Tripathy, M. K. (1994), Effect of neem derivatives alone and in combination with synthetic insecticides on gall midge and its parasitization, Environmental Ecology, 12, 581–583.Google Scholar
  31. Deepak, K.D., Choudhary, A.K. (1998) Toxicity of some insecticides to Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) an egg parasite of sugarcane leafhopper, Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker), Annals of Plant Protection Science, 6, 214–216.Google Scholar
  32. Deole, S.A., Bodhade, S.N., Mahajan, L.B., Deotale, V.Y. and Sharnagat, B.K. (2000), Residual toxicity of some pesticides used in cotton pest management against a chrysopid, (Chrysoperla carnea), Journal of Soils and Crops, 10, 279–291.Google Scholar
  33. Devi, P.S.V. and Prasad, Y.G. (1996), Compatibility of oils and antifeedants of plant origin with the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea releyi, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 68, 91–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Dhaliwal, G.S., Gill, R.S. and Dilawari, V.K. (1998), Management of insect pest complex of cabbage with neem based insecticides, in Ecological Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, eds. G.S. Dhaliwal, R. Arora, N.S. Randhawa, and A.K. Dhawan, Indian Ecological Society and Centre for Research in Rural & Industrial Development, Chandigarh, pp 306–314.Google Scholar
  35. Dimetry, N.Z., Amer, S.A.A. and Momen, F.M. (1994) Laboratory trials of two neem seed extracts on the predatory mites, Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) and Typhlodromus richteri Karg, Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 26, 127–137.Google Scholar
  36. Dobelin, H. (1997), Aphid control of cut anemones with Neem-Azal T/S taking into account its effect on beneficials, in Proc. 5 th Workshop on Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem Ingredients and Pheromones, eds. H. Kleeberg, and C.P.W. Zebitz, Wetzlar, Germany, pp 115–121.Google Scholar
  37. Drescher, K. and Madel, G. (1995), Auswirkungen eines Niem Extraktes auf den Pradator Orius majusculus Reuter (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol. 9, 128.Google Scholar
  38. Facknath, S. (1999), Application of neem extract and intercropping for the control of cabbage pests in Mauritius, in Azadirachta indica A. Juss, eds. R.P. Singh and R.C. Saxena, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 165–176.Google Scholar
  39. Eisenlohr, K., Domange, A. L., Lenfant, C. and Sauphanor, B. (1992), Effects of NeemAzal-F on aphids and beneficial insects in peach orchards in France, in Proc.1 st Worksh. Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients, ed. H. Kleeberg, Druck & Graphic, Giessen, Germany, pp 27–40.Google Scholar
  40. Feldhege, M. and Schmutterer, H. (1993), Investigations on side-effects of Margosan-O on Encarsia formosa Gah. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoid of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. (Homoptera.: Aley-rodidae), Journal of Applied Entomology, 115, 37–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Fernandez, N. J., Palanginan, E. L., Soon, L. L. and Botrella, D. (1992), Impact of neem on nontarget organisms, Proceedings Final Workshop on Botanical Pest Control, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, pp 117–121.Google Scholar
  42. Forster, P. (1991), EinfluB Von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf-larven and Adulte Von Platymus dorsalis (Pont) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Und auf Adulte Von Tachyporus hyphorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Labor-Halbfreiland Und Freilandversuchen, Doctoral Thesis, University of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  43. Garg, D.K. and Baranwal, V.K. (1998), An integrated approach for pest management in basmati rice in Haryana, in Ecological Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, eds. G.S. Dhaliwal, R. Arora, N.S. Randhawa and A.K. Dhawan, Indian Ecological Society and Centre for Research in Rural & Industrial Development, Chandigarh, pp 216–221.Google Scholar
  44. Ghelani, Y.H., Vyas, H.N. and Jhala, R.C. (2000), Toxicological impact of certain insecticides to Rhinocoris fuscipes Fabricius (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)-a potential predator. Journal of Applied Zoological Research, 11, 54–57.Google Scholar
  45. Gill, S.A. and Raupp, M.J. (1994), Using entomopathogenic nematodes and conventional and biorational pesticides for controlling bagworm, Journal of Arboriculture, 20, 318–322.Google Scholar
  46. Gonzalez, D.M.E., Valbuena, P.B.F., Rivera, M.A., Bustillo, P.A.E. and Chaves, B. (1996), Viability of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in mixture with agrochemicals, Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 22, 31–36.Google Scholar
  47. Grimm, C. and Guharay, F. (1998), Control of leaf-footed bug Leptoglossus zonatus and shield-backed bug Pachycoris klugii with entomopathogenic fungi, Biocontrol Science Technology, 8, 365–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Gupta, G.P. (1996), Use of neem in management of pest complex in cotton, in Neem and Environment, Vol. 1, eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp 469–484.Google Scholar
  49. Gupta, G.P. and Sharma, K. (1998) Neem based pest management strategy in cotton System, Neem Newsletter, 15, 6.Google Scholar
  50. Gupta, G.P., Katiyar, K. N. and Kirti Sharma (1999), Neem in the management strategies of insect pests of cotton, in Azadirachta indica A. Juss, eds. R.P. Singh and R. C. Saxena, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp 177–190.Google Scholar
  51. Hazarika, L.K. and Puzari, K.C. (1997), Field efficacy of white muscardine fungus (Beauveria bassiana) on rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera), Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 67, 463–465.Google Scholar
  52. Hellpap, C. (1985), Populationsokologie und biologisch biotechnische Bekampfung von Spodoptera spp. in Nicaragua, Doctoral thesis, Univ. of Frankfurt and Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  53. Hellpap, C. and Zebitz, C.P.W. (1986), Kombinierte Anwendung von Niem-Samenextrakten mit Bacillus thuringiensis-Produkten bei der Bekampfung von Spodoptera frugiperda und Aedes togoi, Journal of Applied Entomology, 101, 515–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Hermann, P., Zebitz, C.P.W. and Kienzle, J. (1995), Wirkung verschiedener NeemAzal-Formulierungen auf larven der Florfliege Chrysoperla carnea Steph. im Labor und Halbfreiland, in 7 Int. Erfahrungsaust uber fur schungserg, Zum Okologischen Obstbau, LVWO Weinsberg, pp 114–118.Google Scholar
  55. Hoelmer, K.A., Osborne, L.S. and Yokumu, R.K. (1990), Effects of neem extracts on beneficial insects in greenhouse culture, in Proceedings Neem Workshop On Neem’s Potential in Pest Management Programs, eds. J.C. Locke and R.H. Lawson, USDA, Beltsville, Madison, pp 100–105.Google Scholar
  56. Holmes, M.S., Hassan, E. and Singh, P.P. (1999), The contact and systemic action of neem seed extract against green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Azadirachta indica A Juss., eds. R.P. Singh and R.C. Saxena, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 93–101.Google Scholar
  57. Hough, G.J. and Keil, C. B. (1991), Prospects for integrated control of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using Perillus bioculatus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and various pesticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84, 1645–1651.Google Scholar
  58. Hussaini, S.S., Kavitha, J.S. and Abid Hussain, M. (2001a), Tolerance of some indigenous entomopathogenic nematode isolates to pesticides and their effect on multiplication. Current Nematology, 12, 29–34.Google Scholar
  59. Hussaini, S.S., Singh, S.P. and Shakeela, V. (2001b), Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema, Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida) with selected pesticides and their influence on some biological traits. Entomon, 26, 37–44.Google Scholar
  60. Imtiaz, A., Naqvi, S.N.H., Rahila, T., Azmi, M.A., Yasmeen, H. and Asia, A. (1998), Efficacy of neem fractions (RB-a and RB-b) in comparison with Melia fraction (BB) against Coccinella sp. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 1, 85–89Google Scholar
  61. Jakob, G. and Dickler, E. (1996), Auswirkungen von Niempraparaten auf den Apfelschalenwickler Adoxophyes orana F.v. R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) und die ihn parasitierende Schlupfwespe Colpoclypeus florus Walk. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in Proceedings 4 th Workshop Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones, Druck & Graphic, Giessen, Germany, pp 93-.Google Scholar
  62. Jani, J.J., Vyas, R.V. and Yadav, D.N. (1992), Compatibility of some botanical pesticides with muscardine fungi, Neem Newsletter, 9, 17.Google Scholar
  63. Jayaraj, S., Bharathi, M. and Sundara Babu, P.C. (1993), Integrated pest management, in Neem Research and Development, eds. N.S. Randhawa and B.S. Parmar, Society of Pesticide Science, New Delhi, India, pp 154–167.Google Scholar
  64. Jhansi, K. and Sundara Babu, P.V. (1987), Evaluation of effects of parasite, fungus and neem oil individually and in combination against spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer), Andhra Agriculture Journal, 34, 340–342.Google Scholar
  65. Joshi, B.G., Ramaprasad, G. and Sitaramaiah, S. (1982), Effect of neem seed kernel suspensions on Telenomus remus, an egg parasite of Spodoptera litura, Phytoparasitica, 10, 61–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Joshi, B.G., Sriprakash, K. and Murthy, P.S.N. (1993), Relative efficacy of botanicals and biocides alone and in combination against tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura F, in Botanical Pesticides in Integrated Pest Management, eds. M.S. Chari and G. Ramprasad, pp 154–158.Google Scholar
  67. Kaethner, M. (1990) Wirkung von Niemsamenproduckten auf die Reproduktionsfahigkeit und Fitne von Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Melolontha hippocastani F. und Melolontha melolontha L. sowie Nebenwsirkungen auf die aphidophagen Nutzlinge Coccinella septempunctata L. und Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Doctoral Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  68. Kaethner, M. (1991) Keine Nebenwirkungen von Niemprodukten auf die aphidophagen Pradatoren Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) und Coccinella septempunctata L, Anz Schadlingsk Pflanzensch Umweltsch, 64, 97–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Kareem, A.A., Saxena, R.C. and Malayba, M.T. (1988), Effect of sequential neem (Azadirachta indica) treatment on green leafhopper (GLH), rice tungro virus (RTV) infection, predatory mirid and spiders in rice, International Rice Research Newsletter, 13, 37.Google Scholar
  70. Karim, R.A.N.M., Chowdhury, M.M.A. and Haque, M.N.M. (1992) Current research on neem in rice in Bangladesh, Proceedings Final Workshop Botanical Pest Control, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, pp 30–34.Google Scholar
  71. Kim, D.I., Paik, C.H., Park, J.D., Kim, S.S. and Kim, S.G. (2000), Relative toxicity of NeemAzal-T/S to the predaceous mite, Amblysieus womersleiyi (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 39, 53–58.Google Scholar
  72. Klemm, U. and Schmutterer, H. (1993) Wirkungen von Niempraparaten auf die Kohlmotte Plutella xylostella L. and ihre naturlichen Feinde aus der Gattung Trichogramma. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflnzenschutz, 100, 113–128.Google Scholar
  73. Koul, O., Dhaliwal, G.S., Marwaha, S.S. and Arora, J.K. (2002a), Biopesticides and Pest Management, Vol. 1, Campus Books International, New Delhi.Google Scholar
  74. Koul, O., Dhaliwal, G.S., Marwaha, S.S. and Arora, J.K. (2002b), Biopesticides and Pest Management, Vol. 2, Campus Books International, New Delhi.Google Scholar
  75. Krisch, K. (1986), Studies on the efficacy of neem extracts in controlling major insect pests in tobacco and cabbage, in Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree and Other Tropical Plants, eds. H. Schmutterer and K.R.S. Ascher, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp 495–515.Google Scholar
  76. Krishnaiah, N.V. and Kalode, M.B. (1992), Environmental impact studies on neem, Proceedings Final Workshop Botanical Pest Control, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, pp 50–53.Google Scholar
  77. Krishnamoorthy, A. and Rajagopal, D. (1998), Effect of insecticides on the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) and its natural enemies, Pest Management in Horticulture Ecosystems, 4, 83–88Google Scholar
  78. Kroschel, J. and Koch, W. (1996), Studies on the use of chemicals, botanicals and Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of the potato tuber moth in potato stores. Crop Protection, 15, 197–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Kumawat, K.C. and Jheeba, S.S. (1999), Ecofriendly management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, Annals of Plant Protection Science, 7, 212–214.Google Scholar
  80. Lafleur, G. (1994), The effects of carbofuran, isofenphos and neem on the principal pests of rice and parasites of the rice cecidomyiid in Burkina Faso, Sahel PV Information, 68, 9–14.Google Scholar
  81. Lakshmi, V.J., Katti, G., Krishnaiah, N.V. and Lingaiah, T. (1998a), Laboratory evaluation of commercial neem formulations vis-a-vis insecticides against egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Journal of Biological Control, 11, 29–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Lakshmi, V.J., Katti, G. and Krishnaiah, N.V. (1998b), Safety of neem formulations and insecticides to Microvelia douglasi atrolineata Bergroth (Heteroptera: Veliidae), a predator of plant hoppers in rice ecosystem, Journal of Biological Control, 11, 33–36.Google Scholar
  83. Lakshmi, V.J., Katti, G., Krishaiah, N.V. and Kumar, K.M. (1998c), Safely of neem formulations to Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, a predator of brown planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) in rice crop, Journal of Biological Control, 12, 119–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Lamb, R. and Saxena, R.C. (1988), Effects of neem seed derivatives on rice leaf folders (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their natural enemies, Proceedings Final Workshop IARI-ADB-EWC Project on Botanical Pest Control of Rice Based Cropping Systems, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, 47.Google Scholar
  85. Landis, D & Wratten, S.D. and Gurr, G.M. (2000) Habitat management for natural enemies, Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 175–201.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. Latha, K., Balasubramanian, G., Sundarababu, P.C. and Gopalan, M. (1994), Field evaluation of insecticides alone and in combination against leaffolders and their effect on natural enemies in rice, Pest Management and Economic Zoology, 2, 105–109.Google Scholar
  87. Li, K.H., Xu, X., Li, Y.F., Meng, Q.Z. and Zhou, L.C. (1986), Determination of toxicity of 29 chemicals to Trichogramma japonicum at various developmental stages, Natural Enemies of Insects, 8, 187–194.Google Scholar
  88. Loke, W.H., Heng, C.K., Basirun, N. and Mardi, A.R. (1992), Non-target effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on Apanteles plutellae Kurdj., cabbage, sawi and padi, in Proceedings 3 rd International Conference Plant Protection Tropics, 2, 108–110.Google Scholar
  89. Lowery, D.T. and Isman, M.B. (1995), Toxicity of neem to natural enemies of aphids. Phytoparasitica, 23, 297–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Lowery, D.T. and Isman, M.B. (1996), Effects of extracts from neem on aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemies, in Neem and Environment, 1, eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp 253–264.Google Scholar
  91. Lyons, B., Helson, B. and Bourchier, R. (1996), Effects of azadirachtin-based insecticides on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Neem Newsletter, 13, 50–51.Google Scholar
  92. Ma, D.L., Gordh, G. and Zalucki, M.P. (2000), Toxicity of biorational insecticides to Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and predators in cotton field. International Journal of Pest Management, 46, 237–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Malathi, S. and Sriramulu, M. (2000), Laboratory efficacy of biotic insecticides against lepidopterous pests fed on treated cabbage leaves, Shashpa, 7, 63–66Google Scholar
  94. Mani, M. (1996), Safety of neem and other plant products to parasitoids and predators of citrus insect pests, Journal of Insect Science, 9, 89–90.Google Scholar
  95. Mani, M. and Krishnamoorthy, A. (1996), Response of the encyrtid parasitoid, Tetracnemoidea indica of the oriental mealybug Planococcus lilacinus to different pesticides, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 24, 80–85.Google Scholar
  96. Mani, M., Lakshmi, V.J. and Krishnamoorthy, A. (1997), Side effects of some pesticides on the adult longevity, progeny production and prey comsumption of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera), Indian Google Scholar
  97. Mansour, F.A., Ascher, K.R.S. and Abo, M.F. (1993), Effects of Margosan-O™, and RD9 Repelin” on spiders and on predacious and phytophagous mites, Phytoparasitica, 21, 205–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Mansour, F.A., Ascher, K.R.S. and Abo, M.F. (1997), Effects of Neemguard on phytophagous and predaceous mites and on spiders, Phytoparasitica, 25, 333–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Mansour, F.A., Ascher, K.R.S. and Omari, N. (1986), Toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts prepared with different solvents, on the spider Cheiracanthium mildei, Phytoparasitica, 14, 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Mansour, F.A., Ascher, K.R.S. and Omari, N. (1987) Effect of neem seed kernel extracts from different solvents on the predaceous mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the phytophagous mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus as well as on the predatory spider Cheiracanthium mildei, in Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree and other Tropical Plants, eds. H. Schmutterer, and K.R.S. Ascher, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp 577–587.Google Scholar
  101. Mariappan, V. and Samuel, D.K. (1993), Effect of non-edible seed oils in aphid transmitted chilli mosaic virus in Tamil Nadu, in Neem and Environment, 2, eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp 787–792.Google Scholar
  102. Markandeya, V. and Divakar, B.J. (1999), Effects of neem formulation on four Bioagents, Plant Protection Bulletin, 51, 28–29.Google Scholar
  103. Matter, M.M., Marei, S.S., Moawad, S.M. and Gengaihi, S. (1993), The reaction of Aphis gossypii and its predator, Coccinella undecimpunctata to some plant extracts, Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, 44, 417–432.Google Scholar
  104. McCloskey, C., Arnason, J.T., Donskov, N., Chenier, R., Kaminski, J. and Philogene, B.J.R. (1993), Third tropic level effects of azadirachtin, Canadian Entomologist, 125, 163–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Men, U.B. (1999), Braconid parasitoids from neem semilooper, Hypomecis sp. in Vidarbha, Maharashtra. Insect Environment, 5, 27.Google Scholar
  106. Men, U.B. and Thakare, H.S. (1998), Efficacy of biocides alone and in combination with insecticides against sunflower semilooper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea F. PKV Research Journal, 22: 1, 57–59.Google Scholar
  107. Michaud, J.P. (2001), Responses of two ladybeetles to eight fungicides used in Florida citrus: implications for biological control, Journal of Insect Science, 1 Google Scholar
  108. Michelakis, S.E. and Vacante, V. (1997), The citrus leafminer status in Greece, Bulletin OILB-SROP, 20, 81–82.Google Scholar
  109. Mineo, N., Mineo, G. and Sinacori, A. (2000), Side effects of sprays with azadirachtin mixed with Biolid E(R) against the natural parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae), Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 32, 157–162.Google Scholar
  110. Mishra, N.C. and Mishra, S.N. (1998), Impact of biopesticides on the useful insect pests and defenders of okra, Neem Newsletter, 15, 18.Google Scholar
  111. Moar, W.J. and Trumble, J.T. (1987), Toxicity, joint action and mean time of mortality of Dipel QX, avermectin BI, neem and B. thuringiensis against beet army worm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 588–592.Google Scholar
  112. Mohan, K. (1989), Studies on the effect of neem products and vegetable oils against major pests of rice and safety to natural enemies, M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.Google Scholar
  113. Mohapatra, R.N., Patnaik, N.C., Mishra, B.K. and Patnaik, H.P. (1991), Comparative toxicity of some insecticides and neem oil against the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and its predators, Orissa Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 239–240.Google Scholar
  114. Momen, F.M., Reda, A.S. and Amer, S.A.A. (1997), Effect of Neem Azal-F on Tetranychus urticae and three predaceous mites of the family Phytoseiidae, Acta Phytopathologica et Entomological Hungarica, 32, 355–362.Google Scholar
  115. Moser, G. (1994), (Nutzlingskomplex um Aphis gossypii Versuchmd Niems menkernwasser extrakten, an Beispeel von okra.) in der Dominikanischen Republik, Diploma Thesis, University of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  116. Murlikrishna, T., Lal, O.P., Singh, V.S., Dhingra, S. and Srivastava, Y.N.S. (1998), Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and neem alone as well as in combination with other insecticides against three major insect pests of egg plant, Abstract ICPPMSA, Kanpur, India, 268–269.Google Scholar
  117. Murugan, K. and Jeyabalan, D. (1998), Neem enhances the activity of microbial pesticides, Insect Environment, 4, 3–4.Google Scholar
  118. Murugan, K., Sivaramakrishnan, S., Kumar, N.S., Jeyabalan, D and Nathan, S.S. (1999), Potentiating effects of neem on nucleopolyhedrovirus treatment of Spodoptera litura Fab, Insect Science Applications, 19, 229–235.Google Scholar
  119. Murugan, K., Balu, R. and Pandey, A. (1998), Impact of certain plant products and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki on the growth and feeding physiology of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 57, 757–765.Google Scholar
  120. Nagesh, M. and Verma, S. (1997), Bioefficacy of certain insecticides against diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage, Indian Journal of Entomology, 59, 411–414.Google Scholar
  121. Nanda, U.K., Parija, B., Pradhan, N.C., Nanda, B. and Dash, D.D. (1996), Bioefficacy of neem derivatives against the insect pest complex of rice, in Neem and Environment 1, eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp 517–528.Google Scholar
  122. Nandakumar, C. and Saradamma, K. (1996), Botanical pesticides are benign to the natural enemies of Epilachna beetle, Insect Environment, 2, 27.Google Scholar
  123. Nasseh, O.M., Freres, T., Wilps, J., Kirkilionis, E. and Krall, S. (1992), Field cage trials on the effects of enriched neem oil, insect growth regulators and the pathogens Beauveria bassiana and Nosema locustae on desert locusts in the Republic of Niger. Proceedings of Bilogical Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Republic of Benin, pp 311–320.Google Scholar
  124. Nirmala, R. and Balasubramaniam, G. (1999), Residual toxicity effects of insecticides and neem based formulations on the predatory spiders of riceecosystem. Neem Newsletter, 16, 37–38.Google Scholar
  125. Oi, B.Y., Gordon, G. and Gimme, W. (2001), Effects of neem-fed prey on the predaceous insects Harmonia conformis (Boisduval) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Mallada signatus (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Biological Control, 22, 185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. Olivella, P.E. and Vogt, H. (1997), Seasonal occurrence, abundance, parasitism and leaf damage of leafminer moths in apple orchards in South West Germany, Mitteilungen-der-Deutschen-Gesellschaft-fur-Allgemeine-und-Angewandte-Entomologie, 11, 611–617.Google Scholar
  127. Osman, M.Z. and Bradley, J. (1993), Effects of neem seed extracts on Pholeastor (Apanteles) glomeratus I. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), Journal of Applied Entomology, 115, 259–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Oswald, S. (1989), Untersuchungen zur integrierten Bekamofung der Kokoswanze pseudothreaptus wayi Brown (Heteroptera: Coriedae) auf Sansibar, Doctoral Thesis, Univ., of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  129. Papaioannou, S.P., Markoyiannaki, P.D. and Zoaki, M.D. (2000), Side effects of Neemark (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and two new vegetable oils formulations on Tetranychus urticae Koch and its predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias Henriot, Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 32, 25–33.Google Scholar
  130. Patel, M.M. and Yadav, D.N. (1993), Toxicity of some botanical and chemical insecticide to Menochilus sexmaculatusi (Coccinellidae) an important aphidophage and its parasite, Tetrastichus coccinellae (Eulopidae). World Neem Conference, Bangalore, India, Abstract p 24.Google Scholar
  131. Patil, P.P. and Sarode, S.V. (1996), Impact of bio-rational insecticides combined with chemical insecticides on quality and yield of cotton, Indian Journal of Entomology, 58, 175–181.Google Scholar
  132. Perera, D.R., Armstrong, G., Naylor, R.E.L. and Senanayake, N. (2000), Response of Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday), Plutella xylostella L. and the parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) to feeding deterrents. Tropical Agricultural Research, 12, 186–198.Google Scholar
  133. Pezowicz, E., Ignatowicz, S. and Kamionek, M. (1997), Comparative effect of water extracts of seeds of the Indian neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, a plant derived insecticide, Neemix TM and a synthetic insecticides, Bancol 50 WP, on the efficacy of the entomongenous nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev), Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, 18, 31–39.Google Scholar
  134. Prasad, D., Chand, P. and Haque, M.F. (1987), Parasitization of Heliothis armigera (Hub.) in chickpea field as affected by pesticidal seed treatment. Research and Development Reporter, 4, 236–238.Google Scholar
  135. Prasad, G.S. and Logiswaran, G. (1998) Toxicity of different insecticides to the adult of Cheilomenes sexmaculata F. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). Insect Environment, 3, 117–118.Google Scholar
  136. Rabindra, R.J., Rajasekaran, B. and Jayaraj, S. (1997) Combined action of nuclear polyhedrosis virus and neem bitter against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae. Journal of Biological Control, 11, 5–9.Google Scholar
  137. Raguraman, S. (1987), Studies on the efficacy of neem products against rice insect pests, M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.Google Scholar
  138. Raguraman, S. (1993), Behavioral and physiological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernel extracts on egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor Say, Doctoral Thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
  139. Raguraman, S. and Rajasekaran, B. (1996), Effect of neem products on insect pests of rice and the predatory spider, Madras Agriculture Journal, 83, 510–515.Google Scholar
  140. Raguraman, S. and Singh, R.P. (1998), Behavioural and physiological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts on larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor, Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24, 1241–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. Raguraman, S. and Singh, R.P. (1999), Biological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil on an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis, Jounal of Economic Entomogyl, 92, 1274–1280.Google Scholar
  142. Reddy, G.V.P and Manjunatha, M. (2000), Laboratory and field studies on the integrated pest management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in cotton, based on pheromone trap catch threshold level, Journal of Applied Entomology, 124, 213–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. Reddy, G.V.P. and Guerrero, A. (2000), Pheromone based integrated pest management to control the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella in cabbage fields, Pest Management Science, 56, 882–888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. Rajasekhar, P., Rao, N.V. and Venkataiah, M. (1996), Utility of insecticide additives for managing Helicoverpa armigera on cotton, Pesticide Research Journal, 8, 119–123.Google Scholar
  145. Ranaivo, F., Welling, M., Zimmermann, G. and Schmutterer, H. (1996), Fitness reduction by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, after application of low concentrations of Metarhizium flavoviride blastospores and neem oil, Bulletin-OILB-SROP, 19, 236–239.Google Scholar
  146. Rao, M.S., Reddy, R.P. and Chawla, G. (1996), Potential use of botanicals for the development of formulation of the bio-control fungus Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas, Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflnzenschutz, 103, 436–439.Google Scholar
  147. Rao, P.R.M. and Rao, R.S.P. (1979) Note on the use of Bacillus thuringiensis and extracts of Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassak and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. for the control of rice brown planthopper, Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 49, 905–906.Google Scholar
  148. Reddy, G.V.P and Manjunatha, M. (2000), Laboratory and field studies on the integrated pest management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in cotton, based on pheromone trap catch threshold level, Journal of Applied Entomology, 124, 213–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. Rodriguez, A.L.D., Lagunes Tejeda, A., Riestra Diaz, D., Rodriguez Maciel, C., Velazquez Mendoza, J., Becerril Romand, E. Rodriguez Colorado, S. and Pacheco Velasco, E. (1997), Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana and aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) to control coffee borer (Hypothenemus h ampei), Manejo Integrado de Plagas, 44, 14–19.Google Scholar
  150. Roger, C., Vincent, C. and Coderre, D. (1995), Mortality and predation efficiency of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timb. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) following application of Neem extracts (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae), Journal of Applied Entomology, 199, 439–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. Rohan, R. (2000), The management of major insect pests Bactrocera cucurbitae and Aulacophora spp. in cucurbits under three intensive systems, The BCPC Conference: Pests and Diseases, 3, 981–985.Google Scholar
  152. Rovesti, L. and Deseo, K.V. (1991), Effect of neem kernel extract on Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes, Nematologia, 37, 493–496.Google Scholar
  153. Saikia, P. and Parameswaran, S. (2001), Contact toxicity of chemical and biopesticides against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee and Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Jornal of Applied Zooogical Research, 12, 86–87.Google Scholar
  154. Sahayaraj, K. and Paulraj, M.G. (1999), Toxicity of some plant extracts against life stages of a reduviid predator, Rhynocoris marginatus, Indian Journal of Entomology, 61, 342–344.Google Scholar
  155. Saleem, S.A. and Matter, M.M. (1991), Relative effects of neem seed oil and Deenate on the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. and the most prevalent predators in cotton fields in Menoufyia Governorate, Bulletin of Faculty of Agricultural University, Cairo, 42, 941–952.Google Scholar
  156. Sanguanpong, U. (1992), Zur Wirkung olhaltiger Niem und Marrangosamen produkte auf die Gemeine Spinnmilbe Tetranychus urticae Koch sowie Nebenwirkung auf ihren naturlichen Gegenspieler Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Doctoral thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  157. Sarode, S.V. and Sonalkar, V.U. (1999a), Ovicidal effect of some insecticides against Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Pesticide Research Journal, 11, 97–98.Google Scholar
  158. Sarode, S.V. and Sonalkar, V.U. (1999b), Influence of different insecticides on parasitization of Corcyra cephalonica by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii. Pesticide Research Journal, 11, 99–101.Google Scholar
  159. Sarode, S.V., Jumade, Y.S., Deotale, R.O. and Thakare, H.S. (1996), Bioefficacy of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HNPV) against Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera (Hub) on cotton, PKV Research Journal, 20, 96–97.Google Scholar
  160. Sarode, S.V., Jumade, Y.S. and Borkar, S.L. (1997), Efficacy of Heliothis neclear polyhedrosis virus and neem seed kernel extract combinations against Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on pigeonpea, PKV Research Journal, 21, 227–229.Google Scholar
  161. Sasikala, K., Rao, P.A. and Krishnayya, P.V. (1999), Comparative efficacy of ecofriendly methods involving egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum, mechanical control and safe chemicals against Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee infesting brinjal, Journal of Entomological Research, 23, 369–372.Google Scholar
  162. Satpathy, S. and Samarjit Rai. (2000), Preliminary field evaluation of NPV and insecticides against tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Insect Environment, 6, 21–22.Google Scholar
  163. Saucke, H. (1995), Biological and integrated control of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella Lin. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and other major pests in brassica crops, SPC/GTZ Biological Control Project: Final Report 1992–1995, Conedobu, Papua New Guinea.Google Scholar
  164. Sauphanor, B., Lenfant, C. and Sureau, F. (1995), Effects ďun extrait de neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) sur le development de Forficula auricularia L. (Dermoptera), Journal of Applied Entomology, 119, 215–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  165. Saxena, R. C. (1987), Neem seed derivatives for management of rice insect pests-a review of recent studies, in Natural Pesticides from Neem Tree and Other Tropical Plants, eds. H. Schmutterer, and K.R.S. Ascher, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp 81–93.Google Scholar
  166. Saxena, R.C. (1989), Insecticides from neem tree, in Insecticides of Plant Origin, eds. J.T. Arnason, B.J.R. Philogene and P. Morand, ACS Symposium series 387, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., pp 110–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  167. Saxena, R.C., Epino, P.B., Cheng, W.Z. and Puma, B.C. (1984), Neem, chinaberry and custard apple: antifeedant and insecticidal effects of seed oils on leaf hopper and plant hopper pests of rice, in Natural Pesticides from Neem Tree and Other Tropical Plants, eds. H. Schmutterer and K.R.S. Ascher, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp, 403–412.Google Scholar
  168. Saxena, R.C., Waldbauer, G.P., Liguido, N.J. and Puma, B.C. (1981), Effects of neem seed oil on the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrosis medinalis, in Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), eds. H. Schmutterer, K.R.S. Ascher and H. Rembold, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp 198–203.Google Scholar
  169. Schauer, M. (1985), Die Wirkung von Nieminhaltsstoffen auf Blattlause und die Rubenblattwanze, Doctoral Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  170. Schmidt, G. and Pesel, E. (1987), Studies on the sterilizing effect of neem extracts in ants, in Natural Pesticides from Neem Tree and Other Tropical Plants, eds. H. Schmutterer and K.R.S. Ascher, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp 361–373.Google Scholar
  171. Schmutterer, H. (1981), Ten years of neem research in the Federal Republic of Germany, in Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), eds. H. Schmutterer, K.R.S. Ascher, and H. Rembold, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp 21–51.Google Scholar
  172. Schmutterer, H. (1990), Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree Azadirachta indica. Annual Review of Entomology, 35, 271–297.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  173. Schmutterer, H. (1992), Influence of azadirachtin, of an azadirachtin-free fraction, of an alcoholic neem seed kernel extract and of formulated extracts on pupation, adult emergence and adults of the braconid, Apanteles glomeratus, Journal of Applied Entomology, 113, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  174. Schmutterer, H. (1995), The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany.Google Scholar
  175. Schmutterer, H. (1996), Side effects of neem products on insect pathogens, predators and parasitoids, Neem Newsletter, 13, 54–55.Google Scholar
  176. Schmutterer, H. (1997), Side-effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) products on insect pathogens and natural enemies of spider mites and insects, Journal of Applied Entomology, 121, 121–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  177. Schmutterer, H. (1999), Side effects of neem products on insect pathogens and natural enemies of spider mites and insects, in Azadirachta indica A. Juss, eds. R.P. Singh and R.C. Saxena, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp. 147–162.Google Scholar
  178. Schmutterer, H. and Singh, R.P. (1995), List of insect pests susceptible to neem products, in The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and other Meliaceous Plants: Sources of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes, ed. H. Schmutterer, VCH Weinheim, Germany, 325–326.Google Scholar
  179. Schmutterer, H., Saxena R.C. and Von der Hyke, J. (1983), Morphogenetic effects of some partially purified fractions and methanolic extracts of neem seed on Mythimna separata (Walker) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee). Zeitschrift fur Angwandte Entomolgie, 95, 230–237.Google Scholar
  180. Schneider, A. and Madel, G. (1992) Fekunditat und Vitalitat adulter Schlupfwespen nach Exposition auf Niem (Azadirachta indica) behandelten Flachen, Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol., 8, 273–278.Google Scholar
  181. Schrod, J., Basedow, T.H. and Langenbruch, G.A. (1996), Untersuchungen zur Populationsentwicklung und biologischen Bekampfung des Kartoffelkafers (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) an zwei Standorten in Sudhessen (BRD), Journal of Applied Entomology, 20, 619–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  182. Serra, A.C. (1992), Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Niem samenextrakten in Rahmen integretter Ansaltze zur Bekampfung von Tomatenschadlingen in der Dominikanischen Repubik, Doctoral Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  183. Shapiro, M., Robertson, J. L. and Webb, R. E. (1994), Effect of neem seed extract upon the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and its polyhedrosis virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87, 356–360.Google Scholar
  184. Sharma, H.C., Leushner, K., Shankaran, AV.B., Gunasekhar, D., Marthandamoorthi, M., Bhaskaraiah, K., Subramaniyam, M. and Sulthana, N. (1984), Insect antifeedants and growth inhibitors from Azadirachta indica and Plumbago zeylanica, in Natural Pesticides from Neem Tree and other Tropical Plants, eds. H. Schmutterer and K.R.S. Ascher, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp 291–320.Google Scholar
  185. Sharma, H.C., Sankaram, A.V.B., Nwanze, K.F. and Singh, P.P. (1999), Utilization of natural pesticides derived from neem and custard apple in integrated pest management, in Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp 199–213.Google Scholar
  186. Shilke, S.S., Jadhav, L.D. and Salunkhe, G.N. (1990), Toxicity of some vegetable oils/extracts to Chelonus blackburnii Cam., an egg-larval parasite of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.), Indian Journal of Entomology, 52, 709–711.Google Scholar
  187. Shukla, B.C., Kaushik, U.K. and Gupta, R. (1998), Efficacy of neem products for useful management of chickpea pod borer, Neem Newsletter, 15,19.Google Scholar
  188. Simmonds, M.S.J., Manlove, J.D., Blaney, W.M. and Khambay, B.P.S. (2000), Effect of botanical insecticides on the foraging and feeding behaviour of the coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Phytoparasitica, 28, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  189. Singh, R. P. and Saxena, R. C. (1999), Azadirachta indica A.Juss, Oxford & IBH Pulishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.Google Scholar
  190. Sithanantham, S., Otieno, Z.N. and Nyarko, K.A. (1997), Preliminary observations on effects on neem sprays on some non target arthropods in cowpea ecosystem, in Quatrieme Conference Internationale sur les Ravageurs en Agriculture, Le Corum, Montpellier, France, pp 643–648.Google Scholar
  191. Sonalkar, V.U., Deshmukh, S.D., Satpute, U.S. and Ingle, S.T. (1998), Efficacy of nuclear polyhedorsis virus in combination with adjuvants against Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.), Journal of Soils and Crops, 8, 67–69.Google Scholar
  192. Sontakke, B.K. (1993), Field efficacy of insecticide alone and in combination with neem oil against insect pests and their predators in rice. Indian Journal of Entomology, 55, 260–266.Google Scholar
  193. Sreenivasa, A.G. and Patil, B.V. (1998), Role of commercial neem products in cotton insect pest management, Neem Newsletter, 15,17.Google Scholar
  194. Srinivasa Babu, K., Murthy, M.S.N. and Ramesh Babu, T. (1996), Effect of Botanicals on certain parasitoids, in Neem and Environment, 2, eds. R.P. Singh, M.S. Chari, A.K. Raheja and W. Kraus, Oxford & IBH Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 1117–1126.Google Scholar
  195. Srivastava, K.P. and Parmar, B.S. (1985), Evaluation of neem oil emulcifiable concentrate against sorghum aphids, Neem Newsletter, 2, 7.Google Scholar
  196. Srivastava, M., Paul, AV.N., Rengasamy, S., Kumar, J. and Parmar, B.S. (1997), Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernel extracts on the larval parasitoid Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Journal of Applied Entomology, 121, 51–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  197. Srinivasan, G. and Babu, P.C.S. (2000), Effect of neem products on predatory lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Chrysopidae: Neuroptera), Pesticide Research Journal, 12, 123–126.Google Scholar
  198. Stansly, P.A. and Liu, T.X. (1997), Selectivity of insecticides to Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an endoparasitoid of Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87, 525–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  199. Stark, J.D. (1997), Entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): Toxicity of neem. Neem Newsletter, 14, 18.Google Scholar
  200. Stark, J.D. and Wennergren, U. (1995), Can population effects of pesticides be predicted from demographic toxicological studies? Journal of Economic Entomology, 88, 1089–1096.Google Scholar
  201. Stark, J.D., Vargas, R.I. and Wong, T.Y. (1990), Effects of neem seed extracts on tephritid fruiflies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoids in Hawaii, in Neem Potential in Pest Management Programme, eds. J.C. Lock and R.H. Lawson, USDA, ARS 86, pp.106–111.Google Scholar
  202. Stark, J.D., Wong, T.Y., Vargas, R.I. and Thalman, R.K. (1992), Survival, longevity and reproduction of tephritid fruitfly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from fruit flies exposed to azadirachtin, Journal of Economic Entomology, 84, 1125–1129.Google Scholar
  203. Stathers, T.E., Moore, D. and Prior, C. (1993), The effect of different temperatures on the viability of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia stored in vegetable and mineral oils, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 62, 111–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  204. Sundari, M.S.N. (1998), Residual toxicity of insecticides against Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Insect Environment, 4, 45Google Scholar
  205. Tedeschi, R., Alma, A. and Tavella, L. (2001), Side-effects of three neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) products on the predator Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae), Journal of Applied Entomology, 125, 397–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  206. Teggelli, G.R., Biradar, A.P., Vastrad, S.M. and Rajashaker, D.W. (1998), Impact of pesticides on an endoparasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida, Advances in Agricultural Research India, 10, 25–29.Google Scholar
  207. Tewari, G.L. and Moorthy, K.P.N. (1985), Plant extracts as antifeedant against Henosepilachna viginctioctopunctata (F.) and their effects on the parasites, Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 55, 120–124.Google Scholar
  208. Thakare, A.V., Ameta, O.P., Tripathi, N.N., Vyas, A. and Tauro, P. (1992), Relative efficacy of indigenous plant extract against gram pod borer, Heliothis armigera (Hub.), in Proc. First Nat. Symp. Allelopathy in Agroecosystems (Agriculture & Forestry), ed. S.S. Narwal, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India, pp. 162–167.Google Scholar
  209. Thakur, J.N. and Pawar, A.D. (2000), Comparative toxicity of different insecticides against Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Journal of Biological Control, 14, 51–53.Google Scholar
  210. Tillmann, M. (1992), Kombinierte Anwendung der Praparate Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis und Neem Azal-S gegen Larven von Leptiontarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and Epilachna varivestis Muls. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Diploma thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Germany.Google Scholar
  211. Tomar, R.K.S. (1998), Efficacy and economics of biopesticides and insecticide combinations against okra shoot and fruit borer, Indian Journal of Entomology, 60, 25–28.Google Scholar
  212. Trisyono, A. and Whalon, M.E. (1999), Toxicity of neem applied alone and in combinations with Bacillus thuringiensis to Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 92, 1281–1288.Google Scholar
  213. Vekaria, M.V. and Patel, G.M. (2000), Bioeffficacy of botanicals and certain chemical insecticides and their combinations against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, Indian Journal of Entomology, 62, 150–158.Google Scholar
  214. Velayudhan, R., Senrayan, R. and Rajadurai, S. (1988), Parasitoid-host interactions with reference to Anastatus ramakrishnae (Mani) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) in relation to pentatomid and coreid hosts, Proc. Indian National Science Academy.-Biological Sciences, 54, 145–153.Google Scholar
  215. Villanueva, J.A. and Hoy, M.A. (1998), Toxicity of pesticides to the citrus leafminer and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola evaluated to assess their suitability for an IPM program in citrus nurseries, Biocontrol, 43, 357–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  216. Vogt, H. (1993), Einsalz von Niempraparaten gagen Adoxophyes arana F.v. R und Untersuchungen zu Nebenwirkungen, in Intern. Erfahrungsaust. uber For schungserg. Zum Okologischen Obstbau, LVWO Weinsberg, pp 51–55.Google Scholar
  217. Vogt, H., Handel, U., Vinuela, E. and Kleeberg, H. (1997), Field investigations on the efficacy of NeemAzal-T/S against Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its effects on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), in Proc. 5 th Workshop on Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-ingredients and Pheromones, ed. C.P.W. Zebitz, Wetzlar, Germany, pp 105–114.Google Scholar
  218. Vyas, R.V., Jani, J.J. and Yadav, D.N. (1992), Effect of some natural pesticides on entomogenous muscardine fungi, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 30, 435–436.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  219. Wanjari, R.R., More, G.D., Supare, N.R., Turkar, K.S. and Agarkar, V.K. (1998), Management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on chickpea with some herbal, chemical and bio-pesticides, Journal of Soils and Crops, 8, 34–37.Google Scholar
  220. Wu, H.L. (1986), Determination of toxicity of some insecticides to Lycosa pseudoannulata and Apanteles cypris, Natural Enemies of Insects, 8, 230–231.Google Scholar
  221. Wilps, H., Nasseh, O., Krall, S., Kabo, O. and Nasseh, O.M. (1992), Control of Schistocerca gregaria adults in the area of new preparations and methods, Sahel PV Information, 44, 7–18.Google Scholar
  222. Yadav, D.N. and Patel, A.R. (1992), Effect of some botanical insecticides on oviposition of Chrysopa scelestes and their ovicidal action, in Proceedings of Symposium on Botanical Pesticides in IPM, eds. M.S. Chari and G. Ramaprasad, CTRI, Rajahmundry, India, pp 166–169.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Kluwer Academic Publishers 2004

Authors and Affiliations

  • S. Raguraman
    • 1
  • N. Ganapathy
    • 1
  • T. Venkatesan
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of Agricultural Entomology Agricultural College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityMaduraiIndia
  2. 2.Project Directorate of Biological ControlBangaloreIndia

Personalised recommendations