Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ketamine Abuse: Past and Present

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ketamine

Abstract

Ketamine is an anesthetic derivative of phencyclidine with dissociative, analgesic, and psychedelic properties. It is extensively used as an anesthetic drug in surgical procedures in pediatric, obstetric, and geriatric patients, as well as in veterinary settings. Since its approval for clinical use, the misuse and abuse of ketamine have been reported in scientific journals and in popular media globally, particularly in the last two decades. It has been used as a common club drug in dance, rave, and squat party scenes. Owing to its unique pharmacological properties, ketamine has been used as an antidepressant for the treatment of resistant depression. However, a long-term use of high doses of ketamine leads to numerous physical and psychological negative effects, such as abdominal pain, urinary system disorder, dependence/tolerance/withdrawal, cognitive impairment, psychosis, and depression. At present, no effective pharmacotherapy for managing compulsive drug-seeking behavior in patients with ketamine use disorder is available. Treatment that incorporates regular urine screening in addition to medications for psychiatric symptoms and craving may present favorable results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abi-Saab WM, D’Souza DC, Moghaddam B, Krystal JH (1998) The NMDA antagonist model for schizophrenia: promise and pitfalls. Pharmacopsychiatry 31(Suppl 2):104–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler CM, Goldberg TE, Malhotra AK, Pickar D, Breier A (1998) Effects of ketamine on thought disorder, working memory, and semantic memory in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 43:811–816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed SN, Petchkovsky L (1980) Abuse of ketamine. Br J Psychiatry 137:303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bang M, Kim KR, Song YY, Baek S, Lee E, An SK (2015) Neurocognitive impairments in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: who will really convert? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 49:462–470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS, Krystal JH (2000) Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 47:351–354

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bokor G, Anderson PD (2014) Ketamine: an update on its abuse. J Pharm Pract 27:582–586

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breier A, Malhotra AK, Pinals DA, Weisenfeld NI, Pickar D (1997) Association of ketamine-induced psychosis with focal activation of the prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry 154:805–811

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona-Huerta J, Castiello-De Obeso S, Ramirez-Palomino J, Duran-Gutierrez R, Cardona-Muller D, Grover-Paez F, Fernandez-Dorantes P, Medina-Davalos R (2019) Polypharmacy in a hospitalized psychiatric population: risk estimation and damage quantification. BMC Psychiatry 19:78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chan KW, Lee TM, Siu AM, Wong DP, Kam CM, Tsang SK, Chan CC (2013) Effects of chronic ketamine use on frontal and medial temporal cognition. Addict Behav 38:2128–2132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang H, Huang MC, Chen LY (2016) Major depressive disorder induced by chronic ketamine abuse: a case report. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord:18

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham A, Allen NB, Yucel M, Lubman DI (2010) The role of affective dysregulation in drug addiction. Clin Psychol Rev 30:621–634

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen LY, Chen CK, Chen CH, Chang HM, Huang MC, Xu K (2020) Association of craving and depressive symptoms in ketamine-dependent patients undergoing withdrawal treatment. Am J Addict 29(1):43–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen WJ, Fu TC, Ting TT, Huang WL, Tang GM, Hsiao CK, Chen CY (2009) Use of ecstasy and other psychoactive substances among school-attending adolescents in Taiwan: national surveys 2004–2006. BMC Public Health 9:27

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CH, Lee MH, Chen YC, Lin MF (2011) Ketamine-snorting associated cystitis. J Formos Med Assoc 110:787–791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen WY, Huang MC, Lin SK (2014) Gender differences in subjective discontinuation symptoms associated with ketamine use. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 9:39

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng WC, Ng KM, Chan KK, Mok VK, Cheung BK (2007) Roadside detection of impairment under the influence of ketamine—evaluation of ketamine impairment symptoms with reference to its concentration in oral fluid and urine. Forensic Sci Int 170:51–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng WJ, Chen CH, Chen CK, Huang MC, Pietrzak RH, Krystal JH, Xu K (2018) Similar psychotic and cognitive profile between ketamine dependence with persistent psychosis and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 199:313–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu PS, Ma WK, Wong SC, Chu RW, Cheng CH, Wong S, Tse JM, Lau FL, Yiu MK, Man CW (2008) The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome? BJU Int 102:1616–1622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn AM, Cobb C, Hagman BT, Cameron A, Ehlke S, Mitchell JN (2014) Implicit alcohol cognitions in risky drinking nicotine users with and without co-morbid major depressive disorder. Addict Behav 39:797–802

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cottrell AM, Gillatt D (2008) Consider ketamine misuse in patients with urinary symptoms. Practitioner 252:5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchlow DG (2006) A case of ketamine dependence with discontinuation symptoms. Addiction 101:1212–1213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran HV, Monaghan L (2001) In and out of the K-hole: a comparison of the acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users. Addiction 96:749–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Luca MT, Badiani A (2011) Ketamine self-administration in the rat: evidence for a critical role of setting. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214:549–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon P, Copeland J, Jansen K (2003) Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend 69:23–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domino EF (2010) Taming the ketamine tiger. Anesthesiology 113:678–684

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durieux ME (1995) Inhibition by ketamine of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function. Anesth Analg 81:57–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan N, Xu K, Ning Y, Rosenheck R, Wang D, Ke X, Ding Y, Sun B, Zhou C, Deng X, Tang W, He H (2016) Profiling the psychotic, depressive and anxiety symptoms in chronic ketamine users. Psychiatry Res 237:311–315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fang YX, Wang YB, Shi J, Liu ZM, Lu L (2006) Recent trends in drug abuse in China. Acta Pharmacol Sin 27:140–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fine J, Finestone SC (1973) Sensory disturbances following ketamine anesthesia: recurrent hallucinations. Anesth Analg 52:428–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyal S, Ambekar A, Ray R (2014) Ketamine dependence in an anesthesiologist: an occupational hazard? Indian J Psychol Med 36:335–337

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hedden SL, Martins SS, Malcolm RJ, Floyd L, Cavanaugh CE, Latimer WW (2010) Patterns of illegal drug use among an adult alcohol dependent population: results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Drug Alcohol Depend 106:119–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang PW, Meng E, Cha TL, Sun GH, Yu DS, Chang SY (2011) Walking-stick ureters’ in ketamine abuse. Kidney Int 80:895

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MC, Lin SK, Chen CK (2014) A roller coaster from methamphetamine to ketamine. Taiwan J Psychiatry (Taipei) 28:217–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang MC, Chen LY, Chen CK, Lin SK (2016) Potential benefit of lamotrigine in managing ketamine use disorder. Med Hypotheses 87:97–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MC, Chen LY, Chang HM, Liang XY, Chen CK, Cheng WJ, Xu K (2018) Decreased blood levels of oxytocin in ketamine-dependent patients during early abstinence. Front Psych 9:633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang MC, Chen CH, Chen LY, Chang HM, Chen CK, Lin SK, Xu K (2019) Chronic ketamine abuse is associated with orexin-A reduction and ACTH elevation. Psychopharmacology (Berl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurt PH, Ritchie EC (1994) A case of ketamine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 151:779

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen KL (1990) Ketamine—can chronic use impair memory? Int J Addict 25:133–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen KL (1993) Non-medical use of ketamine. BMJ 306:601–602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen KL (2000) A review of the nonmedical use of ketamine: use, users and consequences. J Psychoactive Drugs 32:419–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen KL, Rracot-Cankovic R (2001) The nonmedical use of ketamine, part two: a review of problem use and dependence. J Psychoactive Drugs 33:151–158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt DC, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, Umbricht D (2012) Has an angel shown the way? Etiological and therapeutic implications of the PCP/NMDA model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 38:958–966

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalsi SS, Wood DM, Dargan PI (2011) The epidemiology and patterns of acute and chronic toxicity associated with recreational ketamine use. Emerg Health Threats J 4:7107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamaya H, Krishna PR (1987) Ketamine addiction. Anesthesiology 67:861–862

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kittelberger K, Hur EE, Sazegar S, Keshavan V, Kocsis B (2012) Comparison of the effects of acute and chronic administration of ketamine on hippocampal oscillations: relevance for the NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 217:395–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinloog D, Uit Den Boogaard A, Dahan A, Mooren R, Klaassen E, Stevens J, Freijer J, Van Gerven J (2015) Optimizing the glutamatergic challenge model for psychosis, using S+ −ketamine to induce psychomimetic symptoms in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 29:401–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, Heninger GR, Bowers MB Jr, Charney DS (1994) Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:199–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krystal JH, D’Souza DC, Mathalon D, Perry E, Belger A, Hoffman R (2003) NMDA receptor antagonist effects, cortical glutamatergic function, and schizophrenia: toward a paradigm shift in medication development. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 169:215–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krystal JH, Sanacora G, Duman RS (2013) Rapid-acting glutamatergic antidepressants: the path to ketamine and beyond. Biol Psychiatry 73:1133–1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lahti AC, Weiler MA, Tamara Michaelidis BA, Parwani A, Tamminga CA (2001) Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:455–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung KS, Li JH, Tsay WI, Callahan C, Liu SF, Hsu J, Hoffer L, Cottler LB (2008) Dinosaur girls, candy girls, and trinity: voices of Taiwanese club drug users. J Ethn Subst Abuse 7:237–257

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Vlisides PE (2016) Ketamine: 50 years of modulating the mind. Front Hum Neurosci 10:612

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li JH, Vicknasingam B, Cheung YW, Zhou W, Nurhidayat AW, Jarlais DC, Schottenfeld R (2011) To use or not to use: an update on licit and illicit ketamine use. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2:11–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liang HJ, Tang KL, Chan F, Ungvari GS, Tang WK (2015) Ketamine users have high rates of psychosis and/or depression. J Addict Nurs 26:8–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao Y, Tang J, Ma M, Wu Z, Yang M, Wang X, Liu T, Chen X, Fletcher PC, Hao W (2010) Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain 133:2115–2122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao Y, Tang J, Corlett PR, Wang X, Yang M, Chen H, Liu T, Chen X, Hao W, Fletcher PC (2011) Reduced dorsal prefrontal gray matter after chronic ketamine use. Biol Psychiatry 69:42–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin PC, Lane HY, Lin CH (2016) Spontaneous remission of ketamine withdrawal-related depression. Clin Neuropharmacol 39:51–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Lin D, Wu B, Zhou W (2016) Ketamine abuse potential and use disorder. Brain Res Bull 126:68–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston A, Waterman AE (1978) The development of tolerance to ketamine in rats and the significance of hepatic metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 64:63–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lua AC, Lin HR, Tseng YT, Hu AR, Yeh PC (2003) Profiles of urine samples from participants at rave party in Taiwan: prevalence of ketamine and MDMA abuse. Forensic Sci Int 136:47–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore NN, Bostwick JM (1999) Ketamine dependence in anesthesia providers. Psychosomatics 40:356–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CJ, Monaghan L, Curran HV (2004) Beyond the K-hole: a 3-year longitudinal investigation of the cognitive and subjective effects of ketamine in recreational users who have substantially reduced their use of the drug. Addiction 99:1450–1461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CJ, Rees H, Curran HV (2008) Attentional bias to incentive stimuli in frequent ketamine users. Psychol Med 38:1331–1340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CJ, Muetzelfeldt L, Curran HV (2009) Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: a comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex-users with polydrug and non-using controls. Addiction 104:77–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CJ, Muetzelfeldt L, Curran HV (2010) Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1-year longitudinal study. Addiction 105:121–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CJ, Curran HV, Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (2012) Ketamine use: a review. Addiction 107:27–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muetzelfeldt L, Kamboj SK, Rees H, Taylor J, Morgan CJ, Curran HV (2008) Journey through the K-hole: phenomenological aspects of ketamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend 95:219–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, Al Jurdi RK, Green CE, Perez AM, Iqbal S, Pillemer S, Foulkes A, Shah A, Charney DS, Mathew SJ (2013) Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 170:1134–1142

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ng SH, Tse ML, Ng HW, Lau FL (2010) Emergency department presentation of ketamine abusers in Hong Kong: a review of 233 cases. Hong Kong Med J 16:6–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien CP (2005) Anticraving medications for relapse prevention: a possible new class of psychoactive medications. Am J Psychiatry 162:1423–1431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olney JW, Wozniak DF, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Farber NB, Bittigau P, Ikonomidou C (2002) Drug-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Brain Pathol 12:488–498

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pal HR, Berry N, Kumar R, Ray R (2002) Ketamine dependence. Anaesth Intensive Care 30:382–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen RC, Stillman RC (1978) Phencyclidine: an overview. NIDA Res Monogr:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabiner EA (2007) Imaging of striatal dopamine release elicited with NMDA antagonists: is there anything there to be seen? J Psychopharmacol 21:253–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reier CE (1971) Ketamine—“dissociative agent” or hallucinogen? N Engl J Med 284:791–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rounsaville BJ (2004) Treatment of cocaine dependence and depression. Biol Psychiatry 56:803–809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B, Stewart RJ (2007) Ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis: a new clinical entity. Urology 69:810–812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith GS, Schloesser R, Brodie JD, Dewey SL, Logan J, Vitkun SA, Simkowitz P, Hurley A, Cooper T, Volkow ND, Cancro R (1998) Glutamate modulation of dopamine measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11C-raclopride in normal human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 18:18–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JM, Pepper F, Fam J, Furby H, Hughes E, Morgan C, Howes OD (2014) Glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate and psychotic symptoms in chronic ketamine users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 231:2107–2116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strong CE, Schoepfer KJ, Dossat AM, Saland SK, Wright KN, Kabbaj M (2017) Locomotor sensitization to intermittent ketamine administration is associated with nucleus accumbens plasticity in male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 121:195–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sun L, Li Q, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu D, Jiang H, Pan F, Yew DT (2014) Chronic ketamine exposure induces permanent impairment of brain functions in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys. Addict Biol 19:185–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang WK, Liang HJ, Lau CG, Tang A, Ungvari GS (2013) Relationship between cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in current ketamine users. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 74:460–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang J, Morgan HL, Liao Y, Corlett PR, Wang D, Li H, Tang Y, Chen J, Liu T, Hao W, Fletcher PC, Chen X (2015a) Chronic administration of ketamine mimics the perturbed sense of body ownership associated with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 232:1515–1526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang WK, Morgan CJ, Lau GC, Liang HJ, Tang A, Ungvari GS (2015b) Psychiatric morbidity in ketamine users attending counselling and youth outreach services. Subst Abus 36:67–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo KA, Smith ML, Sullivan B, Heller CY, Garcia C, Bates M (2011) The neurobehavioral pharmacology of ketamine: implications for drug abuse, addiction, and psychiatric disorders. ILAR J 52:366–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • UNODC (2019) World Drug Report United Nations publication

    Google Scholar 

  • Venniro M, Mutti A, Chiamulera C (2015) Pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors that regulate the acquisition of ketamine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 232:4505–4514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Scharfetter C, Antonini A, Maguire P, Missimer J, Angst J (1997) Metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the ketamine model of psychosis using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 7:9–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Zheng D, Xu J, Lam W, Yew DT (2013) Brain damages in ketamine addicts as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. Front Neuroanat 7:23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang LJ, Chen CK, Lin SK, Chen YC, Xu K, Huang MC (2018) Cognitive profile of ketamine-dependent patients compared with methamphetamine-dependent patients and healthy controls. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 235:2113–2121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ (1982) Ketamine—its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology 56:119–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong SW, Lee KF, Wong J, Ng WW, Cheung YS, Lai PB (2009) Dilated common bile ducts mimicking choledochal cysts in ketamine abusers. Hong Kong Med J 15:53–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu K, Krystal JH, Ning Y, Chen Da C, He H, Wang D, Ke X, Zhang X, Ding Y, Liu Y, Gueorguieva R, Wang Z, Limoncelli D, Pietrzak RH, Petrakis IL, Zhang X, Fan N (2015) Preliminary analysis of positive and negative syndrome scale in ketamine-associated psychosis in comparison with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 61:64–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yen CF, Hsu SY, Cheng CP (2007) Polysubstance use and its correlates in adolescent ecstasy users in Taiwan. Addict Behav 32:2286–2291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu WL, Cho CC, Lung PF, Hung EH, Hui JW, Chau HH, Chan AW, Ahuja AT (2014) Ketamine-related cholangiopathy: a retrospective study on clinical and imaging findings. Abdom Imaging 39:1241–1246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA, Charney DS, Manji HK (2006) A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:856–864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Xu Z, Zhang S, Desrosiers A, Schottenfeld RS, Chawarski MC (2014) Profiles of psychiatric symptoms among amphetamine type stimulant and ketamine using inpatients in Wuhan. China J Psychiatr Res 53:99–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Addiction Sciences, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Ming-Chyi Huang & Shih-Ku Lin

  2. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Ming-Chyi Huang & Shih-Ku Lin

Authors
  1. Ming-Chyi Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shih-Ku Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shih-Ku Lin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

    Kenji Hashimoto

  2. Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical, Tokyo, Japan

    Soichiro Ide

  3. Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical, Tokyo, Japan

    Kazutaka Ikeda

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Huang, MC., Lin, SK. (2020). Ketamine Abuse: Past and Present. In: Hashimoto, K., Ide, S., Ikeda, K. (eds) Ketamine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2902-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation