Abstract
This chapter summaries the roles of the six factors. Master plans have a modest role in all five cities. Seoul and Shanghai have had the positive sides of the other five factors. Thus, since their countries’ reform, they have achieved success in becoming more developed and competitive. Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City have had a mix of the other five four factors. Therefore, their achievements have been mixed and less impressive. However, Ho Chi Minh City’s development started three decades later; thus, it is about three decades behind Jakarta. Manila has faced all the negative aspects of all six factors. Therefore, it has moved from the most developed in the early 1960s to nearly the worst in recent times. Although its GDP per capita is higher than Ho Chi Minh City’s, its future seems not very bright because fundamental issues will not be easily solved in the foreseeable future.
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References
Bertaud A (2004) The spatial organization of cities: deliberate outcome or unforeseen. Institute of Urban and Regional Development
Taylor N (1998) Urban planning theory since 1945. Sage Publications, London
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Huynh, D. (2020). Conclusion. In: Making Megacities in Asia. SpringerBriefs in Regional Science. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0660-4_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0660-4_7
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