Skip to main content

PCNL in Special Situations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Abstract

Some renal anatomical situations pose significant challenges for the treatment of lithiasis with minimally invasive techniques such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). In this chapter, we summarize the generalities, diagnosis, treatment options, technique considerations, complications, and results for the treatment of large stones with PCNL in circumstances such as calyceal diverticula, ectopic (pelvic) kidneys, transplanted kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, spinal deformities and in pregnant patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wulfsohn MA. Pyelocaliceal diverticula. J Urol. 1980;123:1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Stunell H, McNeill G, Browne RFJ, Grainger R, Torreggiani WC. The imaging appearances of calyceal diverticula complicated by uroliathasis. Br J Radiol. 2010;83:888–94. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/22591022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Middleton AW, Pfister RC. Stone-containing pyelocaliceal diverticulum: embryogenic, anatomic, radiologic and clinical characteristics. J Urol. 1974;111:2–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)59872-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Timmons JW, Malek RS, Hattery RR, Deweerd JH. Caliceal diverticulum. J Urol. 1975;114:6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)66930-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Liatsikos EN, Bernardo NO, Dinlenc CZ, Kapoor R, Smith AD. Caliceal diverticular calculi: is there a role for metabolic evaluation? J Urol. 2000;164:18–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Matlaga BR, Miller NL, Terry C, Kim SC, Kuo RL, Coe FL, et al. The pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular calculi. Urol Res. 2007;35:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-007-0080-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hsu TH, Streem SB. Metabolic abnormalities in patients with caliceal diverticular calculi. J Urol. 1998;160:1640–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Auge BK, Maloney ME, Mathias BJ, Pietrow PK, Preminger GM. Metabolic abnormalities associated with calyceal diverticular stones. BJU Int. 2006;97:1053–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06134.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Parkhomenko E, Tran T, Thai J, Blum K, Gupta M. Percutaneous management of stone containing calyceal diverticula: associated factors and outcomes. J Urol. 2017;198:864–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.05.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rapp DE, Gerber GS. Management of caliceal diverticula. J Endourol. 2004;18:805–10. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2004.18.805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Michel W, Funke PJ, Tunn UW, Senge T. Pyelocalyceal diverticula. Int Urol Nephrol. 1985;17:225–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Waingankar N, Hayek S, Smith AD, Okeke Z. Calyceal diverticula: a comprehensive review. Rev Urol. 2014;16:29–43.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Tan YK, Cha DY, Gupta M. Management of stones in abnormal situations. Urol Clin North Am. 2013;40:79–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2012.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yow RM, Bunts RC. Calyceal diverticulum. J Urol. 1955;73:663–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)67451-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ito H, Aboumarzouk OM, Abushamma F, Keeley FX. Systematic review of caliceal diverticulum. J Endourol. 2018;32:961–72. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2018.0332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Multescu R, Georgescu D, Dragute M, Geavlete PA, Geavlete B. Percutaneous approach of caliceal diverticula. In: Percutaneous surgery of the upper urinary tract. 1st ed: Elsevier; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802404-1.00004-9.

  17. Monga M, Beeman WW. Advanced intrarenal ureteroscopic procedures. Urol Clin North Am. 2004;31:129–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-0143(03)00086-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Krambeck AE, Lingeman JE. Percutaneous management of caliceal diverticuli. J Endourol. 2009;23:1723–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2009.1541.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Shalhav AL, Soble JJ, Nakada SY, Wolf JS, mcClennan BL, Clayman RV. Long-term outcome of caliceal diverticula following percutaneous endosurgical management. J Urol. 1998;160:1635–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62366-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones JA, Lingeman JE, Steidle CP. The roles of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy in the management of pyelocaliceal diverticula. J Urol. 1991;146:724–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37906-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bellman GC, Silverstein JI, Blickensderfer S, Smith AD. Technique and follow-up of percutaneous management of caliceal diverticula. Urology. 1993;42:21–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(93)90327-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Auge BK, Munver R, Kourambas J, Newman GE, Preminger GM. Endoscopic management of symptomatic caliceal diverticula: a retrospective comparison of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and ureteroscopy. J Endourol. 2002;16:557–63. https://doi.org/10.1089/089277902320913233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Al-Basam S, Bennett JD, Layton ZA, Denstedt JD, Razvi H. Treatment of caliceal diverticular stones: transdiverticular percutaneous nephrolithotomy with creation of a neoinfundibulum. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11:885–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1051-0443(07)61806-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Alwaal A, Azhar RA, Andonian S. Percutaneous holmium laser fulguration of calyceal diverticula. Case Rep Urol. 2012;2012:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/716786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Batter SJ, Dretler SP. Ureterorenoscopic approach to the symptomatic caliceal diverticulum. J Urol. 1997;158:709–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64298-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hulbert JC, Reddy PK, Hunter DW, Castaneda-Zuniga W, Amplatz K, Lange PH. Percutaneous techniques for the management of caliceal diverticula containing calculi. J Urol. 1986;135:225–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)45590-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Turna B, Raza A, Moussa S, Smith G, Tolley DA. Management of calyceal diverticular stones with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy: long-term outcome. BJU Int. 2007;100:151–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06911.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bas O, Ozyuvali E, Aydogmus Y, Sener NC, Dede O, Ozgun S, et al. Management of calyceal diverticular calculi: a comparison of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureterorenoscopy. Urolithiasis. 2015;43:155–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-014-0725-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Osther PJ, Razvi H, Liatsikos E, Averch T, Crisci A, Garcia JL, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy among patients with renal anomalies: patient characteristics and outcomes; a subgroup analysis of the clinical research office of the endourological society global percutaneous nephrolithotomy study. J Endourol. 2011;25:1627–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2011.0146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cinman NM, Okeke Z, Smith AD. Pelvic kidney: associated diseases and treatment. J Endourol. 2007;21:836–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2007.9945.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gupta NP, Mishra S, Seth A, Anand A. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in abnormal kidneys: single-center experience. Urology. 2009;73:710–4. ; discussion 714–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2008.10.070.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ganesamoni R, Sabnis RB, Mishra S, Desai MR. Microperc for the management of renal calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys. Indian J Urol. 2013;29:257–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.117267.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Otaño N, Jairath A, Mishra S, Ganpule A, Sabnis R, Desai M. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in pelvic kidneys: is the ultrasound-guided puncture safe? Urology. 2015;85:55–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2014.08.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Holman E, Tóth C. Laparoscopically assisted percutaneous transperitoneal nephrolithotomy in pelvic dystopic kidneys: experience in 15 successful cases. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 1998;8:431–5. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.1998.8.431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Matlaga BR, Kim SC, Watkins SL, Kuo RL, Munch LC, Lingeman JE. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for ectopic kidneys: over, around, or through. Urology. 2006;67:513–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2005.09.056.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Desai MR, Jasani A. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in ectopic kidneys. J Endourol. 2000;14:289–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2000.14.289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Eshghi AM, Roth JS, Smith AD. Percutaneous transperitoneal approach to a pelvic kidney for endourological removal of staghorn calculus. J Urol. 1985;134:525–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zafar FS, Lingeman JE. Value of laparoscopy in the management of calculi complicating renal malformations. J Endourol. 1996;10:379–83. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1996.10.379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Troxel SA, Low RK, Das S. Extraperitoneal laparoscopy-assisted percutaneous nephrolithotomy in a left pelvic kidney. J Endourol. 2002;16:655–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/089277902761402998.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Raj GV, Auge BK, Weizer AZ, Denstedt JD, Watterson JD, Beiko DT, et al. Percutaneous management of calculi within horseshoe kidneys. J Urol. 2003;170:48–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000067620.60404.2d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. El-Kappany HA, El-Nahas AR, Shoma AM, El-Tabey NA, Eraky I, El-Kenawy MR. Combination of laparoscopy and nephroscopy for treatment of stones in pelvic ectopic kidneys. J Endourol. 2007;21:1131–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2007.9930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Shoskes DA, Hanbury D, Cranston D, Morris PJ. Urological complications in 1,000 consecutive renal transplant recipients. J Urol. 1995;153:18–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-199501000-00008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Benoit G, Blanchet P, Eschwege P, Jardin A, Charpentier B. Occurrence and treatment of kidney graft lithiasis in a series of 1500 patients. Clin Transpl. 1996;10:176–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Pardalidis NP, Waltzer WC, Tellis VA, Jarrett TW, Smith AD. Endourologic management of complications in renal allografts. J Endourol. 1994;8:321–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1994.8.321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Harraz AM, Kamal AI, Shokeir AA. Urolithiasis in renal transplant donors and recipients: an update. Int J Surg. 2016;36:693–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.11.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Martin G, Sundaram CP, Sharfuddin A, Govani M. Asymptomatic urolithiasis in living donor transplant kidneys: initial results. Urology. 2007;70:2–5. ; discussion 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim IK, Tan JC, Lapasia J, Elihu A, Busque S, Melcher ML. Incidental kidney stones: a single center experience with kidney donor selection. Clin Transpl. 2012;26:558–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01567.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Del Pizzo JJ, Jacobs SC, Sklar GN. Ureteroscopic evaluation in renal transplant recipients. J Endourol. 1998;12:135–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1998.12.135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Challacombe B, Dasgupta P, Tiptaft R, Glass J, Koffman G, Goldsmith D, et al. Multimodal management of urolithiasis in renal transplantation. BJU Int. 2005;96:385–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05636.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Harper JM, Samuell CT, Hallson PC, Wood SM, Mansell MA. Risk factors for calculus formation in patients with renal transplants. Br J Urol. 1994;74:147–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rhee BK, Bretan PN, Stoller ML. Urolithiasis in renal and combined pancreas/renal transplant recipients. J Urol. 1999;161:1458–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Krambeck AE, Leroy AJ, Patterson DE, Gettman MT. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy success in the transplant kidney. J Urol. 2008;180:2545–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rifaioglu MM, Berger AD, Pengune W, Stoller ML. Percutaneous management of stones in transplanted kidneys. Urology. 2008;72:508–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2008.05.040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Francesca F, Felipetto R, Mosca F, Boggi U, Rizzo G, Puccini R. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy of transplanted kidney. J Endourol. 2002;16:225–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/089277902753752179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. He Z, Li X, Chen L, Zeng G, Yuan J. Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for upper urinary tract calculi in transplanted kidneys. BJU Int. 2007;99:1467–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06768.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Crook TJ, Keoghane SR. Renal transplant lithiasis: rare but time-consuming. BJU Int. 2005;95:931–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05481.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jabbour ME, Goldfischer ER, Stravodimos KG, Klima WJ, Smith AD. Endopyelotomy for horseshoe and ectopic kidneys. J Urol. 1998;160:694–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Evans WP, Resnick MI. Horseshoe kidney and urolithiasis. J Urol. 1981;125:620–1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kirkali Z, Esen AA, Mungan MU. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the management of stone-bearing horseshoe kidneys. J Endourol. 1996;10:13–5. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1996.10.13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Yohannes P, Smith AD. The endourological management of complications associated with horseshoe kidney. J Urol. 2002;168:5–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Janetschek G, Kunzel KH. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in horseshoe kidneys. Applied anatomy and clinical experience. Br J Urol. 1988;62:117–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Carrion DM, Cansino JR, Quintana LM, Gómez Riva J, Mainez Rodriguez JA, Pérez-Carral JR, et al. Prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy: its advantages and our technique for puncture. Trans Androl Urol. 2018;7:950–9. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.10.04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Al-Otaibi K, Hosking DH. Percutaneous stone removal in horseshoe kidneys. J Urol. 1999;162:674–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Satav V, Sabale V, Pramanik P, Kanklia S, Mhaske S. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy of horseshoe kidney: our institutional experience. Urol Ann. 2018;10:258. https://doi.org/10.4103/UA.UA_152_17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Shokeir AA, El-Nahas AR, Shoma AM, Eraky I, El-Kenawy M, Mokhtar A, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in treatment of large stones within horseshoe kidneys. Urology. 2004;64:426–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Symons SJ, Ramachandran A, Kurien A, Baiysha R, Desai MR. Urolithiasis in the horseshoe kidney: a single-centre experience. BJU Int. 2008;102:1676–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07987.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. El Ghoneimy MN, Kodera AS, Emran AM, Orban TZ, Shaban AM, El Gammal MM. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in horseshoe kidneys: is rigid nephroscopy sufficient tool for complete clearance? A case series study. BMC Urol. 2009;9:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-9-17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Jones DJ, Wickham JE, Kellett MJ. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for calculi in horseshoe kidneys. J Urol. 1991;145:481–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Symons S, Biyani CS, Bhargava S, Irvine HC, Ellingham J, Cartledge J, et al. Challenge of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with spinal neuropathy. Int J Urol. 2006;13:874–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01431.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chen Y, DeVivo MJ, Stover SL, Lloyd LK. Recurrent kidney stone: a 25-year follow-up study in persons with spinal cord injury. Urology. 2002;60:228–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Levy DA, Resnick MI. Management of urinary stones in the patient with spinal cord injury. Urol Clin North Am. 1993;20:435–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Nakada SY, Sosa RE, Gill IS, Jarrard DF. Controversial cases in endourology. J Endourol. 1999;13:465–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1999.13.465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Donovan WH, Carter RE, Bedbrook GM, Young JS, Griffiths ER. Incidence of medical complications in spinal cord injury: patients in specialised, compared with non-specialised centres. Paraplegia. 1984;22:282–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.1984.46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kearon C, Viviani GR, Kirkley A, Killian KJ. Factors determining pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:288–94. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/148.2.288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Buyse B, Meersseman W, Demedts M. Treatment of chronic respiratory failure in kyphoscoliosis: oxygen or ventilation? Eur Respir J. 2003;22:525–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Campbell RM, Smith MD, Mayes TC, Mangos JA, Willey-Courand DB, Kose N, et al. The characteristics of thoracic insufficiency syndrome associated with fused ribs and congenital scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:399–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Patel J, Walker JL, Talwalkar VR, Iwinski HJ, Milbrandt TA. Correlation of spine deformity, lung function, and seat pressure in spina bifida. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1302–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-010-1687-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Papatsoris A, Masood J, El-Husseiny T, Maan Z, Saunders P, Buchholz N-P. Improving patient positioning to reduce complications in prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol. 2009;23:831–2. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2008.0611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Al-Kohlany KM, Shokeir AA, Mosbah A, Mohsen T, Shoma AM, Eraky I, et al. Treatment of complete staghorn stones: a prospective randomized comparison of open surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol. 2005;173:469–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000150519.49495.88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kukreja R, Desai M, Patel S, Bapat S, Desai M. Factors affecting blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: prospective study. J Endourol. 2004;18:715–22. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2004.18.715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Srivastava A, Singh KJ, Suri A, Dubey D, Kumar A, Kapoor R, et al. Vascular complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: are there any predictive factors? Urology. 2005;66:38–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2005.02.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Zanetti SP, Boeri L, Gallioli A, Talso M, Montanari E. Minimally invasive PCNL-MIP. Arch Esp Urol. 2017;70:226–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mitchell S, Gurung PMS, Choong S, Morris T, Smith D, Woodhouse C, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and spina bifida: complex major stone surgery? J Endourol. 2018;32:205–12. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2017.0775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Alsinnawi M, Torreggiani WC, Flynn R, McDermott TED, Grainger R, Thornhill JA. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in adult patients with spina bifida, severe spinal deformity and large renal stones. Ir J Med Sci. 2013;182:357–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-012-0888-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Goumas-Kartalas I, Montanari E. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with spinal deformities. J Endourol. 2010;24:1081–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2010.0095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kara C, Resorlu B, Ozyuvali E, Unsal A. Is percutaneous nephrolithotomy suitable for patients with scoliosis: single-center experience. Urology. 2011;78:37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2010.11.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Izol V, Aridogan IA, Borekoglu A, Gokalp F, Hatipoglu Z, Bayazit Y, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in prone position in patients with spinal deformities. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:21053–61.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Culkin DJ, Wheeler JS, Nemchausky BA, Fruin RC, Canning JR. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the spinal cord injury population. J Urol. 1986;136:1181–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Rodriguez PN, Klein AS. Management of urolithiasis during pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1988;166:103–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Blanco LT, Socarras MR, Montero RF, Diez EL, Calvo AO, Gregorio SAY, et al. Renal colic during pregnancy: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Literature review. Cent Eur J Urol. 2017;70:93–100. https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2017.754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Semins MJ, Matlaga BR. Ureteroscopy during pregnancy. Indian J Urol. 2009;25:291–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.56173.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Türk C, Petřík A, Sarica K, Seitz C, Skolarikos A, Straub M, et al. EAU guidelines on interventional treatment for urolithiasis. Eur Urol. 2016;69:475–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.07.041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Assimos D, Krambeck A, Miller NL, Monga M, Murad MH, Nelson CP, et al. Surgical management of stones: American Urological Association/Endourological Society guideline, Part I. J Urol. 2016;196:1153–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.05.090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hosseini MM, Hassanpour A, Eslahi A, Malekmakan L. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy during early pregnancy in urgent situations: is it feasible and safe? Urol J. 2017;14:5034–7. https://doi.org/10.22037/uj.v14i6.3617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Shah A, Chandak P, Tiptaft R, Glass J, Dasgupta P. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in early pregnancy. Int J Clin Pract. 2004;58:809–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Tóth C, Tóth G, Varga A, Flaskó T, Salah MA. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in early pregnancy. Int Urol Nephrol. 2005;37:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-004-6087-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Carrion, D.M. et al. (2020). PCNL in Special Situations. In: Zeng, G., Sarica, K. (eds) Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0575-1_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0575-1_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0574-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0575-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics