Skip to main content

Quantitative Grounding Risk Assessment and Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advanced Structural Safety Studies

Part of the book series: Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ((TSRQ,volume 37))

Abstract

Grounding is a phenomenon in which the bottom part of a structural system, such as a ship, offshore platform, automobile, or aircraft, is accidentally damaged. Three types of grounding accidents are relevant, namely grounding, stranding, and squatting (as described in Chap. 1). As far as ship grounding is concerned, the first type usually occurs due to navigational errors associated with failures in the process of passage planning and piloting and nautical charts with out-of-date data. Stranding in the shipping industry happens when a ship is swept away by waves and tides as its engine power fails, where bottom structures are damaged on a rock near shore by vertical loading due to the difference between buoyancy and weight in ebb tide. Squatting may happen in ships operating in shallow waterways. In the aviation industry, grounding can occur upon landing when the landing gear system is malfunctional. This chapter describes the quantitative risk assessment and management of grounding accidents, with a focus on the first type of ship grounding. The methods are described in association with the shipping industry, but can be applied to other types of structural systems in grounding.

A major part of this chapter refers to the article by Youssef and Paik [60].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. AGCS (2014) Global claims review 2014. Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty, Munich, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  2. AGCS (2016) Safety and shipping review 2016. Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty, Munich, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  3. AIBN (2017) Reports. Norwegian Accident Investigation Board, Trondheim, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  4. Alsos HS, Amdahl J (2007) On the resistance of tanker bottom structures during stranding. Mar Struct 20(4):218–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. ATSB (2017) Marine safety investigations and reports. Australian Transport Safety Bureau, Canberra, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  6. BEAmer (2017). Accidents full reports. French Marine Casualties Investigation Board, Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  7. BMA (2017) Casualty and reporting. Bahamas Maritime Authority, Bahamas

    Google Scholar 

  8. BSU (2017) Investigation reports. The Federal Bureau of Maritime Casualty Investigation, Hamburg, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bulian G, Lindroth D, Ruponen P, Zaraphonitis G (2016) Probabilistic assessment of damaged ship survivability in case of grounding: development and testing of a direct non-zonal approach. Ocean Eng 120:331–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bužančić Primorac B, Parunov J (2016) Review of statistical data on ship accidents. Marit Technol Eng, 809–814

    Google Scholar 

  11. Clarkson PLC (2017). Clarkson shipping intelligence network. London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  12. DMIB (2017) Casualty reports. Danish Maritime Accident Investigation Board, Carl Jacobsens Vej, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dnv GL (2016) Canaport energy east marine terminal risk studies. Det Norske Veritas Germanicher Lloyds, Høvik, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  14. Eleftheria E, Apostolos P, Markos V (2016) Statistical analysis of ship accidents and review of safety level. Saf Sci 85:282–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. EMSA (2017) Accident investigation and marine casualties. European Maritime Safety Agency, Lisboa, Portugal

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fowler TG, Sørgård E (2000) Modeling ship transportation risk. Risk Anal 20(2):225–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Fujii Y, Yamanouchi H, Mizuki N (1974) Some factors affecting the frequency of accidents in marine traffic: I—The diameter of evasion for crossing encounters, II—The probability of stranding, III—The effect of darkness of the probability of collision and stranding. J Navig 27(2):239–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. GOALDS (2009–2012) Goal-based damage stability. European Commission, FP7-DG Research, Brussels, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  19. HARDER (1999–2003) Harmonization of rules and design rational. European Commission, DG XII-BRITE, Brussels, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  20. HBMCI (2017) Investigation reports. Hellenic Bureau for Marine Casualties Investigation, Piraeus, Greece

    Google Scholar 

  21. Heinvee M, Tabri K, Kõrgesaar M (2013) A simplified approach to predict the bottom damage in tanker grounding. In: International conference on collision and grounding of ships and offshore structures, 17–19 June, Trondheim, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  22. IMO (1995) Interim guidelines for approval of alternative methods of design and construction of oil tankers under regulation 13F(5) of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78. Technical Report 66(73):1–44. London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  23. IMO (2012) SLF55/INF.7-The GOAL based Damage Stability (GOALDS)—Derivation of updated probability distributions of collision and grounding damage characteristics for passenger ships. London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  24. JTSB (2017) Marine accident and incident reports. Japan Transportation Safety Board, Tokyo, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kaneko F (2012) Models for estimating grounding frequency by using ship trajectories and seabed geometry. Ships Offshore Struct 7(1):87–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lu G, Calladine C (1990) On the cutting of a plate by a wedge. Int J Mech Sci 32(4):293–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Lützen M, Simonsen BC (2003). Grounding damage to conventional vessels. World maritime technology conference, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  28. MAIB (2017) Marine accident investigation branch reports. Marine Accident Investigation Branch, Southampton, UK

    Google Scholar 

  29. MARDEP (2017) Reports and statistics. Maarine Department-The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China

    Google Scholar 

  30. Maritime NZ (2017) Investigation reports on maritime accidents and incidents. Maritime New Zealand, New Zealand

    Google Scholar 

  31. MARS (2017) MARS reports. Nautical Institute, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mazaheri A (2009) Probabilistic modeling of ship grounding. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland

    Google Scholar 

  33. MCIB (2017) Reports. The Marine Casualty Investigation Board, Dublin, Ireland

    Google Scholar 

  34. MSA (2017) Casualty investigation. Maritime Safety Administration of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China

    Google Scholar 

  35. Naar H, Kujala P, Simonsen BC, Ludolphy H (2002) Comparison of the crashworthiness of various bottom and side structures. Mar Struct 15(4):443–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Nguyen T-H, Amdahl J, Leira BJ, Garrè L (2011) Understanding ship-grounding events. Mar Struct 24(4):551–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Nguyen T-H, Garrè L, Amdahl J, Leira BJ (2011) Monitoring of ship damage condition during stranding. Mar Struct 24(3):261–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. NMD (2011) Marine casualties 2000–2010. Norwegian Maritime Directorate, Haugesund, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  39. NTSB (2017) Marine accident reports. National Transportation Safety Board, Houston, TX, USA

    Google Scholar 

  40. Paik JK (1994) Cutting of a longitudinally stiffened plate by a wedge. J Ship Res 38(4):340–348

    Google Scholar 

  41. Paik JK (2018) Ultimate limit state analysis and design of plated structures, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, UK

    Book  Google Scholar 

  42. Papanikolaou A, Eliopoulou E (2008) Impact of ship age on tanker accidents. In: International symposium on ship operations, management and economics, 17–18 September, Athens, Greece

    Google Scholar 

  43. Pedersen PT (1995) Collision and grounding mechanics. In: West European conference of maritime technology societies (WEMT), Danish Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, 17–19 May, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  44. Pedersen PT, Zhang S (2000) Absorbed energy in ship collisions and grounding: Revising Minorsky’s empirical method. J Ship Res 44(2):140–154

    Google Scholar 

  45. Pedersen PT, Zhang S (2000) Effect of ship structure and size on grounding and collision damage distributions. Ocean Eng 27(11):1161–1179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Rawson C, Crake K, Brown A (1998) Assessing the environmental performance of tankers in accidental grounding and collision. SNAME Trans 106:41–58, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Alexandra, VA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  47. Samuelides M (2015) Recent advances and future trends in structural crashworthiness of ship structures subjected to impact loads. Ships Offshore Struct 10(5):488–497

    Google Scholar 

  48. Samuelides M, Ventikos N, Gemelos I (2009) Survey on grounding incidents: statistical analysis and risk assessment. Ships Offshore Struct 4(1):55–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Senauth F (2013) The sinking and the rising of the Costa Concordia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, UK

    Google Scholar 

  50. SHK (2017) Investigations. The Swedish Accident Investigation Authority, Stockholm, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  51. SIA (2017) Investigation reports by year. Safety Investigation Authority, Helsinki, Finland

    Google Scholar 

  52. Simonsen BC (1997) Ship grounding on rock—II: Validation and application. Marine Structures 10(7):563–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Simonsen BC, Hansen PF (2000) Theoretical and statistical analysis of ship grounding accidents. J Offshore Mech Arct Eng 122(3):200–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Simonsen BC, Törnqvist R, Lützen M (2009) A simplified grounding damage prediction method and its application in modern damage stability requirements. Mar Struct 22(1):62–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Sirkar J, Ameer P, Brown A, Goss P, Michel K, Nicastro F, Willis W (1997) A framework for assessing the environmental performance of tankers in accidental groundings and collisions. SNAME Trans 105:253–295, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Alexandra, VA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  56. Sormunen O-VE, Castrén A, Romanoff J, Kujala P (2016) Estimating sea bottom shapes for grounding damage calculations. Mar Struct 45:86–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. TSB (2017) Marine investigation reports. Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Gatineau, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  58. Wang G, Ohtsubo H, Liu D (1997) A simple method for predicting the grounding strength of ships. J Ship Res 41(3):241–247

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wang G, Spencer J, Chen Y (2002) Assessment of a ship’s performance in accidents. Mar Struct 15(4):313–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Youssef SA, Paik JK (2018) Hazard identification and scenario selection of ship grounding accidents. Ocean Eng 153:242–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Zeng J, Hu Z, Chen G (2016) A steady-state plate tearing model for ship grounding over a cone-shaped rock. Ships Offshore Struct 11(3):245–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhang A, Suzuki K (2006) Dynamic FE simulations of the effect of selected parameters on grounding test results of bottom structures. Ships Offshore Struct 1(2):117–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Zhu L, James P, Zhang S (2002) Statistics and damage assessment of ship grounding. Mar Struct 15(4):515–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Zipfel B, Lehmann E (2012) Evaluation of critical stranding incidents. Ships Offshore Struct 7(1):101–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeom Kee Paik .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Paik, J.K. (2020). Quantitative Grounding Risk Assessment and Management. In: Advanced Structural Safety Studies. Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, vol 37. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8245-1_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8245-1_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8244-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8245-1

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics