Skip to main content

Supporting the M in STEM Using Online Maths Support Modules

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Blended Learning Designs in STEM Higher Education

Abstract

Recently, a range of mathematics support centres and online approaches have emerged in order to address the well-recognised limitations in the mathematical skills of STEM undergraduates (Jackson & Johnson, 2013). Whilst these approaches are often stand-alone without a discipline-specific context, studies have shown that students reported a positive impact of mathematics support on retention, confidence, performance and ability to cope with the various mathematical demands of their courses (Hillock, Jennings, Roberts, & Scharaschkin, 2013; Ní Fhloinn, Fitzmaurice, Mac an Bhaird, & O’Sullivan, 2014). We have developed and implemented a purely online, in-context mathematical support environment, placed in a chemistry and biochemistry context, with 24-h access, termed the Maths Skills Site (MSS), for STEM higher education students undertaking first-year science subjects (Johnston, Watters, Brown, & Loughlin, 2016; Loughlin, Johnston, Watters, Brown, & Harman, 2015). This chapter will review the development of current online learning support scenarios for mathematics in STEM and provide two case study analyses (first-year courses in chemistry and biochemistry), for the outcomes from two years of implementation. The findings from the case studies cover student perceptions, analysis of patterns of student usage of the MSS by mathematical topics and usage over time. Improvements were observed in student achievement of grades of five (credit), upon student usage of the MSS. Finally, we critique this approach to online active learning and identify future directions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adkins, M., & Noyes, A. (2018). Do advanced mathematics skills predict success in biology and chemistry degrees? International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 16(3), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderton, R., Hine, G., & Joyce, C. (2017). Secondary school mathematics and science matters: Academic performance for secondary students transitioning into university allied health and science courses. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 25(1), 34–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, S., Brown, S., & Thompson, G. (Eds.). (2013). Motivating students. Oxford and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashcraft, M. H., & Moore, A. M. (2009). Mathematics anxiety and the affective drop in performance. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 27(3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282908330580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bain, K., & Towns, M. H. (2016). A review of research on the teaching and learning of chemical kinetics. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 17(2), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RP00176E.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, N., & Towns, M. (2012). Students’ understanding of mathematical expressions in physical chemistry contexts: An analysis using Sherin’s symbolic forms. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 13(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RP00003B.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Schmid, R. F., Tamim, R. M., & Abrami, P. C. (2014). A meta-analysis of blended learning and technology use in higher education: From the general to the applied. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 26(1), 87–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-013-9077-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradforth, S. E., Miller, E. R., Dichtel, W. R., Leibovich, A. K., Feig, A. L., Martin, D., … & Smith, T. L. (2015). University learning: Improve undergraduate science education. Nature523(7560), 282-285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, J., & Poon, W. L. (2015). Self-regulated learning strategies & academic achievement in online higher education learning environments: A systematic review. The Internet and Higher Education, 27, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.04.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Johri, A., & Rangwala, H. (2018). Running out of STEM: A comparative study across STEM majors of college students at-risk of dropping out early. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 270–279). ACM. Retrieved July 31, 2018, from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3170410.

  • Cho, M. H., & Heron, M. L. (2015). Self-regulated learning: The role of motivation, emotion, and use of learning strategies in students’ learning experiences in a self-paced online mathematics course. Distance Education, 36(1), 80–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2015.1019963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, G., Nora, A., & Taggart, A. (2009). Student characteristics, pre-college, and environmental factors as predictors of majoring in and earning a STEM degree: An analysis of students attending a Hispanic serving institution. American Educational Research Journal, 46, 924–942. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831209349460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromley, J. G., Perez, T., & Kaplan, A. (2016). Undergraduate STEM achievement and retention: Cognitive, motivational, and institutional factors and solutions. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732215622648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, W. J., & Wheland, E. R. (2009). Comparisons of success and retention in a general chemistry course before and after the adoption of a mathematics prerequisite. School Science and Mathematics, 109(7), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2009.tb17868.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dziuban, C., Moskal, P., Johnson, C., & Evans, D. (2017). Adaptive learning: A tale of two contexts. Current Issues in Emerging eLearning, 4(1), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Er, S. N. (2017). Mathematics readiness of first-year college students and missing necessary skills: Perspectives of mathematics faculty. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 1–16, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2017.1332354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, K. E., Melguizo, T., & Prather, G. (2015). Increasing success rates in developmental math: The complementary role of individual and institutional characteristics. Research in Higher Education, 56(7), 719–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, A., & Sanderson, D. (2018). The roots of STEM achievement: An analysis of persistence and attainment in STEM majors. The American Economist, 63(1), 79–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groen, L., Coupland, M., Langtry, T., Memar, J., Moore, B., & Stanley, J. (2015). The mathematics problem and mastery learning for first-year, undergraduate STEM students. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 11(1), 141–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillock, P. W., Jennings, M., Roberts, A., & Scharaschkin, V. (2013). A mathematics support programme for first-year engineering students. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 44(7), 1030–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hine, G. (2017). Exploring reasons why Australian senior secondary students do not enrol in higher-level mathematics courses. In A. Downton, S. Livy, & J. Hall (Eds.), Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia. Melbourne, Australia (pp. 309–316). Adelaide, Australia: The Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoban, R. A., Finlayson, O. E., & Nolan, B. C. (2013). Transfer in chemistry: A study of students’ abilities in transferring mathematical knowledge to chemistry. International Journal of Mathematics Education in Science and Technology, 44(1), 14–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, D. N., & Lawson, D. A. (1996). Trends in mathematical competency of A-level students on entry to university. Teaching Mathematics and its Applications, 15(4), 167–173. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https://merga.net.au/Public/Publications/Annual_Conference_Proceedings/2017_MERGA_annual_conference_proceedings.aspx.

  • Ibabe, I., & Jauregizar, J. (2010). Online self-assessment with feedback and metacognitive knowledge. Journal of Higher Education, 59, 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9245-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. C., & Johnson, E. D. (2013). A hybrid model of mathematics support for science students emphasizing basic skills and discipline relevance. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 44(6), 846–864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. C., Johnson, E. D., & Blanksby, T. M. (2014). A practitioner’s guide to implementing cross-disciplinary links in a mathematics support program. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 22(1), 67–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P., & O’Keeffe, L. (2016). The effect of a pre-university mathematics bridging course on adult learners’ self-efficacy and retention rates in STEM subjects. Irish Educational Studies, 35(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2016.1192481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, P. R., Watters, D. J., Brown, C. L., & Loughlin, W. A. (2016). An investigation into student perceptions towards mathematics and their performance in first year chemistry: Introduction of online maths skills support. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 17(4), 1203–1214. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RP00175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, I., Wheadon, C., Humphries, S., & Inglis, M. (2016). Fifty years of A‐level mathematics: Have standards changed? British Educational Research Journal, 42(4), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, J. P., Lyons, T., & Quinn, F. (2014). The continuing decline of science and mathematics enrolments in Australian high schools. Teaching Science, 60(2), 34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, C., Park, S. W., & Cozart, J. (2014). Affective and motivational factors of learning in online mathematics courses. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45(1), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01382.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, D., & Cattlin, J. (2015). The impact of assumed knowledge entry standards on undergraduate mathematics teaching in Australia. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 46(7), 1032–1045. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2015.1070440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kizilcec, R. F., Pérez-Sanagustín, M., & Maldonado, J. J. (2017). Self-regulated learning strategies predict learner behavior and goal attainment in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers & Education, 104(2017), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.10.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, J. (2011). A survey of the mathematics landscape within bioscience undergraduate and postgraduate UK higher education (p. 22). Leeds: UK Centre for Bioscience. https://doi.org/10.11467/344.

  • Kusurkar, R. A., Ten Cate, T. J., Vos, C. M. P., Westers, P., & Croiset, G. (2013). How motivation affects academic performance: A structural equation modelling analysis. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 18(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-012-9354-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leong, K. E., & Alexander, N. (2014). College students’ attitude and mathematics achievement using web-based homework. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 10(6), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2014.1220a.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loughlin, W. A., Johnston, P. R., Watters, D. J., Brown, C. L., & Harman, D. (2015). Snapshot of mathematics skills of first year science students from diverse backgrounds. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 23(1), 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, K. E., Belward, S., Coady, C., Rylands, L., Simbag, V., Adam, P., & Tariq, V. (2012). The state of quantitative skills in undergraduate science education: Findings from an Australian study. Office for Learning and Teaching: Canberra. Retrieved May 13, 2016, from http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/26400/1/QS_report_July2012.pdf.

  • Mac an Bhaird, C., Fitzmaurice, O., Fhloinn, E. N., & O’Sullivan, C. (2013). Student non-engagement with mathematics learning supports. Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications, 32(4), 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGillivray, H., & Wilson, T. (2008). Quantitative diversity: Disciplinary and cross-disciplinary mathematics and statistics support in Australian universities. Australian Learning and Teaching Council. Retrieved July 25, 2018, from http://www.olt.gov.au/resource-library?text=mathematics.

  • McPhan, G., Morony, W., Pegg, J., Cooksey, R., & Lynch, T. (2008). Maths? Why not? Final report prepared for the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Canberra (Australia). Retrieved July 25, 2018, from https://www.aamt.edu.au/content/download/33194/469618/file/MaWhNot_Published.pdf.

  • Nakakoji, Y., Wilson, R., & Poladian, L. (2014). Mixed methods research on the nexus between mathematics and science. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 22(6), 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ní Fhloinn, E., Fitzmaurice, O., Mac an Bhaird, C., O’Sullivan, C. (2014). Student perception of the impact of mathematics support in higher education. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 45(7), 953–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, A., & Sealey, P. (2012). Investigating participation in advanced level mathematics: A study of student drop-out. Research Papers in Education, 27(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520903288885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overton, T., & Johnson, L. (2016). Evidence-based practice in learning and teaching for STEM disciplines. Retrieved April 20, 2018 from, http://www.acds-tlcc.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2016/07/ACDS-stem-principles-WEB.pdf.

  • Park, T., Woods, C. S., Hu, S., Bertrand Jones, T., & Tandberg, D. (2018). What happens to underprepared first-time-in-college students when developmental education is optional? The case of developmental math and intermediate algebra in the first semester. The Journal of Higher Education, 89(3), 318–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2017.1390970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, S., Croft, T., & Harrison, M. (2009). Does students’ confidence in their ability in mathematics matter? Teaching Mathematics and its Applications, 28(2), 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pohjolainen, S., Nykänen, O., Venho, J., & Kangas, J. (2018). Analysing and improving students’ mathematics skills using ICT-tools. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education14(4), 1221–1227. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/81869.

  • Quinnell, R., Thompson, R., & LeBard, R. J. (2013). It’s not maths; It’s science: Exploring thinking dispositions, learning thresholds and mindfulness in science learning. International Journal of Mathematics Education in Science and Technology, 44(6), 808–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez-Arellano, A., Bory-Reyes, J., Hernández-Simón, L. M. (2018). Emotions, motivation, cognitive–Metacognitive strategies, and behavior as predictors of learning performance in blended learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, January, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117753935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands, L. J., & Coady, C. (2009). Performance of students with weak mathematics in first-year mathematics and science. International Journal of Mathematics Education in Science and Technology, 40(6), 741–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands, L. J., Simbag, V., Matthews, K. E., Coady, C., & Belward, S. (2013). Scientists and mathematicians collaborating to build quantitative skills in undergraduate science. International Journal of Mathematics Education in Science and Technology, 44(6), 834–945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, M., & Preckel, F. (2017). Variables associated with achievement in higher education: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 143(6), 565–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Learning to think mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense making in mathematics. In D. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook for research on mathematics teaching and learning (Chap. 15). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S., Yilmaz, A., & Yurdagül, H. (2014). An evaluation of the pattern between students’ motivation, learning strategies and their epistemological beliefs: The mediator role of motivation. Science Education International, 25(3), 312–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tariq, V. N. (2008). Defining the problem: Mathematical errors and misconceptions exhibited by first-year bioscience undergraduates. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 39(7), 889–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tariq, V. N., Qualter, P., Roberts, S., Appleby, Y., & Barnes, L. (2013). Mathematical literacy in undergraduates: Role of gender, emotional intelligence and emotional self-efficacy. International Journal of Mathematics Education in Science and Technology, 44(8), 1143–1159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tempelaar, D. T., Niculescu, A., Rienties, B., Gijselaers, W. H., & Giesbers, B. (2012). How achievement emotions impact students’ decisions for online learning, and what precedes those emotions. Internet and Higher Education, 15(3), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.10.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R., & Mack, J. (2014). Declines in high school mathematics and science participation: Evidence of students’ and future teachers’ disengagement with maths. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 22(7), 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wienk, M. (2015). Discipline Profile of the Mathematical Sciences 2015, Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute. Retrieved May 13, 2016, from http://amsi.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/discipline-profile-2015.pdf.

  • Wilkes, J., & Burton, L. J. (2015). Get set for success: Applications for engineering and applied science students. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 23(1), 94–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zusho, A., Pintrich, P. R., & Coppola, B. (2003). Skill and will: The role of motivation and cognition in the learning of college chemistry. International Journal of Science Education, 25(9), 1081–1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069032000052207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the support of the David Green and David Harman for their invaluable assistance with the development of the Maths Skills Site. This work was supported by a University Learning and Teaching Grant.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wendy A. Loughlin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Loughlin, W.A., Johnston, P.R., Brown, C.L., Watters, D.J. (2019). Supporting the M in STEM Using Online Maths Support Modules. In: Allan, C., Campbell, C., Crough, J. (eds) Blended Learning Designs in STEM Higher Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6982-7_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6982-7_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-6981-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-6982-7

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics