Abstract
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind. To scientifically understand behavior and the mind, psychologists use diverse research methods such as experiments, questionnaire surveys, and interviews, among others.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
It is important to note that preference reversal mentioned in this section is different from the one typically examined in behavioral economics, which describes a divergence between the preference for objects (e.g., lotteries) and the monetary evaluation for those objects (for a review, see Seidl 2002).
References
Ainslie, G., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1981). Preference reversal and delayed reinforcement. Animal Learning & Behavior, 9, 476–482.
Alessi, S. M., & Petry, N. M. (2003). Pathological gambling severity is associated with impulsivity in a delay discounting procedure. Behavioural Processes, 64, 345–354.
Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002). Procrastination, deadlines, and performance: Self-control by precommitment. Psychological Science, 13, 219–224.
Arkes, H. R., & Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35, 124–140.
Barlow, D. H., Nock, M. K., & Hersen, M. (2009). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Barrett, C. B., & Carter, M. R. (2010). The power and pitfalls of experiments in development economics: Some non-random reflections. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 32, 515–548.
Bateson, M. (2010). Rational choice behavior: Definitions and evidence. In M. D. Breed & J. Moore (Eds.), Encyclopedia of animal behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 13–19). Oxford, UK: Academic Press.
Bateson, M., Healy, S. D., & Hurly, T. A. (2003). Context-dependent foraging decisions in rufous hummingbirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 270, 1271–1276.
Baum, W. M. (1974). On two types of deviation from the matching law: Bias and undermatching. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22, 231–242.
Baum, W. M. (1979). Matching, undermatching, and overmatching in studies of choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 32, 269–281.
Baum, W. M. (2002). From molecular to molar: A paradigm shift in behavior analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 78, 95–116.
Baum, W. M. (2004). Molar and molecular views of choice. Behavioural Processes, 66, 349–359.
Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 146, 447–454.
Budescu, D. V., & Fischer, I. (2001). The same but different: An empirical investigation of the reducibility principle. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14, 187–206.
Clay, R. A. (2010). More than one way to measure. Monitor on Psychology, 41, 52.
Critchfield, T. S., & Kollins, S. H. (2001). Temporal discounting: Basic research and the analysis of socially important behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 101–122.
Davison, M., & McCarthy, D. (1988). The matching law: A research review. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dawkins, R., & Brockmann, H. J. (1980). Do digger wasps commit the Concorde fallacy? Animal Behaviour, 28, 892–896.
Dixon, M. R., Marley, J., & Jacobs, E. A. (2003). Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 449–458.
Du, W., Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2002). Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards. The Psychological Record, 52, 479–492.
Duncan, B., & Fantino, E. (1972). The psychological distance to reward. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 23–34.
Dunn, R., & Spetch, M. L. (1990). Choice with uncertain outcomes: Conditioned reinforcement effects. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 201–218.
Fantino, E. (1967). Preference for mixed- versus fixed-ratio schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 35–43.
Fantino, E. (1969). Choice and rate of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 723–730.
Fantino, E. (1998a). Behavior analysis and decision making. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 69, 355–364.
Fantino, E. (1998b). Judgment and decision making: Behavioral approaches. The Behavior Analyst, 21, 203–218.
Fantino, E., Dunn, R., & Meck, W. (1979). Percentage reinforcement and choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 32, 335–340.
Fantino, E., Preston, R. A., & Dunn, R. (1993). Delay-reduction: Current status. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 159–169.
Fantino, E., & Romanowich, P. (2007). The effect of conditioned reinforcement rate on choice: A review. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87, 409–421.
Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Gipson, C. D., Alessandri, J. J., Miller, H. C., & Zentall, T. R. (2009). Preference for 50% reinforcement over 75% reinforcement by pigeons. Learning & Behavior, 37, 289–298.
Glimcher, P. W., & Fehr, E. (Eds.). (2014). Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Grace, R. C. (1994). A contextual model of concurrent-chains choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 61, 113–129.
Grace, R. C., Berg, M. E., & Kyonka, E. G. (2006). Choice and timing in concurrent chains: Effects of initial-link duration. Behavioural Processes, 71, 188–200.
Green, L., Fisher, E. B., Perlow, S., & Sherman, L. (1981). Preference reversal and self control: Choice as a function of reward amount and delay. Behaviour Analysis Letters, 1, 43–51.
Green, L., Fristoe, N., & Myerson, J. (1994a). Temporal discounting and preference reversals in choice between delayed outcomes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 383–389.
Green, L., Fry, A. F., & Myerson, J. (1994b). Discounting of delayed rewards: A life-span comparison. Psychological Science, 5, 33–36.
Green, L., & Kagel, J. H. (Eds.). (1987). Advances in behavioral economics (Vol. 1). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Green, L., Myerson, J., Lichtman, D., Rosen, S., & Fry, A. (1996). Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: The role of age and income. Psychology and Aging, 11, 79–84.
Green, L., Myerson, J., & McFadden, E. (1997). Rate of temporal discounting decreases with amount of reward. Memory & cognition, 25, 715–723.
Hackenberg, T. D. (2009). Token reinforcement: A review and analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 91, 257–286.
Hammond, L. J. (1980). The effect of contingency upon the appetitive conditioning of free-operant behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34, 297–304.
Hardman, D. (2009). Judgment and decision making: Psychological perspectives. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961). Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, 267–272.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1964). Aperiodicity as a factor in choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 7, 179–182.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1970). On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 243–266.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Vaughan, W. (1980). Melioration and behavioral allocation. In J. E. R. Staddon (Ed.), Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior (pp. 143–176). New York: Academic Press.
Huber, J., Payne, J. W., & Puto, C. (1982). Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: Violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 90–98.
Iversen, I. H. (2013). Single-case research methods: An overview. In G. J. Madden (Ed.), APA handbook of behavior analysis (Vol. 1, pp. 3–32)., Methods and principles Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Janis, I. L. (1971). Groupthink. Psychology today, 5, 43–46.
Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2002). Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 77, 129–146.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–291.
Kazdin, A. E. (2010). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kendall, S. B. (1974). Preference for intermittent reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 463–473.
Kennedy, C. H. (1992). Trends in the measurement of social validity. The Behavior Analyst, 15, 147–156.
Kudadjie-Gyamfi, E., & Rachlin, H. (1996). Temporal patterning in choice among delayed outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 61–67.
Laibson, D. (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 443–477.
Laude, J. R., Beckmann, J. S., Daniels, C. W., & Zentall, T. R. (2014a). Impulsivity affects suboptimal gambling-like choice by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 40, 2–11.
Laude, J. R., Stagner, J. P., & Zentall, T. R. (2014b). Suboptimal choice by pigeons may result from the diminishing effect of nonreinforcement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 40, 12–21.
Lea, S. E. G. (1994). Rationality: The Formalist View. In H. Brandstätter & W. Güth (Eds.), Essays on Economic Psychology (pp. 71–89). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Leung, J. P. (1989). Psychological distance to reward: A human replication. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 343–352.
Leung, J. P. (1993). Psychological distance to reward: Segmentation of aperiodic schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 401–410.
Leung, J. P., & Winton, A. S. (1985). Preference for unsegmented interreinforcement intervals in concurrent chains. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 44, 89–101.
Levine, D. K. (2012). Is behavioral economics doomed? The ordinary versus the extraordinary. Cambridge, England: Open Book Publishers.
Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R., & Kastern, L. L. (2003). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 139–145.
Mazur, J. E. (1981). Optimization theory fails to predict performance of pigeons in a two-response situation. Science, 214, 823–825.
Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In M. L. Commons, J. E. Mazur, J. A. Nevin, & H. Rachlin (Eds.), Quantitative analyses of behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 55–73)., The effect of delay and intervening events on reinforcement value Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Mazur, J. E. (1989). Theories of probabilistic reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 87–99.
Mazur, J. E. (1996). Choice with certain and uncertain reinforcers in an adjusting-delay procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 66, 63–73.
Mazur, H. E. (2016). Learning & behavior (8th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mazur, J. E., & Biondi, D. R. (2009). Delay-amount tradeoffs in choices by pigeons and rats: Hyperbolic versus exponential discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 91, 197–211.
Mazur, J. E., & Fantino, E. (2014). Choice. In F. K. McSweeney & E. S. Murphy (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of operant and classical conditioning (pp. 195–220). New York: Wiley.
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306, 503–507.
McDevitt, M. A., Dunn, R. M., Spetch, M. L., & Ludvig, E. A. (2016). When good news leads to bad choices. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 105, 23–40.
McKerchar, T. L., Green, L., Myerson, J., Pickford, T. S., Hill, J. C., & Stout, S. C. (2009). A comparison of four models of delay discounting in humans. Behavioural Processes, 81, 256–259.
Molet, M., Miller, H. C., Laude, J. R., Kirk, C., Manning, B., & Zentall, T. R. (2012). Decision making by humans in a behavioral task: Do humans, like pigeons, show suboptimal choice? Learning & Behavior, 40, 439–447.
Odum, A. L. (2011). Delay discounting: I’m ak, you’re ak. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 96, 427–439.
Odum, A. L., & Rainaud, C. P. (2003). Discounting of delayed hypothetical money, alcohol, and food. Behavioural Processes, 64, 305–313.
Ostaszewski, P., Green, L., & Myerson, J. (1998). Effects of inflation on the subjective value of delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 324–333.
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (G. V. Anrep, Trans. & Ed.). London, England: Oxford University Press (Original work published 1927).
Petry, N. M. (2001). Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63, 29–38.
Petry, N. M., & Casarella, T. (1999). Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 56, 25–32.
Pisklak, J. M., McDevitt, M. A., Dunn, R. M., & Spetch, M. L. (2015). When good pigeons make bad decisions: Choice with probabilistic delays and outcomes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 104, 241–251.
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J., & Green, L. (1981). Maximization theory in behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 371–388.
Rachlin, H., & Green, L. (1972). Commitment, choice and self-control. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17, 15–22.
Rachlin, H., Green, L., Kagel, J. H., & Battalio, R. C. (1976). Economic demand theory and psychological studies of choice. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 10, pp. 129–154). New York: Academic Press.
Rachlin, H., Kagel, J. H., & Battalio, R. C. (1980). Substitutability in time allocation. Psychological Review, 87, 355–374.
Romanowich, P., Cozine, A., & Worthen, D. L. (2017). Effects of reinforcement context on initial link responding in concurrent chain reinforcement schedules. Psychological Record, 67, 43–50.
Roper, K. L., & Zentall, T. R. (1999). Observing behavior in pigeons: The effect of reinforcement probability and response cost using a symmetrical choice procedure. Learning and Motivation, 30, 201–220.
Seidl, C. (2002). Preference reversal. Journal of Economic Surveys, 16, 621–655.
Shimp, C. P. (1966). Probabilistically reinforced choice behavior in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 443–455.
Spetch, M. L., Belke, T. W., Barnet, R. C., Dunn, R., & Pierce, W. D. (1990). Suboptimal choice in a percentage-reinforcement procedure: Effects of signal condition and terminal-link length. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 219–234.
Spetch, M. L., & Dunn, R. (1987). Choice between reliable and unreliable outcomes: Mixed percentage-reinforcement in concurrent chains. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 57–72.
Spetch, M. L., Mondloch, M. V., Belke, T. W., & Dunn, R. (1994). Determinants of pigeons’ choice between certain and probabilistic outcomes. Animal Learning & Behavior, 22, 239–251.
Squires, N., & Fantino, E. (1971). A model for choice in simple concurrent and concurrent-chains schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 15, 27–38.
Stagner, J. P., & Zentall, T. R. (2010). Suboptimal choice behavior by pigeons. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 412–416.
Stephens, D. W., & Krebs, J. R. (1986). Foraging theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Stoner, J. A. F. (1968). Risky and cautious shifts in group decisions: The influence of widely held values. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 442–459.
Strotz, R. H. (1955). Myopia and inconsistency in dynamic utility maximization. The Review of Economic Studies, 23, 165–180.
Takahashi, M. (1993). Psychological distance to reward in monkeys. Behavioural Processes, 30, 299–308.
Takahashi, M. (1997). Recent developments in the study of choice behavior: Towards a comparative study of decision making. Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis, 11, 9–28.
Tanaka, S. C., Doya, K., Okada, G., Ueda, K., Okamoto, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2004). Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits cortico-basal ganglia loops. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 887–893.
Thaler, R. H., & Shefrin, H. M. (1981). An economic theory of self-control. Journal of Political Economy, 89, 392–406.
Vaughan, W. (1981). Melioration, matching, and maximization. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, 141–149.
Vriend, N. J. (1996). Rational behavior and economic theory. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 29, 263–285.
Williams, B. A. (1988). Reinforcement, choice, and response strength. In R. C. Atkinson, R. J. Herrnstein, G. Lindzey, & R. D. Luce (Eds.), Stevens’ handbook of experimental psychology: Vol. 2. Learning and Cognition (2nd ed., pp. 167–244). New York: Wiley.
Winett, R. A., Moore, J. F., & Anderson, E. S. (1991). Extending the concept of social validity: Behavior analysis for disease prevention and health promotion. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 215–230.
Zentall, T. R. (2016). Resolving the paradox of suboptimal choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 42, 1–14.
Zentall, T. R., Laude, J. R., Stagner, J. P., & Smith, A. P. (2015). Suboptimal choice by pigeons: Evidence that the value of the conditioned reinforcer rather than its frequency determines choice. The Psychological Record, 65, 223–229.
Zentall, T. R., & Stagner, J. (2011a). Maladaptive choice behaviour by pigeons: An animal analogue and possible mechanism for gambling (sub-optimal human decision-making behaviour). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 278, 1203–1208.
Zentall, T. R., & Stagner, J. P. (2011b). Sub-optimal choice by pigeons: Failure to support the Allais paradox. Learning and Motivation, 42, 245–254.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Igaki, T., Romanowich, P., Sakagami, T. (2019). Experiments in Psychology: Current Issues in Irrational Choice Behavior. In: Kawagoe, T., Takizawa, H. (eds) Diversity of Experimental Methods in Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6065-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6065-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-6064-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-6065-7
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)